09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Dr Mark Appiah Principal Research scientist/ Adj. Professor

Capacity-building workshop for West Africa on ecosystem restoration to support achievement of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets Accra, Ghana – 5 to 9 October 2015

Community involvement in tropical forest restoration: Ghana as reference country

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Presentation Outline

1. Question is: How do we address Ecosystem degradation? Case studies: What type of ecosystem is being restored? Where are the case projects located? Who are the stakeholders? What did they do? What were the outcomes? What were the enabling conditions for those outcomes? What were the hindrances? What is the take away message for building support for ER?

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09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Priority area for ecosystem restoration

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Primary/ Managed forests

Its natural structure, functions have not undergone any changes that exceed the elastic capacity of the ecosystem

Degraded primary forests

its structure, processes, functions and dynamics are altered such that the capacity of these forests to fully recover from exploitation in the near to medium term has been compromised

Secondary forests

Termed “Successional Forests” regrowth after disturbance

Degraded forests

Has lost structure, function, species composition and/or productivity. A whole range of services are affected

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Where are the Case Projects located in Ghana?

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Forest District Agro-Ecozone Region Town/Communities

• 1. Offinso

Semi-deciduous Ashanti Afram Headwaters Forest Reserve

• 2. Dormaa

Semi-deciduous Brong Ahafo Asunsu No1, Twumkrom, Abonsrakrom

• 3. Begoro

Semi-deciduous Eastern Besetuom, Ahomasu, Kumfrefre

• 4. Gwira Banso

Wet Evergreen Western Gwira-Banso

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

UEF/Mark Appiah

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Offinso Begoro Dormaa, Gwira- Banso

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah



Who are the stakeholders?

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Stakeholder group Characteristics

Primary stakeholders

• Forest Service Division, FC
• Right to manage forest reserves
• Local communities

(indigenous and migrants)

• Access to land through admitted rights
• Forest are main source of food &income
• Engage in unsustainable land uses.
• Traditional authorities
• Own land on behalf of community
• Represent communities in official decision-making

processes Secondary stakeholders

• Private tree growers

/concession holders

• Rights to their own plantations/or concessions.

Tertiary stakeholders

• Scientific community-

(FORIG, UEF, consultants)

• No rights to land.
• Research institute

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

What is the Project Concept

Dormaa, Offinso and Begoro Projects

• Initiated in 2000 under the theme of ‘rehabilitation of degraded

forests with collaboration of local communities’ (PD 30/97 Rev 6 (F)

• Problem context: Slash and burn farming. Poor soil fertility, wildfires,

land of land and tenure insecurity.

• Modified Taungya System (MTS)
• Financially supported by ITTO
• Total estimated areas under plantation: (at least 240 ha (80 ha /

location)

• Planting rate; 278 trees per ha
• Population involved: at least 100 households
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09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

What is the Project Concept

Gwira-Banso JFM Projects in the Western Region of Ghana covering 600 households

• Initiated in 1995 to rehabilitate degraded lands in off-reserve forests & to enhance

the livelihoods of forest dependent communities through increased benefits.

• Problem context: Slash and burn farming. Poor soil conditions give rise to low crop

yields to which farmers respond by clearing more forests to extend farms. Logging uses indiscriminate felling practices.

• The two commercial Partners:
• Ghana Primewood Limited (GAP), own the timber concession (16000 ha)
• Dalhoff, Larsen & Horneman (DLH), Danish timber trading company
• Improved agroforestry as restoration tool
• Financial support by DANIDA/PSD-Programme of Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• Total estimated areas under plantation: 416 ha
• Planting rate: 20-40 seedling per ha

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09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

What did they do?

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09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

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Consultation and stakeholder engagement

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Consultation and stakeholder engagement

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Pre-implementation actions

Initial stakeholder analysis:

• Who are the players,
• Their needs and priority
• Their potential

Project concept and implementation plan

• What are the stakeholders responsibilities and benefit?
• How the project could be managed, monitored and evaluated
• What happens beyond the duration of the project

 Collection of background data on communities and resources

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Education campaign on risks of degradation

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09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Built capacity in nursery and field silvicultural techniques

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 Seed collection and nursing  Field preparation and planting  Tending and protection from fire  Monitoring and evaluation

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Supported communities to plant trees (woodlot)

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Teak Plantation Cassia siamea plantation

About 1200 seedlings and more per ha

Communities practiced Agroforestry under MTS and other models

• Tree species planted together with

crops at initial stages of plantation development

• tree planting in mixed stand at a rate of

20-40 trees (seedlings)per ha

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Communities involve in assisted regeneration Note: In some cases, degraded forest land may still be capable of supporting natural regeneration

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Community Woodland Reserves before the Project 2 Years after Reservation

What trees they used and why ?

