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UofT Wireless Lab A 5G Paradigm Based on Two-Tier Physical Network Architecture Elvino S. Sousa Jeffrey Skoll Professor in Computer Networks and Innovation University of Toronto Wireless Lab 1 IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) UofT

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UofT Wireless Lab

A 5G Paradigm Based on Two-Tier Physical Network Architecture

Elvino S. Sousa Jeffrey Skoll Professor in Computer Networks and Innovation University of Toronto Wireless Lab

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015)

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UofT Wireless Lab

Cellular System Evolution

  • 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, clear. 1 – Analog, 2 - digital voice, 3 -

voice plus variable data, 4 LTE-Advanced (Internet access). 1978 – 2012, or about 8 years/generation

  • Computing: Similar approach to classification of

generations (1G-4G, 1953 – 1982).

  • 5th generation? ... Not clear and we could also loose

interest in calling it a generation (at least from technology standpoint).

  • One difference: Terminology here driven by industry

group and standards.

  • Currently we see the search is on for 5G, and it seems

simultaneously for beyond 5G.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 2

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UofT Wireless Lab

Classification by Generations

  • Going forward it will be more like looking

to the past, as opposed to 1-3G.

  • 4G to some extent was coined after the

fact.

  • 4G defining features: OFDM on wider

bandwidths, MIMO

  • But MIMO not widely implemented

because of terminal constraint

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 3

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UofT Wireless Lab

Key to Network Capacity

  • Goal of wireless systems is to provide not
  • nly sufficient user capacity (in terms of

capability of modulation scheme) but also network capacity

  • Ultimately network capacity depends on
  • More efficient physical layer, interference

control

  • Quantity of Spectrum
  • Cell size (Small Cells)

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 4

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UofT Wireless Lab

My Take on Recent History

  • My view of 4G (evolution to higher

capacities beyond 3G)

  • 2003 white paper – “Autonomous

infrastructure wireless networks – 4G is Here”.

  • 2007? – Femto cells
  • Later – “small cells”.
  • Reality: Data offloading - WiFi integrated

into all smart phones

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 5

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UofT Wireless Lab

Future Goal

  • Current data usage (typical plans)
  • In home Internet access: Typical plan 90

GB/month

  • Cellular typical plan: 3 GB/month
  • Ratio: 30:1, or one month to one day.
  • Goal: Make wireless access (“as

accessible” as wired access, i.e. 1:1.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 6

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UofT Wireless Lab

1000x Capacity

  • Common goal, referred to currently, is

1000x capacity

  • Not achievable with improvements in

modulation and even spectrum allocation.

  • Solution: small cells
  • Problem: Infrastructure to deploy small

cells may be costly.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 7

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UofT Wireless Lab

Some Architectural Approaches

  • Femtocells
  • Use existing network connection points
  • Business issues (private, public femtocell)
  • Third party traffic on network connection point?
  • Small Cells
  • Larger than Femtocells
  • Infrastructure Cost
  • Cloud RAN
  • Best for Intercell-Interference control
  • Rigidity in expansion
  • Organic growth at physical layer?
  • Back-haul/Front-Haul Approaches

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 8

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UofT Wireless Lab

Alternative to Small Cells

  • Increase the efficiency of existing cells

sites.

  • Achieve large capacities by use of “large

antennas” at the “terminal”.

  • Space division multiplexing at the

“Terminal”.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 9

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UofT Wireless Lab

Two-Tier Networks

  • Primary Nodes (P node): Classical Base station

with Large Antenna and Power Capability.

  • Secondary Nodes (S node): “Transceiver” with

“large” capability for spatial processing. D1 – Distance to P node.

  • User Equipment (UE). Small, with usual antenna

and power limitations. D2 – Distance to S node.

  • D1 >> D2.
  • Tier 1 spectrum more precious depending on

ratio D1/D2.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 10

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UofT Wireless Lab

Two-Tier Network Architecture

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 11

Tier 1 Tier 2 P node S node

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UofT Wireless Lab

Spectrum

  • Tier 1 – Licensed
  • Tier 2 – Licensed or Unlicensed?

