BALLAST-BORNE MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES: EXPLORING THE RISK TO COASTAL - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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BALLAST-BORNE MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES: EXPLORING THE RISK TO COASTAL - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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BALLAST-BORNE MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES: EXPLORING THE RISK TO COASTAL ALASKA Danielle Verna Fisheries, Aquatic Science & Technology (FAST) Lab Alaska Pacific University PHASES OF BIOLOGICAL INTRODUCTIONS 1) 1500 AD - end of the Middle Ages,

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BALLAST-BORNE MARINE INVASIVE SPECIES: EXPLORING THE RISK TO COASTAL ALASKA

Danielle Verna Fisheries, Aquatic Science & Technology (FAST) Lab Alaska Pacific University

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1) 1500 AD - end of the Middle Ages, beginning of global exploration 2) 1800 AD - Industrial Revolution and mass European emigration 3) Present - “Era of Globalization”

PHASES OF BIOLOGICAL INTRODUCTIONS

Hulme, 2009

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http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/05/13/ballast_water_battle/

BALLAST WATER

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WHY BALLAST WATER?

  • Ships are the largest contributor of marine invasive species1
  • The international shipping industry transports ~3-5 billion MT
  • f ballast annually2
  • Short voyage duration = greater organism survival3

Comb jelly Northern Pacific seastar Cholera Zebra mussel

  • Responsible for

marine invasions around the globe

1 Ruiz et al. 2000, 2 Endresen et al. 2004, 3 Lavoie et al. 1999

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WHY BALLAST WATER?

Changing environmental conditions have already resulted in increased vessel traffic in the Arctic & Bering Strait

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  • Policy Review

– Objectives:

  • Document changes in policy and identify drivers
  • Assess implications for BWM
  • Risk Assessment for Coastal Alaska

– Objectives:

  • Assess ballast water discharge in Alaska, 2005 – 2012
  • Develop risk assessment framework
  • Model risk for coastal Alaska

STUDY DESIGN

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MAJOR POLICY SHIFTS IN BWM

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MAJOR POLICY SHIFTS IN BWM

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MAJOR POLICY SHIFTS IN BWM

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BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT

http://invasions.si.edu/nbic/managementpract.html

  • The globally accepted form is

ballast water exchange:

Empty – Refill Method Flow Through Method > 200 nm from shore

  • Management practices are

reported to the National Ballast Information Clearinghouse

Coastwise: ballast water does not transit beyond combined US & Canadian EEZs Overseas: ballast water does transit beyond combined US & Canadian EEZs

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BALLAST IN ALASKA, 2005 - 2012

  • ~72% of ballast discharge was

sourced on the US west coast or BC

  • Tankers discharge ~88% of all

ballast

  • Only 33% of reported ballast is

managed (BWE)

 3,773 vessels  27,303 ballast tanks  7.5 x107 MT of ballast  67 named locations  910 geographic

coordinates

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TOTAL AK BALLAST WATER DISCHARGE: 2005 - 2012

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Location Discharging Arrivals Volume (MT)

Valdez 1414 5.8E+07 Seward 110 2.1E+06 PWS 105 1.6E+06 Afognak 64 5.4E+05 Kodiak 22 8.1E+04 Whittier 143 7.1E+04 KHA 3 2.8E+04 Cordova 5 1.3E+03

Ballast Water Discharge in Prince William Sound: 2005 - 2012

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0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00%

Overseas Coastwise

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00%

Overseas Coastwise Managed

Ballast Water Discharge in Prince William Sound: 2005 - 2012

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5 10 15 20 Afognak Seward Kodiak Prince William Sound Valdez Whittier Knowles Head Anchorage Cordova Average Age of Ballast (days)

Passenger/Other Bulker Tanker

Ballast Water Discharge in Prince William Sound: 2005 - 2012

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1. Model risk as a function of environmental similarity, ballast water age and volume

– Between source and discharge regions – Between source region and ports >50,000 MT

RISK ASSESSMENT

Following other high-latitude risk assessments: Leppäkoski & Gollasch 2006 Chan et al. 2013 Ware et al. 2013

2009 – 2012

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  • Environmental Similarity
  • (positively correlated with risk)

1) Low risk → non-adjacent ecoregion 2) Medium risk → adjacent ecoregion 3) High risk → same ecoregion – A weighted average was applied to the proximity ranking based on the volume per source ecoregion

Spalding et al. 2007

RISK FRAMEWORK

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  • Ballast water age

 (negatively correlated with risk)

– Number of days between source and discharge date

RISK FRAMEWORK

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  • Ballast water volume

 (positively correlated with risk)

– Serves as a proxy for propagule pressure – 0.1 correction factor applied to managed ballast to represent 90% efficacy rate of BWE (Ruiz & Reid 2007)

RISK FRAMEWORK

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ADDITIVE RISK SCALE

Environmental Similarity Age (days) Corrected mean volume of BW discharge: ecoregions & ports (log10MT) (1) Low < 1 > 10 < 2.6 (2) Medium 1 – 2 6 – 10 2.6 – 5.1 (3) High > 2 < 6 > 5.1

Total Risk 9 Extremely High 7 – 8 High 5 – 6 Medium 3 – 4 Low

Total Risk = sum of factors

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RISK BY ECOREGION

Marine Ecoregions of the World Spalding et al. 2007

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RISK BY PORT

Ports that received > 50,000 MT of ballast

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  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 Tolstoi Bay Drift River Terminal Skagway Hawk Inlet Klawock Dutch Harbor Hydaburg Ketchikan Red Dog Valdez Afognak Nikiski Seward Anchorage Whittier Kodiak Knowles Head Anchorage Cordova Prince William Sound Env Sim Volume Age No Change

CHANGING RISK BY PORT (2012 – 2009)

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  • Southcentral AK receives the greatest volume of ballast discharge
  • Tankers pose the greatest risk due to ballast volume and age
  • Policy exemptions elevate risk and hinder monitoring
  • Recent and expected changes in BW discharge may be predictive
  • f new areas of high risk

CONCLUSIONS

Didemnum vexillum Carcinus maenas

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Acknowledgements

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Questions?