Tree species Characteristics/Value

 Cedrela odorata, (exotic) Timber, fuel wood, shade, fence/windbreak, carbon stock  Ceiba pentandra Timber, medicne, fodder, seed oil, organic matter, nitrogen fixing erosion control, carbon stock  Alstonia boonei Timber, medicine, carbon stocks  Terminalia ivorensis Timber, medicine, shade, nitrogen fixing/soil health, carbon tocks  Khaya ivorensis, Timber, medicine, nitrogen fixing, carbon stocks  Terminalia superb, Timber, medicine, fuel wood, shade, carbon stocks  Pericopsis elata

 Heritiera utilis,  Tieghemella heckellii,  Entandrophragma angolense,  Nauclea diderrichii,  Entandrophragma utile,

Timber, carbon tocks

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

What were the outcomes?

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

What were the outcomes?

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Increase awareness of degradation and biodiversity issues .

What were the outcomes?

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

 Communities produce their own seedlings

@capacity of about 60,000 to 100,000 seedlings per year

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What were the outcomes?

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

 Local people trained in low impact logging  Community development fund initiated for community development  Shade tolerant cropping systems

 (black pepper (piper nigrum) and cola (cola nitida)

Black pepper is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. When dried, the fruit is known as a peppercorn The Kola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus Cola

• About 666 ha forest cover recovered in total
• Biodiversity enhanced
• Timber and NTFP
• Soil fertility improved

Forest cover and carbon stocks increase

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

tree planting in mixed stand at a rate of 20-40 trees (seedlings) per ha

Local trees growing almost at the rate of Exotic ones

VITRI

4-year old Terminalia superba

 Local enterprise diversified Bush meat (grasscutter)

Snail farming

Snails kept in small enclosures (paddocks) under trees

Apiculture is seen as the integration of honey production with tree production.

Apiculture

Alternative livelihood programs

What were the enabling conditions?

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Legal framework available

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Legal and policy framework for stakeholder engagement

• Stakeholders: local

communities, community, government and non- government

• rganisations (NGO’s).

National forest plan for execution Programs & Projects

 Forest and Wildlife Policy, 1994  Ghana Forest and Wildlife Policy, 2012  Forestry Development Master Plan (1996 – 2020)  Implement pilot projects

 Agroforestrty?

Integrated system

combines trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock that increases resilience (adaptation) that helps to reduce GHG (mitigate)

improve livelihoods and ecosystem services

Built on principle of diversification – Making better use of land/physical resources – Reducing production risks

• Worse-than-expected

returns from one component are offset by better-than-expected returns from another component

• Food and income security

Main characteristics

Land tenure security

• Through MTS model

Benefit sharing mechanism

• Ownership and shares

Consultation process

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Level of sustainability achievement in relation to contribution to Aichi biodiversity strategic goals

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Indicator Explanation of indicator Strategic Goal A:

• Address the underlying

causes of biodiversity

Strategic Goal B:

• Reduce the direct

pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

• Education on biodiversity conservation and

risks of degradation

• Short-term livelihood sources addressing

poverty issues

• Improved AF as alternative to Slash and burn
• Improved AF as alternative to Slash and burn

Level of sustainability achievement in relation to contribution to Aichi biodiversity strategic goals

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Indicator Explanation of indicator Strategic Goal C:

• To improve the

status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity

• Promotes systems that enhance species

recruitment and biodiversity

• Reduces the clearance of new forest lands thus

minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding genetic diversity

Level of sustainability achievement in relation to contribution to Aichi biodiversity strategic goals

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Indicator Explanation of indicator

Strategic Goal D:

• Enhance the

benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services

• The systems provide essential services, including

watershed protection, soil erosion prevention and soil fertility improvements

• System enhances carbon stocks in degraded ecosystems,

thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.

Level of sustainability achievement in relation to contribution to Aichi biodiversity strategic goals

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Indicator Explanation of indicator

Strategic Goal E:

• Enhance implementation

through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building

• Projects built on traditional knowledge and

practices

• Project encourages full and effective participation
• f indigenous and local communities, at all relevant

levels.

• Community outreach and awareness campaign on

technologies relating to biodiversity management and trends, and the consequences of its loss,

• Building the capacity of local people

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

Failures /hindrances

Changes in tree fruiting and seeding patterns affecting seed availability for nursery practices Formal agreement on benefit sharing yet to be signed

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What is the take away message for building support for ecosystem restoration?

 Local people are interested in ER Projects that have the following livelihood sustainance components:

• Land access and land use security

– Financial share in tree planting – Long term access to land and products

• Provisioning

– Increase income, food, fodder, wood and ntfps

• Regulating

– Enhanced microclimate for cocoa and other crop production – Enhanced biodiversity and carbon stock

• Soil

– Improved soil fertility/organic matter -Agricultural cost-saving – Soil erosion reduction

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

09/10/2015 CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana / Dr Mark Appiah

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Thank YOU