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2020 cttp Center er fo for Training ng Transpor ortation on Profes fessiona onals Soils Testi ting ng Techn hnici cian Course Overview Termi rminolo ology Atterber erberg g Limits its LL, PL, PI Soil il Class

slide-1
SLIDE 1

2020 1

Soils

Testi ting ng Techn hnici cian

cttp

Center er fo for Training ng Transpor

  • rtation
  • n Profes

fessiona

  • nals

Course Overview

♦Termi

rminolo

  • logy

♦Soil

il Class ssification ification

♦Samplin

ling

♦Soil

il Prepar aratio ation

♦Moistu

isture e Conten ent

  • Oven
  • Speedy

dy Moisture ture Tester er

♦Atterber

erberg g Limits its

  • LL, PL, PI

♦Moistur

isture e Density sity Rela lati tions nships hips

  • Standar

ndard d Proc

  • ctor
  • r
  • Modif

ified ied Proctor

  • r

♦Compac

pactio ion

  • Nuclear

lear Densit ity Gauge ge

♦ARDO

DOT Speci ecific icatio ations

Introduction 4

slide-2
SLIDE 2

2020 2

Test Day

♦Writt

itten en Exam am

  • ≈ 60 Questions
  • Closed

ed Book Exam

  • 2 Hour

r Time e Limit it

  • 70 % Overall

erall Required ired to Pass Exam

♦Resu

sults ts

  • www.ctt

ttp.org .org

  • Lett

tter er & Certi tific ficat ate

♦Performance

mance Exam

  • 4 Exam Station

ations

~ Liquid id Limit it ~ Plastic Limit it ~ Proctor

  • r

~ Nuclear ear Densit ity Gauge

  • 2 Attem

empts ts Allo lowed ed to Pass Each h Stati ation

  • n

Introduction 5

Unit Conversions

♦Weight

ght / Mass

  • 1 ton

2000 lb

  • 1 lb

453.6 .6 g

  • 1 kg

1000 g

♦Conver

ert t 15 lb to grams ams

𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒄 𝒚 𝟓𝟔𝟒. 𝟕 𝒉 𝟐 𝒎𝒄 = 𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝒉

♦Conver

ert t 6804 g t to lb

𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟓 𝒉 𝒚 𝟐 𝒎𝒄 𝟓𝟔𝟒. 𝟕 𝒉 = 𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒄

Introduction 6

slide-3
SLIDE 3

2020 3

Terminology

♦Soil

il

  • Natura

turall lly occurrin rring g uncons

  • nsolida
  • lidated

ed rock k partic icles les, , organic anic matter er, , water er, , and air

♦Testin

ting

  • Grain

ain Size influ luen ences es the stabilit ility and maxim imum um load d bearing ring capacit ity of a soil

  • Behavior

vior Charac racter eristic istics predic ict how

  • w a soil

l will behave e to chang nges es in moisture ture

  • Densit

ity optim imize izes the enginee ineering ring properti ties es

  • f the soil for

r the inten ended ed applic icati ation

  • n

Introduction 7

Terminology

♦Air

r Dried ied

  • Dried at ≤ 140°F

F (60°C) C)

~ Chemic ically ally bound nd moisture e is stil ill l present ent in the soil ~ Moisture Content ≠ 0

♦Oven

en Dried ied

  • Dried

ied to a constant tant mass at a temperature erature

  • f 230 ± 9

9 °F (110 ± 5 5 °C) C)

~ No moistur ure e is present ent in the soil l sample le ~ Moisture e Content nt = 0 Introduction 8

slide-4
SLIDE 4

2020 4

Sampling Soils

ARDOT 30 Sampling 9

Apparatus

♦Back hoe,

, auger, , post hole le digger er, , shovel el

♦Samp

mple e Contain ainer ers

  • Should prevent

ent the loss of fines es and moistur ture

~ Seala lable le plastic ic container ers ~ Heavy vy doubled led pape per bags are ok if mois isture e is not to be main intain ined ed ~ Unlin lined ed cloth

