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Analysis of large-scale variability of the surface air chemical composition in the Northern Eurasia

• K. B. Moiseenko, N.F. Elansky, A. I. Skorokhod,

I.B. Belikov, A.I. Safronov, N.V. Pankratova, A.V. Vivchar, E.V. Beresina Obukhov Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Moscow Atmospheric Composition Division

CITES-2009

Preliminary analyses of measurement data on surface air chemical composition over the Northern Eurasia Primary goal: Contribution to up-to-date scientific knowledge about main physical and chemical mechanisms influencing minor gaseous and aerosol compounds budget in the Northern Eurasia, including high-latitude regions

Rationale:

• For the last decades the changes in air composition have

been observed not only in the industrial regions, but also in many of clean areas throughout the Globe.

• The influence of climatically important biogenic and

anthropogenic emission sources is essentially non-local and reveals itself distinctly both on regional and trans- continental scales.

• Vast areas of the Northern Eurasia still remain poorly

investigated about air chemistry due to exceptionally scarce and incomplete observational network at present.

The lack of systematic data on the chemical composition in our country prevents strongly the research activities on air quality studies, estimations of ecological burdens, and natural and anthropogenic impact on long-term and climatic variability of air composition and associated problems

Some research activities of Atmospheric Composition Division:

• Observations of chemical and aerosol surface air

composition, investigations

• f

spatial and temporal variability of air composition on the territory of Russian Federation.

• Improvement of present knowledge about key factors

affecting atmospheric balance of minor species in the Northern Eurasia (NE), including processes of regional and long-range transport.

• Obtaining data for verification of CTM models and their

adaptation for the NE region, including polar regions.

• Creating inventories on various near-surface emissions

for their including into CTM and climate models.

Methods of investigations: (1) Measurements of chemically active gases and aersols:

• with use of carriage-observatory (along Trans-Siberian

railroad, experiments TROICA);

• at scientific monitoring stations Zotino (Middle Siberia),

Lovosero (Kola Peninsular), Zvenigorod (Moscow Region), Kislovodsk High-Mountain Station, MSU

• bservation

station. (2) Data processing and analyses with use om mathematical models of various levels of complexity.

TROICA campaigns:

• Complex

measurements of minor gaseous species and aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer with use of mobile carriage-observatory. Results

• The first comprehensive data on spatial and temporal

variability of surface air composition over the territory of Russian Federation have been obtained.

• The key factors affecting atmospheric composition at local as

well as regional scales were analyzed, including various anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, influence

• f

industrial plumes, ABL structure.

§Obukhov Institute for Atmospheric Physics, Russia

• Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russia
• Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany
• Institute for Railway Transport, Russia
• NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory, USA

TROICA participants:

Surface layer (continuous measurements): Gases: O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, SO2, CH4; volatile organic compounds (25 species); Aerosols: size distribution (2 nm-10 um), extinction coefficients, mass concentration; black carbon; Meteorology: P,T,RH, wind speed and direction. Sampling: composition of VOC and aerosols, isotopic composition of CO, CO2, CH4 (13C,14C,18O, D); Distant measurements:

• CO (column amount);
• O3 (column amount and vertical profile from 0 – 45 км (optic range)

and 20 – 65 km (microwave range);

• NO2 (total and vertical and slant column, vertical profile from 0 – 45

km);

• Temperature profile from 0 – 600 m a.g.l.

Solar radiation: total, UV-A, UV-B, photodissociation rate of NO2; Others: GPS, 222Rn, radionuclides, TV recording, water, soil and plant sampling. Measuring equipment

Specifics of the measurement equipment

• Measurements and quality control are fully automatic;
• All the key minor species are measured along with thermodynamic

parameters of the surface layer;

• Wide range of measured concentrations, ranging from background

level to highly polluted conditions;

• High temporal resolution (of order 1 sec);
• The measurement equipment meets to international standards. The

devices are recommended for the use by GAW WMO and have international sertificates.