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 12

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UofT Wireless Lab

Physical Layers

  • Tier 1 – Cellular Technologies, e.g. 4G,

5G, evolution. Key: Interference Management

  • Tier 2 – Cellular Technologies, WiFi and

evolutions, LTE-U, Bluetooth, other technologies

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 13

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UofT Wireless Lab

S Node Sharing Options

  • Dedicated to a user terminal.

– Active vs. Passive

  • Shared among a user account.
  • Shared among public users.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 14

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UofT Wireless Lab

S Node Design – Use Cases

  • Generic Nodes based on “Antenna Size”,

and or configurations, i.e. antenna design

  • Fixed nodes for home?
  • Fixed nodes for commercial applications?
  • Nodes for vehicle (generic or specific to

vehicle model).

  • Notes for buses, street cars, trains?
  • Portable organically deployed nodes, e.g.

construction site.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 15

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UofT Wireless Lab

Role for Millimeter Wave Spectrum

  • Use mmWave in Tier 1 for Line-of-sight

scenarios (use cases).

  • S Node: Capability for both microWave

and mmWave on Tier 1 interface, self- configurable (mmWave, microWave) to handle blocked propagation cases.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 16

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UofT Wireless Lab

Public/Private Networks

  • Tier 1 P nodes

– Public – Slower to deploy

  • Tier 2 S nodes

– Private or Public? – Organic deployment

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 17

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UofT Wireless Lab

Physical Layer Design

  • Tier 1 – S node

– S node fixed

  • Easy channel estimation (reference signals)
  • Easier Power Control
  • Easier resource allocation and antenna adaptation

– S node mobile (e.g. vehicle, or bus)

  • Predicable motion
  • Advantages in channel estimation, power control,

antenna adaptation, resource allocation

  • Tier 2 - UE

– Current approaches in smartphones (cellular & WiFi),

  • ther technologies

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 18

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UofT Wireless Lab

S Node Antenna Design

  • Massive Beam-forming
  • Massive MIMO
  • Other spatially efficient technologies – e.g.

for mmWave.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 19

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UofT Wireless Lab

Tier 1 Signal Design

  • New Strategy for pilot signal design
  • LTE pilot approach does not scale for

large MIMO. When one antenna transmits, all the others are off!

  • Signal design based on class of use

cases.

  • Different modes depending on use case

and S node class.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 20

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UofT Wireless Lab

Optimum Ratio of D2 to D1

  • UE has two options

– Connect directly to P node – Connect through S node

  • Strategy for selection of P node or S node

– Distance/power consideration – Spectral efficiency (need D2 not too large) – Traffic Load at P node. – Latency issues?

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 21

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UofT Wireless Lab

Network Optimization: Self- Organizing S Node

  • First time when the S node is turned on, it goes

into initialization mode and self-configuration.

  • Network environment learning
  • Optimization of Tier 1: P node to S node link.
  • In the initialization mode the S node senses the

spectrum and chooses a band with minimum interference and if necessary it communicates with nearby co-channel S nodes to perform self- configuration.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 22

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UofT Wireless Lab

Indoor Use Case?

  • Indoor cells vs. Coverage from the
  • utside.
  • Two systems (macro/femto) or continuum?
  • Do we isolate indoors?
  • Could even modify construction
  • Advantage of isolating indoors vs.

Flexibility of capturing external signals

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 23

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UofT Wireless Lab

Vehicular Use Case?

  • Vehicular movement is regular.
  • Room for better smart antennas.
  • Many possibilities here for a new system
  • architecture. Antenna custom design to model.
  • Initial benefits: (hot spot at night?, one wireless

account?). Other better benefits.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 24

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UofT Wireless Lab

Vehicular Scenarios

  • Vehicle in the city – high level MIMO link to P

node or other highly directional antenna

  • Vehicle at home – user at home, evening and

night

  • Vehicle in the country side – link range

extension

  • Vehicle in the highway (remote area) – reduce

density of base stations required to cover highways.

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 25

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UofT Wireless Lab

Summary

  • Two approaches for large cellular network

capacities

– Small Cells

  • Need the associated infrastructure
  • Ultimately achieves the highest capacities

– Two-Tiering

  • Organic deployment of S nodes
  • Antenna offloading
  • Public/private
  • S node public sharing vs. private
  • Tier 2 technologies?

IEEE Toronto 5G Summit 2015 (Nov 14/2015) 26