  • th or open

en we weave bags should ld not be used ed

Sampling 10

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SLIDE 5

2020 5

Sampling

♦Sample

e Numbers

  • Areas

eas must t be enclo losed sed by at least t three ee sampl mples es

~ Risk fa factor

  • r of fa

failure ure ~ Unif ifor

  • rmity

mity of soil

  • Typic

ical Spac acin ing

~ Highway: 200’ – 2000’ ~ Borrow Pits: 100’ – 400’ ~ Earth Dams: 50’ – 150’

Sampling

Look for changes ges in soil types es, color

  • r, or tex

textu ture

11

Documentation

♦Sample

le Locatio ation

  • Refere

rence nce landmarks dmarks

~ Fence e Posts ~ Buildin ings gs / Ro Roads

  • Sketc

etch

♦Soil

il Samp mples les

  • Test

t Pit t or Boring ng #

  • Material

erial Classif ificati ation

  • n

~ Type of mater erial ial ~ Color and classifi ificat ation

  • n
  • Layer

er Depths ths

~ Start and end depth h of each h layer

  • Commen

ents ts

~ Water table le levels ls ~ Ro Rock outcrop

  • ps

Sampling 12

slide-6
SLIDE 6

2020 6

Test Pit

Sampling 13

Boring

Sampling 14

slide-7
SLIDE 7

2020 7

Dry Preparation

  • f Disturbed

Soil… Samples for Test

AASHTO R 58 Dry Preparation 15

Apparatus

♦Dryin

ing Apparatus aratus

  • Fan,

, heat t lamp, oven

♦Sieves

es

  • 2”, ¾”, # 4, # 10, # 40
  • Addit

itional ional sizes es as needed ed by specif ific ic test t

♦Pulveri

erizin ing Apparatus aratus

  • Mortar

tar & rubber er - covered red pestle le

  • Pow

Power er equip ipmen ent t with rubber er - covered red roller lers

Dry Preparation

Indi divid idua ual l grain in sizes s may not

  • t be redu

duced ed in size !

16

slide-8
SLIDE 8

2020 8

Procedure

♦Air dry mater

erial ial

  • ≤ 140 °F

♦Redu

duce samp mple le

  • Split

it or Quarter er

♦Selec

ect t appropria

  • priate

e sieve e accor

  • rdi

ding to test t proc

  • cedu

dure e to be performed med

♦Proc

  • cess

ess soil il over er specified ified sieve

♦Pulver

erize ize mater erial ial ret etain ained ed on scree reen

  • Rescreen

reen the material erial

  • Repeat

at until il all soil partic icles les are separat rated ed

♦Comb

mbine e and mix all mater erial ial passin sing the specifie ified d screen en

Dry Preparation

Use AASHT HTO R 74 (Wet et-Prep) p) fo for hard-to to- proc

  • cess

ss soils, s, or soils s which need d to maintain ain their natural al moisture e conten ents

17

Test Method for Moisture Content of Soils…

ARDOT 348 AASHTO T 265 Moisture Content 18

slide-9
SLIDE 9

2020 9

Field Testing

Moisture Content

♦ARDO

DOT Spec ecif ificatio ications

  • Oven Drying

ing

~ Most Accurat ate ~ Slow

  • w Re

Result lts

  • Speedy

dy Moisture ture

~ Limit ited ed to finer graine ned soils ls ~ Quick Re Result ults ~ No licens nse required ed

  • Nu

Nuclear lear Density ity Gauge ge

~ Accurac acy may fluctuat uate e based ed on surround undin ing g condit itions ions ~ Quick Re Result ults ~ Nuclear ear licens ense required ed 19

Apparatus (Oven Drying)

♦Scales

ales

  • 0.1 % of sample

le wt.