TROICA expeditions

* As part of International Polar Year project #32 POLARCAT

Moscow – Vladivostok – Moscow 2008 20.07 – 4.08 TROICA-12* Moscow – Vladivostok – Moscow 2007 22.07 – 5.08 TROICA-11* Moscow – Vladivostok – Moscow 2006 05.10 – 20.10 TROICA-10 Moscow – Vladivostok – Moscow 2005 04.10 – 18.10 TROICA-9 Moscow – Khabarovsk – Moscow 2004 19.03 – 1.04 TROICA-8 Moscow – Khabarovsk – Moscow 2001 27.06 – 10.07 TROICA-7 Moscow – Myrmansk – Kislovodsk 2000 15.05 – 28.05 TROICA-6 N.Novgorod – Khabarovsk – Moscow 1999 26.06 – 13.07 TROICA-5 N.Novgorod – Khabarovsk–N.Novgorod 1998 17.02 – 7.03 TROICA-4 N.Novgorod – Khabarovsk – Moscow 1997 1.04 – 14.04 TROICA-3 N.Novgorod – Vladivostok – Moscow 1996 26.07 – 13.08 TROICA-2 N.Novgorod – Khabarovsk – Moscow 1995 17.11 – 2.12 TROICA-1 Route Period Expedition

TROICA routes

Zotino

The route transects major industrial regions of Siberia and Far East at their northern boundary, which gives opportunity to assess their ecological burden

• n the clear territories to the north associated with regional transport and

photochemistry processes. To solve this task, one should correctly divide observed concentrations onto “background” and “perturbed” components.

To what extent the TROICA measurements are representative on regional and continental scales? To answer this question, screening effect of local sources must be assessed.

Averaged (over the continent) background ozone concentrations for background conditions during TROICA-1 – TROICA-12 expeditions versus stationary observations on Hohenpeissenberg (HP), Mace Head (MH) and Zotino.

10 20 30 40 50 60 O3, ppbv Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Background conditoins

TROICA (48N-58N) 12 11 2 7 5 1 9 8 3 4

M-H (53N) HP (47N) Zotino (59N)

TROICA data are representative at regional scale if collected at some distance from strong local pollution sources.

Averaged (over the continent) ozone concentrations for background conditions during TROICA-1 – TROICA-12 expeditions versus stationary observations on Hohenpeissenberg (HP), Mace Head (MH) and Zotino.

10 20 30 40 50 60 O3, ppbv Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

All data

TROICA (48N-58N) 12 11 2 7 5 1 9 8 3 4

M-H (53N) HP (47N) Zotino (59N)

Observations along Trans-Siberian Railroad meet the conditions of clear or weakly polluted air during the most of the time.

The measurements from carriage-observatory generally prove to be representative at regional scales except for those conducted in the vicinity of strong local sources of atmospheric pollution. Due to high sensitivity of the measurement devices we can identify air masses having different chemical composition with high spatial resolution. Hence, different sources of pollution can be derived from measurement data.

Observation of elevated SO2 concentration in the plume from Harbin basing observed in TROICA-11 (Calculations with dispersion model HYSPLIT)‏

1500 2000 2500 3000 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

CH4, ppmv

Верещагино ПЕРМЬ Кунгур Шаля Первоуральск СВЕРДЛОВСК Богданович Юшала Тугулым ТЮМЕНЬ Ишим Называевская Любинская ОМСК Калачинская Татарская Барабинск Чулымская НОВОСИБИРСК 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 1 2 3 4

Wind speed, m/s

314 299 294 298 288 296 303 287 292 299 297 292 307 299 317 324 304 307 307 301 295 297 300 307 308 293 287 291 321 249 263 317 306 281 288 277 280 281 266 301 234 290 314 87 101 192 208 217 210 185 209 217 229 214 207 190 207 253 266 271 260 257 256 263 289 281 276 277 278 280 208 228 195 10 15 20 25

Temp., deg. C

88 93 8985 91 898582 7581 79 89 88 92 89 92 93 9192 84 86 71 69 56 54 4958 54 68

1500 2000 2500 3000 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

CH4, ppmv

НОВОСИБИРСК Чулымская Каргат Убинская Барабинск Озеро Чаны Татарская ОМСК Называевская Ишим Голышманово Заводоуковская Ялуторовск ТЮМЕНЬ Талица СВЕРДЛОВСК Кунгур ПЕРМЬ Верещагино 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 9:00:00 10:00:00 11:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 14:00:00 15:00:00 16:00:00 17:00:00 18:00:00 19:00:00 20:00:00 21:00:00 22:00:00 23:00:00 0:00:00 1:00:00 2:00:00 3:00:00 4:00:00 5:00:00 6:00:00 7:00:00 8:00:00 1 2 3 4

