Comparing Acute Respiratory Effects of PM2.5, Black Carbon, and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Comparing Acute Respiratory Effects of PM2.5, Black Carbon, and Ultrafine PM: Is there a Diesel Signal?

Patrick L. Kinney Associate Professor Columbia University

Associations between Truck Volume and PM2.5 and Elemental Carbon

Source: Lena et al 2000 , Environ Health Pers p 110(10):1009-1015

R2 = 0.84 p = 0.01 R2 = 0.52 p = 0.11

Studies Investigating Respiratory Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP)

• Epidemiologic

– Proximity of residence to major road associated with increased asthma prevalence, wheeze frequency (McConnell et al, 2006) – Higher truck counts associated with chronic respiratory symptoms, decreased lung function (Brunekreef et al, 1997) – Higher black carbon concentrations associated with higher asthma prevalence (Kim et al, 2004) and increases in airway inflammation in asthmatics (Jansen et al, 2005)

• Experimental exposure of humans

– DEP exposure increases expression of IgE (Diaz-Sanchez, 1997) or pro-inflammatory cytokines (Salvi et al, 2000) in pulmonary cells collected from volunteers

Allergic response measured in nasal washings after challenge with ragweed allergen alone or ragweed plus diesel exhaust

From: Diaz-Sanchez et al., Journal of Immunology, 1997

Motivation

• Epidemiologic evidence consistently supports

associations between short-term increases in ambient fine PM (PM2.5) and increases in respiratory symptoms, especially among asthmatics

• Traffic emissions are an important local source of fine

particulate matter (PM) in NYC

• Black carbon appears to be a useful proxy for traffic-

related PM

• UFP may be another useful measure of traffic impacts,

but hasn’t been studied extensively in epidemiologic studies

Objectives

• Assess correlations among PM2.5, black

carbon (BC), and UFP at a high school adjacent to a major highway in the Bronx

• Compare associations between these

particle components and respiratory symptoms among adolescents attending the school

2.4 0.66 2.3 0.73 1.6

Legend

PM Components Study Nested Within Larger Study of Urban/Suburban High School Exposures and Health Effects

Daily Mean Black Carbon Concentrations Measured at Urban School 1 and the Suburban School 5/6/03-6/8/03 Black Carbon Concentration (µg/m3) 6 5 4 3 2 1 Suburban School Urban School 1 5/6/2003 5/11/2003 5/16/2003 5/21/2003 5/26/2003 5/31/2003 6/5/2003

r = 0.83, p< 0.0001

STUDY LOCATION High School in High-density Urban Area

• 34m east of major highway the Bronx, NY
• Annual Average of 8,300 Trucks/Buses Daily
• Annual Average of 64,000 Cars Daily

MEASUREMENT OF PM EXPOSURES

• Hourly PM2.5 monitored for 3 weeks using beta attenuation monitor
• Hourly black carbon monitored using aethalometers
• UFP monitored using scanning mobility particle sizer

RECRUITMENT OF STUDY SUBJECTS

• Students recruited during classroom presentations
• Asthma prevalence and demographic data collected by questionnaire
• Consent forms distributed

COLLECTION OF DAILY RESPIRATORY HEALTH DATA

• Self-reported symptom and medication use in diaries for 4-5 weeks

24 >=College Graduate 14 (24%) Number of Asthmatics (%) 30 Smoker in Household (%) 16 Unknown 43 High School Graduate 17 <High School Father's Education Level (%)* 5 Other 55 Hispanic 39 Black, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Race (%)* 89 Female 11 Male Sex (%)* 16±1 Age (mean±SD) 58 Number of Students Completing Surveys

Comparing Daily Trends in PM2.5, Black Carbon (BC), and Ultrafine Particles (UFP) at U2 Spring 2004

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 3/11/2004 3/14/2004 3/17/2004 3/20/2004 3/23/2004 3/26/2004 3/29/2004

BC and PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m

3)

50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

UFP Number Concentration (Particles/m3 )

24 Hour Average BC 24 Hour Average PM2.5 24 Hour Average UFP

• Mea

n (SD ) PM2. 5 mass concentratio n = 23. 4 (8.8 ) µg/m3. Rang e = 11. 6 – 43. µg/m3.

• Mea

n (SD ) B C mass conc = 2. 2 (1.1 ) µg/m3. Rang e = 0. 6 – 4. 9 µg/m3.

• Mea

n (SD ) UFP numbe r conc = 101,00 0 (49,000 ) particles/m3. Rang e = 30,00 0 – 220,00 0 particles/m3.

Correlation between Daily PM2.5 and Black Carbon (BC) 3/11/04 to 3/30/04 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m3) BC Concentration (µg/m

3 )

y = 0.0917x - 0.2738 R2 = 0.7166

Correlation between PM2.5 and Ultrafine Particles (UFP) 3/11/04 to 3/30/04 50 100 150 200 250 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Thousands

PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m

3)

UFP Number Concentration (# particles/m 3 ) y = 1998.8x + 54571 R2 = 0.1288

Correlation between Daily Black Carbon (BC) and Ultrafine Particles (UFP) 3/11/04 to 3/30/04 50 100 150 200 250 1 2 3 4 5

Thous ands

BC Concentration (µg/m

3)

UFP Num ber Concentration (# particles/m 3 )

y = 31934x + 41516 R2 = 0.3861

1.01 (0.98, 1.05) 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) 1.00 (0.98, 1.02)

Medication Use

0.99 (0.97, 1.01) 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) 1.01 (0.99. 1.02)

Shortness of Breath

0.99 (0.95, 1.02) 1.04 (0.92, 1.18) 1.00 (0.97, 1.02)

Chest Tightness

0.98 (0.96, 1.01) 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) 0.99 (0.97, 1.00)

Cough

1.01 (0.97, 1.05) 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) 1.01 (0.99, 1.03)

Wheeze

UFP BC PM2.5

Rate Ratios for Increased Respiratory Symptoms

Summary of Results

• In repeated measures analyses, BC showed a

greater tendency towards positive associations with wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and medication use relative to PM2.5 and UFP number

• Only the BC association with shortness of breath

was statistically significant

Conclusions

• These preliminary results provide insight into elucidating

the active component of ambient PM and point to the importance of monitoring traffic-related particles in cities

• Sample size may have limited study power Future

studies should increase the number of asthmatics since the effects of traffic-related particles may be more apparent in individuals prone to bronchial hyper- responsiveness

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