~ 10 g → 0.01 g ~ 100 g → 0.1 g ~ 500 g → 0.5 g

♦Oven

en

  • 230

230 ± 9 9 °F

♦Moistu

isture e Tins

  • Corros
  • sion

ion Resistant tant

  • Close-fit

itting ing Lids

Moisture Content 20

slide-10
SLIDE 10

2020 10

Procedure

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d number ber and tare re weight ht of tin

♦Place “wet soil” into tin

  • Cover

r with h lid

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d weight ht of “Wet Soil + Tare”

♦Dry samp

mple le at 230 °F F to a con

  • nstan

stant t mass

  • Remove

e lid

♦Remo

move e tin from m oven en and cool

  • Cover

r with h lid

♦Rec

ecord d weight ight of “Dry Soil + Tare”

Moisture Content 21

Calculation

W = wet et weigh ght t of soil D = dry y weigh ght t of soil il

♦Repor

  • rt

t moistu isture re con

  • nten

ent t to the nearest rest 0.1 1 %

Moisture Content

𝑵𝑫 = (𝑿 − 𝑬) 𝑬 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

22

slide-11
SLIDE 11

2020 11

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the moistu isture e conten ent t of the soil

Wet t Wt Wt + Tare 30.62 g Dry Wt Wt + Tare 29.55 g Tare e Weight ight 18.76 g

Moisture Content

Wet Soil = 30.62 – 18.76 = 11.86 Dry Soil = 29.55 – 18.76 = 10.79 𝑵𝑫 = (𝑿 − 𝑬) 𝑬 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏% 𝑵𝑫 = (𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟕 − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟘) 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟘 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏% = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟘 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟘. 𝟘𝟑 %

9.9 %

23

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin ine e the moistu isture re conten ent t of the soil

Wet t Wt Wt + Tare 44.7 .75 g Dry Wt Wt + Tare 40.33 g Tare e Weight ight 13.00 g

Moisture Content 24

slide-12
SLIDE 12

2020 12

Special Cases

♦Soil

il contai tainin ing minerals erals whic ich h have e loosely

  • sely bound

d wa water er from

  • m hydra

dration tion

  • Gypsum

um

♦Soil

il contai tainin ing signif ifican icant t amoun

  • unts

ts of

  • rgan

anic ic mater erial ials

♦Solutio

lutions ns

  • Oven dry at ≈ 140°F
  • Use va

vacuu uum desic iccati ation

  • n at

≈ 10 mm Hg at a temperature erature of ≥ 73°F

Moisture Content 26

Sieve Analysis

  • f Soils

AASHTO T 11 AASHTO T 27 Sieve Analysis 27

slide-13
SLIDE 13

2020 13

Sieve Analysis of Soils

♦Det

eter ermin mines es the grain in size e distri tribution tion of soils ls

♦Used

d for:

  • Soil

l Classif ific icati ation

  • n
  • Complianc

liance

~ ARDOT Specif ific icat ations ions

  • Embankment
  • Plating Materials
  • Select Materials

♦Differenc

ences es

  • Soil

l Sieve Sizes es

~ 2”, 1½”, 1”, ¾”, 3/8”, #4, #10, #40, #200

  • Washing

ing

~ Use we wettin ing g agent nt if necess essar ary ~ Allow

  • w ex

extra a soak time Sieve Analysis 28

Introduction

Atterberg Limits

♦Atterberg

berg limit its s charac acteriz ize how

  • w a soil will

l behave e with changes ges in moistur ture e content ents

  • Liquid

uid Limit mit

  • Plastic

ic Limit mit

  • Plasti

sticit ity y Index

♦Liquid

quid State

  • Flow
  • ws and

chang nges es shape e easily ly

♦Plastic

stic Stat ate

  • Moldab

dable le and retains tains shape

♦Solid

lid State

  • Breaks

aks rather her than n chang nge e shape

  • - Liquid

id Limit it --

  • - Plastic

ic Limit it --

  • Plasticit

ity Index 30

slide-14
SLIDE 14

2020 14

Plastic Limit

  • f Soils

AASHTO T 90 Plastic Limit 31

Introduction

♦Plasti

tic c limit t is the lowest t moistur ture e content ent at which ch the soil remains ns plasti tic

♦A s

soil is at its plasti tic c limit when it begins s to crumble le when rolled ed to a 3 3 m mm diamet eter er

Plastic Limit 32

slide-15
SLIDE 15

2020 15

Apparatus

♦Scales

ales (0.0 .01 g)