Wind speed, m/s

353 328 347 336 337 334 319 337 332 329 321 322 318 352 289 322 310 288 244 288 287 307 276 292 22 219 284 351 348 2 24 348 344 34 345 6 27 37 29 17 356 352 37 349 20 11 25 14 11 20 324 182 236 18 325 313 289 294 316 310 313 328 326 322 311 312 311 304 310 303 299 301 301 301 321 337 326 333 315 328 328 327 3 9 316 271 241 249 270 259 270 274 273 267 269 264 252 254 259 277 286 253 253 249 317 179 171 111 140 194 154 276 170 284 222 44 49 91 10 15 20 25 30

Temp., deg. C

94 95 86 76 77 84 86 74 61 50 45 46 50 44 70 87 79 70 67 82 86 91 90 94 97 98 100 100 100 100 84 58 75 98

TROICA11E TROICA11W

0.0 0.1 0.2

KHABAROVSK CHITA ULAN-UDE IRKUTSK KRASNOYARSK NOVOSIBIRSK OMSK EKATERINBURG PERM' KIROV N.NOVGOROD MOSCOW

[CO]

ppm ppm ppm Winter (TROICA-3, 8) 40 60 80 100 120 140 300 350 400 450

[CO2]

40 60 80 100 120 140 1.6 1.8 2.0

[CH4]

longitude, deg. 0.0 0.1 0.2

KHABAROVSK CHITA ULAN-UDE IRKUTSK KRASNOYARSK NOVOSIBIRSK OMSK EKATERINBURG PERM' KIROV N.NOVGOROD MOSCOW

[CO]

ppm ppm ppm Summer (TROICA-5, 7) 40 60 80 100 120 140 300 350 400 450

[CO2]

40 60 80 100 120 140 1.6 1.8 2.0

[CH4]

longitude, deg.

Spatial distributions of CO, CO2 и CH4 from Moscow to Khabarovsk in summer (left) and winter (right)‏

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Lon 10 20 30 40 50 60 O3, ppbv 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Lon 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 CH4 , ppmv 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Lon 340 360 380 400 420 440 CO2, ppmv 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Lon 10 20 30 40 50 60 O3, ppbv 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Lon 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 CH4 , ppmv 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Lon 340 360 380 400 420 440 CO2, ppmv

Spatial distributions of CH4, CO2, and O3 for cold and warm seasons basing on TROICA-8 and TROICA-11 measurements

(averaged by 5° longitude, all data and background conditions)‏

TROICA-8 (March)‏ TROICA-11 (July)‏

All data Background conditions

Daily ozone variations basing on TROICA measurements Daily ozone variations basing on TROICA measurements

• out of the cities
• in the cities

00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00

• 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

O3, ppbv Local time, h

Spring

(TROICA - 8)

00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00

• 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Summer

(TROICA - 11)

O3, ppbv Local time, h

00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:00

• 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Autumn

(TROICA - 9)

O3, ppb Local time, h

Application of TROICA data for assessment

• f the influence of climatically important

anthropogenic sources on remote regions of the Northern Eurasia.

• Influence area of atmospheric transport for Zotino

station overlaps industrial regions of Western Siberia and Krasnoyarskii Krai.

• Surface air chemical composition in these regions can

be measured directly in TROICA expeditions.

• Comparison of data measurements at Zotino and

during TROICA expeditions gives some important information on the air chemical transformation under regional advection.

• Some key parameters of ecological burden of

industrial regions on remote areas can be estimated as well (on seasonal scale).

• 1

1 2 Apr/07 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan/08 Feb 0.4 0.8 1.2

(b) (a)

N O x, p p b v

Decomposition of initial data on NOx

(with use of Kolmogorov-Zhurbenko filter)‏ (a) – Synoptic component (3 hour – 20 days), (b) – Seasonal component (> 20 days)‏

! Synoptic variability can be largely attributed to the influence

• f regional NOx sources

Conclusion

• At present, large amount of data has been obtained on chemical

and aerosol composition of the surface air across the continent during 11 TROICA expeditions as well as stationary observations. These data are collected in the regions, which are expected to have significant influence on remote clean areas on the Northern Eurasia.

• Methods for data quality control and assimilation have been

developed.

• Methods of data analyses applied to the task of regional transport

have been developed and tested basing on existing data.

• The data obtained will be used in subsequent studies of regional

transport and photochemistry basing on mathematical models of various level of complexity.

Total tropospheric NO2 (1015 molec.*cm-2) OMI data

Potential source contribution function for upper quartile of NOx(=NO+NO2) measured at Zotino during 2007-2008