Agriculture Forever Stanley Culpepper Tifton, GA - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Agriculture Forever Stanley Culpepper Tifton, GA - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 08, 2023 151 likes •647 views

2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever Stanley Culpepper Tifton, GA Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon! Its been happening since 1968! The U.S. Wins the Gold Medal in Herbicide Resistance!!!! Source: International

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2014: Herbicide Resistance Changes Agriculture Forever

Stanley Culpepper Tifton, GA

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Herbicide-resistance is not a new phenomenon! Its been happening since 1968!

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The U.S. Wins the Gold Medal in Herbicide Resistance!!!!

Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (10/4/12)

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Confirmed Cases of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States

5 5 11 19 11 6 5 6 9 2

Source: International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (10/4/12)

24 20 8 26 4 CT-2 DE-7 HI- 4 MD-11 MA-2 NH-2 NJ-4 RI-1 VT-2 13 22 16 22 22 4 2 27 17 13 10 8 5 13 21 18 7 10 1 11 12 2

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Resistance Development

Economics, Effectiveness, and Ease of the herbicide(s)

AND Biology of the weed

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Roundup Ready Technology Very Economical Very Effective Extremely Easy

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Resistance Development

Economics, Effectiveness, and Ease are almost always the main factors

  • 1. Single mode of action applied to large acreage
  • 2. Few or no alternative classes of chemistry used
  • 3. Little to no tillage
  • 4. Little to no rotation in crops
  • 5. Often in stressful environments when herbicide activity

is minimized

  • 6. Reduced herbicide rates, poor coverage, etc.. that

minimize activity

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Tremendous Selection Pressure

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Selection Pressure

Overuse of herbicide chemistry

Resistance Herbicide Resistance: The acquired (inherited) ability of a weed population to survive a herbicide application that previously was known to control the population.

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Palmer amaranth Changes Agriculture

Biological Attributes Herbicide Resistance

2005-2011

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What makes Palmer special?

  • 1. Herbicide resistance?
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Oh my, how great it was!!!!!!

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WeatherMax 176 oz; POST 2”, 5”, and 8” (at least 24 times more lb active than normally needed)

cotton

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Weathermax 88 oz Staple LX 10 oz

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What makes Palmer special?

  • 1. Herbicide resistance?
  • 2. Growth rate?
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Picture taken 7 am on 7-9-07

4 inches 52 hr

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Picture taken 7 am on 7-9-07

1/2 inch 12 hr (overnight)

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What makes Palmer special?

  • 1. Herbicide resistance?
  • 2. Growth rate?
  • 3. Large stature?
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Rapid Growth Becoming Extremely Large

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What makes Palmer special?

  • 1. Herbicide resistance?
  • 2. Growth rate?
  • 3. Large stature?
  • 4. Competitive ability?
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Crop Rotation

Yield Loss (%) from 1 AMAPA/row meter

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What makes Palmer special?

  • 1. Herbicide resistance?
  • 2. Growth rate?
  • 3. Large stature?
  • 4. Competitive ability?
  • 5. Reducing harvest efficacy?
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Impact on Harvest

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What makes Palmer a special?

  • 1. Herbicide resistance?
  • 2. Growth rate?
  • 3. Large stature?
  • 4. Competitive ability?
  • 5. Reducing harvest efficacy?
  • 6. Seed production?
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50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000 500,000 230 K 250 28 K 309 K

Giant ragweed

450 K

Number of Seed Produced per Plant Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds in US

Ragweed = Harrison et al. 2001; johnsongrass = Warwick and Black (1983); horseweed = Regehr and Bazzaz (1979); waterhemp = Nordby and Hartzler (2004); Palmer amaranth = Macrae et al (2009).

Johnson

  • grass

Horseweed Waterhemp Palmer amaranth

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Palmer amaranth seed production allows for rapid field domination

Year 1 Year 3 to 4

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What makes Palmer special?

  • 1. Herbicide resistance?
  • 2. Growth rate?
  • 3. Large stature?
  • 4. Competitive ability?
  • 5. Reducing harvest efficacy?
  • 6. Seed production?
  • 7. Rapid spread?
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Role of pollen movement and gene-flow in the spread of herbicide resistance

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Pollen-flow can move genes across the landscape

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And a trait becomes established in a new population

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Traditional Grower Response To Resistance

  • 1. It want happen to me!
  • 2. Ok, its starting to happen to me so when

will the next new herbicide be here? (1992 was last new mode of action)

  • 3. O *$&#, I got a mess. It’s on!
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Traditional Grower Response To Resistance

  • 1. It want happen to me!
  • 2. Ok, its starting to happen to me so when

will the next new herbicide be here? (1992 was last new mode of action)

  • 3. O *$&#, I got a mess. It’s on!

The challenge for Extension and Industry is figuring out how to skip steps 1 and 2 moving straight into step 3.

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Helping Growers Respond More Quickly

  • 1. Unified communication
  • 2. Unbiased research defining potential

impact from resistant weed.

  • 3. Provide management programs that are

as simple and economical as possible.

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Herbicide input increased from 4.25 to 10.625 lb ai/A

2000-2005: Herbicide costs = $27.80/A 2006-2010: Herbicide costs = $68.00/A

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Changes in Herbicide Management

2002: $24/A 2010: $63/A

Roundup Burndown Roundup POST 1 Roundup POST 2 Roundup + diuron PD Roundup + Valor Burndown1 Gramoxone + Reflex + Direx PRE Roundup + Staple POST 1 Roundup + Dual POST 2 Direx + MSMA PD

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Photo by A.C. York 2010

2004: 17% of growers hand-weeded 5% cotton acres at $2.40/A 2010: 92% of growers hand-weeded 52% cotton acres at $23.70/A

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Tillage is now a common scene

2004: 13.1% of cotton acres cultivated 2010: 32.1% of cotton acres cultivated Herbicide incorporation: 264,266 A (26.7%) Deep turn: 256,075 A last 3 yr

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Current Cotton Situation

Cost to Manage Palmer in GA Cotton

  • 1. Herbicide input:

$68.00 per A $88 million

  • 2. Hand weeding:

$11.40 per A $15 million

  • 3. Additional tillage:

$5.84 per A $7.6 million

  • 4. Yield loss

??? ???? $110 million

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RR Herbicide Program Getting Better*

2010 2012

*Conditions first six wk after planting drier during 2012 than 2010.

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Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!!

  • 1. Diversified (more than just spray, spray, spray)
  • 2. Timely herbicide applications (residuals key!)
  • 3. Understand Palmer amaranth biology
  • 4. More effective weed management programs
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Growers Making Good Decisions IS KEY!!!!!

  • 4. More effective weed management programs
  • A. Herbicides (residuals, tank mixes, etc.)
  • B. Hand weeding
  • C. Selective applicators
  • D. Control before, during, and after crop
  • E. Timeliness is still key
  • F. Overall objective is to eliminate seed production
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Relying Too Heavily on Herbicides??

How long will Liberty last? How long will residual of Reflex and Valor last?

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2013-2015: Develop better programs reducing selection pressure on ALL herbicides

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Using Heavy Rye Covers For Sustainability

Rye Cover Weedy Cover

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Herbicide Resistance: Will You Survive?

If resistance is one in a billion then you

  • nly need 918 acres to find that plant.

(historically resistance is 1 plant in population of 1-10 million…9.18 acres)

25 plants per square foot emerge

=

1,089,000 plants per acre

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Questions/Comments

Heavy Rye Production System: www.farmprogress.com/heavycover