♦Oven

en 110 ± 5°C

  • 230

230°F

♦Ground

  • und Glass

ss Plate

  • Unglaz

glazed ed Paper er

  • Rolling

ing Devic ice

♦Porcelai

elain Dish sh

♦Moistu

isture e Tin

♦Spatu

tula la

Plastic Limit

Re Referee ree Test st – Hand d Ro Roll Use dist stilled, d, demine nera ralized,

  • r de-ion
  • nized

ed water er only

33

Soil Preparation

♦Air

r dry the soil

  • Proces

ess soil over # 40 sieve

♦Ad

Add d wa water er to soil l until l moldabl ldable

  • Mix thorou
  • ughly

ghly

  • Allo

low to season

  • n

♦Remove ≈ 10 g

  • Form soil into
  • a ball

Plastic Limit 34

slide-16
SLIDE 16

2020 16

♦Roll

ll specime imen n into a thread of 3 mm (≈ ⅛”) uniform m diame meter er

  • Roll on groun

und side e of glass plate at 80-90 90 strok

  • kes

es per minut ute

  • If thread

ead crumbles les before

  • re reaching

hing 3 mm (1 (1st

st rolling)

ling), , add water er and remix

Procedure

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d empty mpty tin # and tare re weight ht

♦Pinch

h off f a small all “pea” sized piece of soil l and form m an ellip ipso soidal idal shape

Plastic Limit ≈ 10 g ≈ 1.5 – 2 g

Ball

Pea Ellipsoid 35

♦Plac

ace e crum umbled led soil il porti tions ns into tin

  • Cover

r tin with h lid

♦Select another “pea”

and repea eat t process cess until l entir ire e 10 g sample mple is tested ed

Procedure

♦When

en thread read reac aches hes 3 mm in diame meter er, , re re-form m soil il into

  • an

ellip ipso soidal idal shape

  • Do not
  • t roll

l past 3 mm

♦Repeat

eat rolli lling proc

  • ces

ess s until l soil l crumbles mbles befor

  • re

e reac achin hing or just st as it reac aches hes 3 mm

Plastic Limit 36

slide-17
SLIDE 17

2020 17

♦Calc

lculat late e moistu isture e conten ent t (MC) )

♦Repor

  • rt

t Plastic stic Limit t (PL)

  • Round

d moisture ture conten ent t

  • f sample
  • Report

t plasti tic limit it to neares rest t whole e number er

Procedure

♦Immediat

ediately ely weigh h tin and reco ecord d the “Wet Wt Wt + Tare”

♦Plac

ace e tin in oven en to dry

♦Cool

  • l samp

mple le to room

  • om

temp mper eratur ature

♦Weigh

h and rec ecor

  • rd

d the “Dry Wt Wt + Tare”

Plastic Limit 37

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin ine e the plastic tic limit it of the soil il

Wet t Wt Wt + Tare 26.63 g Dry Wt Wt + Tare 24.14 g Tare e Weight ight 13.2 .20 g

Plastic Limit

𝑵𝑫 = (𝟐𝟒. 𝟓𝟒 − 𝟐𝟏. 𝟘𝟓) 𝟐𝟏. 𝟘𝟓 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟕 % = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗 %

PL = 23

10.9 .94 4 g

Dry

13.43 13.43 g

Wet 38

slide-18
SLIDE 18

2020 18

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the plastic tic limit it of the soil il

Wet t Wt Wt + Tare 31.25 g Dry Wt Wt + Tare 30.10 g Tare e Weight ight 18.7 .70 g

Plastic Limit 39

Liquid Limit of Soils

AASHTO T 89 Liquid Limit 42

slide-19
SLIDE 19

2020 19

Introduction

The liquid uid limit it of a soil l is the moisture ture conten ent t neces essar ary to close e a 2 mm wide groove, e, for a length gth of 13 mm in 25 blows

Liquid Limit

25 Blows 13 mm 2 mm

43

Apparatus

♦Scales

ales (0.0 .01 g)

