Biology of dinoflagellates Karlodinium , Karenia and Takayama - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sandric Leong Biology of dinoflagellates Karlodinium, Karenia and Takayama

Photo by Sandric Leong

The family Kareniaceae was established in 2005 and it consisted of the genera Karenia, Karlodinium and Takayama.

Kareniaceae

Kareniaceae: 30 species

Genus Karenia: 12 species Genus Karlodinium: 11 species Genus Takayama: 7 species Species of these genera are known to form harmful blooms around the global coastal areas. Some of the species could produce ichthyotoxins such as brevetoxins and karlotoxins that could cause marine animal illness and even mortality.

http://www.sptimes.com/2004/04/02/State/Dolph in_deaths_still_.shtml

• 1. Karenia asterichroma
• 2. Karenia bicuneiformis
• 3. Karenia brevis
• 4. Karenia brevisulcata
• 5. Karenia concordia
• 6. Karenia cristata Botes
• 7. Karenia digitata
• 8. Karenia longicanalis
• 9. Karenia mikimotoi

10.Karenia papilionacea 11.Karenia selliformis 12.Karenia umbella

Karenia species

12 species

• Genus Karenia is a marine unarmored/naked

dinoflagellate

• Species of the genus can be found throughout

the world in both oceanic and coastal waters.

• Most Karenia species could produce a variety of

toxins that could kill fish and other marine

• rganisms when they form bloom.
• Karenia brevis is known to produce brevetoxin

that could kills fish, marine mammals, and other animals, and also causes neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and respiratory distress in humans.

• Some of the Karenia dinoflagellates grow

slowly.

• Karenia blooms are highly sporadic in both time

and space.

Karenia mikimotoi

Karenia mikimotoi is the oldest known species firstly described in Japan by Oda (1935)

• K. mikimotoi is a photosynthetic species that is widely distributed species

and a known fish-killer that has caused economic losses in many countries. It produces complex toxic metabolites but the fish-killing mechanisms have not been recognized. Cells size range from 18 - 40μm in length and14 - 35μm in width Known toxins: Gymnocin-A; Gymnocin-B; Hemolysin (lipids and proteins that destroy red blood cells); PUFA (Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid) Human impacts: None known Animal impacts: Mortality of fish and invertebrates Distribution: Europe, America, Gulf of Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hong Kong, S. Korea, Singapore, the Philippines, China

Karenia mikimotoi

Karenia mikimotoi is oldest known species described in Japan by Oda (1935) Light: low to high light (Saturation around 200 µmol photon m-2 s-1) Temperatures: 4 – 31°C Salinity: 9 – 35 PSU Nutrient requirement/preference: Reduced and Oxidized nitrogen (current work) Allelochemistry and toxin production: hemolytic activity; allelopathic effects

• f K. mikimotoi PUFAs on diatoms

Bloom dynamics: form bloom with other species (current observation)

Karenia mikimotoi

Al‐Kandari et al. (2011)

There are two distinct sub‐groups based on geographical regions (Al‐ Kandari et al. (2011)

Identification of Karenia mikimotoi

Steidinger et al. (2008)

• Identify using light

microscope

• Molecular technique

Karlodinium species

11 species

• Genus Karlodinium is a marine

unarmored/naked dinoflagellate

• Karlodinium veneficum can be found

throughout the global coastal waters.

• Some species are associated with fish

mortality.

• Species are known to be mixotrophic like K.

veneficum and K. australe

• Karlotoxins only found in K. veneficum
• 1. Karlodinium antarcticum
• 2. Karlodinium armiger
• 3. Karlodinium australe
• 4. Karlodinium ballantinum
• 5. Karlodinium conicum
• 6. Karlodinium corrugatum
• 7. Karlodinium corsicum
• 8. Karlodinium decipiens
• 9. Karlodinium gentienii

10.Karlodinium veneficum 11.Karlodinium vitiligo

• K. australe is capable of performing photosynthesis as well as feed on
• ther organisms (mixotrophy).

Cells size range from 19-26μm in length and16-22μm in width Known toxins: unknown Human impacts: None known Animal impacts: Mortality of fish Distribution: Australia, Malaysia, Singapore

Karlodinium australe

Light: unknown Temperatures: 28 – 32.5°C (Singapore) Salinity: 21 – 30 PSU (Singapore) Nutrient requirement/preference: Reduced nitrogen and organic nitrogen (current work) Allelochemistry and toxin production: unknown Bloom dynamics: ?

Karlodinium australe

Karlodinium australe

Nutrient requirement/preference: Reduced nitrogen and organic nitrogen (current work)

Light: unknown Temperatures: 10 – 30°C Salinity: 5 – 30 PSU Nutrient requirement/preference: Reduced, oxidized and organic nitrogen

Karlodinium veneficum

Cells size range from 9-17μm in length and 8-14μm in width Known toxins: karlotoxins (higher toxicity when grown in ammonium, low salinity, high temperature) Human impacts: None known Animal impacts: Mortality of fish Distribution: Europe, America, UK, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Korea, China (worldwide distribution)

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/ind ex.php/Karlodinium_veneficum

Identification of Karlodinium australe & veneficum

Lim et al. (2014)

• Identify using light microscope
• Molecular technique

de Salas et al. (2005)

Takayama species

7 species

• Genus Takayama is a marine

unarmored/naked dinoflagellate

• Some species are known to be ichthyotoxic
• Some are known as fish killers such as T.

tasmanica

• Morphology well documented for many

species (e.g. de Salas et al. (2008)

• 1. Takayama acrotrocha
• 2. Takayama cladochroma
• 3. Takayama helix
• 4. Takayama pulchella
• 5. Takayama tasmanica
• 6. Takayama tuberculata
• 7. Takayama xiamenensis

Takayama acrotrocha

• T. acrotrocha is marine photosynthetic dinoflagellate.

Cells size range from 22-27μm in length and18-22μm in width Known toxins: unknown (capable of producing mucus) Human impacts: None known Animal impacts: Mortality of fish Distribution: Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore

• T. acrotrocha T. cladochroma
• T. pulchella

de Salas et al. (2003)

Takayama acrotrocha

Light: 80 – 700 (Singapore) Temperatures: 28 – 32.5°C (Singapore) Salinity: 21 – 30 PSU (Singapore) Nutrient requirement/preference: Reduced and Oxidized nitrogen (current work) Allelochemistry and toxin production: unknown

• Identify using light microscope
• Molecular technique

de Salas et al. (2008)

Current status of Kareniaceae species

1. Morphological descriptions Well covered for most species 2. Toxins Many studies were done on K. brevis & K. veneficum Studies showed a high degree of toxin variability and toxin type among strains.

Place et al. (2012)

Topics of Interests

1. Killing mechanisms of Kareniaceae species Current status: not fully documented Existing knowledge: limited Knowledge needed: more studies are necessary 2. Toxins 3. Distribution 4. Life cycle of Kareniaceae species 5. Ecophysiology of Kareniaceae species 6. Environmental factors that will promote fish kills 7. Warning system? Mitigation strategy? 8. Resting cysts?

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