♦Oven

en 110°± °± 5 5 °C

  • 230

230°F

♦Liquid

quid Limit it Machin hine

♦Groo

  • ovin

ing Tool

  • l
  • AASHT

SHTO O – Curved ed

  • ASTM

M – Flat

♦Gauge

  • 10.0

.0 ± 0.2 mm

Liquid Limit 44

slide-20
SLIDE 20

2020 20

LL Machine Check

♦Points

ts of contac tact

♦Wear

ar areas as

♦Pin Play / Screws

Liquid Limit 45

Calibrate Cup Drop

♦Dissec

ect t the point t of contac tact t with h smoo

  • oth

th side e of tape

♦Lower

er cup so that t it is resting ting on the base se

♦Inser

ert t gauge e bloc

  • ck

until l it is in contac tact t with h the tape

~ Hold gauge e block so that at it lies flat agains nst the base

♦Daily

ly Chec eck

Liquid Limit 46

slide-21
SLIDE 21

2020 21

Calibrate Cup Drop

♦Chec

eck drop

  • p height

ht

  • Turn

rn cran ank

~ Cup should uld make e a clicking ng sound nd without hout lifting ng from gauge e block

♦To adjus

just t drop

  • p height

ht

  • Loosen

n set t screw

  • Turn

rn adjus ustme tment nt screw

  • Tight

ghten en set t screw

♦Re

Re-chec heck drop

  • p height

ht

  • Reset

t gauge ge bloc

  • ck
  • Check

k drop height ght

♦Drop Height

ght = 10 mm

Liquid Limit

Set t Screw Ad Adjustmen stment Screw

Re Remem ember ber to remove e tape e when en done! e!

47

Soil Preparation

♦Air

r dry soil

♦Dry or wet

et prep soil l using # 40 sieve

♦Ad

Add d wa water er and mix until il soil l obtains tains a stiff f consis sisten ency

  • Add water

r in small ll increm remen ents ts

~ Adding ng wa water er too rapidly ly may produce a “false” liquid limit it value

♦If soil

l becomes mes too

  • wet

et, do not

  • t add dry

soil

  • Use natural

ural eva vaporat

  • ration

ion

Liquid Limit 48

slide-22
SLIDE 22

2020 22

Procedure Method B (1 Point)

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d empty mpty tin #

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d empty mpty tare e weight ht

  • Include

lude lid

Liquid Limit 49

Procedure Method B (1 Point)

Liquid Limit

♦Plac

ace e soil l in cup

  • Depth

th of 10 mm

  • Avo

void id entrap rapmen ent t

  • f air bubbles

les within hin the soil

  • Cover

r unused ed soil l to retai tain moisture ture

10 mm

50

slide-23
SLIDE 23

2020 23

Procedure Method B (1 Point)

♦Divi

vide de the soil l in the cup with th the groo

  • ovi

ving tool

  • l
  • Cut groove

e along ng centerline erline of cup

~ Up to 6 strok

  • kes

es allow

  • wed

ed to reach h bot

  • ttom
  • m of cup

~ No more cuts after touching hing the bot

  • ttom
  • m of

the cup

  • Groove

e must t be 2 2 ± 0.1 mm wide

Liquid Limit 51

Procedure Method B (1 Point)

♦Turn

rn Cran ank

  • 2 rev.

. / second nd

  • Count

nt # blows

  • Stop at 13 mm closure

ure

  • Do not
  • t hold

d device

♦Blow

w Range e 22 - 28 28

♦# Blows

ws outside ide 22 2 - 28 28

  • Adjus

ust t moisture ture & retr try

♦# Blows

ws 22 – 28 28

  • Immedia

diately ely verify fy test t

♦Verific

ificat atio ion Test

  • Redo test

~ Do not

  • t adjust moisture
  • ± 2 blows of previou

ious test

  • 22

22 – 28 blows

  • ws

Liquid Limit 52

slide-24
SLIDE 24

2020 24

Procedure Method B (1 Point)

♦Record

d blow

  • w count

t of verif ific icat ation ion test

♦Obtain

in MC samp mple le

  • Take

e sampl ple e perpend pendicu icular lar to groove e and inclu clude e the e “closed” portion

  • Sample weight ≥ 10 g

♦Record “Wet Wt. + Tare” ♦Dry samp

mple le at 230 °F

♦Cool samp

mple le

♦Record “Dry Wt

Wt + Tare”

Liquid Limit 53

Procedure Method B (1 Point)

♦Calc

lculat late e moistu isture e conten ent t (%)

♦Correc

ect t moistu sture e conten ent t to 25 Blows ws

  • K-fa

factor

  • r

♦Repor

  • rt
  • Round

d correc rected ed moisture ture conten ent

  • Report

t LL to neares rest t whole e number er

Liquid Limit

𝑴𝑴 = 𝒍𝑶 𝑵𝑫

54

slide-25
SLIDE 25

2020 25

Calculation Method B (1 Point)

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the liquid d limit it of the soil

Wet t Wt Wt + Tare 31.60 g Dry Wt Wt + Tare 27.14 g 27 blows Tare e Weight ight 14.5 .50 g

Liquid Limit

𝑵𝑫 = (𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟏 − 𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟓) 𝟐𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟑𝟗 % = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟒 % 𝑴𝑴 = 𝒍𝑶 𝑵𝑫 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟘 𝟒𝟔. 𝟒 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟖 = 𝟒𝟕

LL= 36

k27

27= 1.009

55

Calculation Method B (1 Point)

♦Det

eter ermin ine e the liquid d limit it of the soil

Wet t Wt Wt + Tare 30.7 .71 g Dry Wt Wt + Tare 28.32 g 23 blows Tare e Weight ight 13.88 g

Liquid Limit 56

slide-26
SLIDE 26

2020 26

Procedure Method A (3 Point)

♦Record three tin #’s

and tare re weight hts

♦Obtain

tain proper

  • per closu
  • sure

in each h of the e ranges es

  • (1) 25 – 35 Blow
  • ws
  • (2) 20 – 30 Blow
  • ws
  • (3) 15 – 25 Blow
  • ws
  • No verif

ific icati ation

  • n

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d blow w counts ts

♦Obta

tain in a MC samp mple le and rec ecor

  • rd

d weigh ghts ts from m each h closur sure

♦Add

d addit itio ional al water er to adjust ust MC bet etwee een closur sures es and mix well

♦Chec

eck blow coun unt t differ erenc nce

  • ≥ 10

Liquid Limit

≥ 10

60

Procedure Method A (3 Point)

♦Calculat

late all three moistur ture e content ents

♦Plot

  • t MC vs # B

Blows

  • ws
  • Semi

mi-loga garit ithmic ic pape per

  • ½ way is ≈ 3/5

♦Draw “best fit” line ♦Find

d MC a at 25 blow

  • ws

♦Report

t Liqu quid id Limit it (LL)

  • Round

und MC at 25 blows

  • ws to

nearest arest whole

  • le numb

mber er

20 30 40 10 30 32 34 36 38 40 Moistu sture e Conten ent t ( % ) Blow

  • w Count

Flow w Curve

Liquid Limit

Blow Range # Blows MC MC 25 25 - 35 35 33 33 31.5 20 20 - 30 30 27 27 34.2 15 15 - 25 25 19 19 36.7

LL = 35

61

slide-27
SLIDE 27

2020 27

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the liquid d limit it of the soil

# Blow

  • ws MC

MC 17 17 39.1 24 24 38.5 30 30 36.2

Liquid Limit

20 30 40 10 35 36 37 38 39 40 Moistu sture e Conten ent t (%) Blow

  • w Count

Flow w Curve

62

Referee Tests

♦Met

ethod hod A (3 point) t)

♦Curved

ed groo

  • oving tool
  • l

♦Use distill

tilled ed or demineral ineralized ized wa water er

  • nly

ly

♦Times

es

  • Mixing

ing 5 – 10 min.

  • Season
  • ning

ing 30 min.

  • Remixing

ing 1 min.

  • Testi

ting ng 3 min.

  • Adjus

usti ting ng 3 min. ♦No dry soil may be

added to the season

  • ned

d soil being g tested ed

Liquid Limit 64

slide-28
SLIDE 28

2020 28

Plasticity Index of Soils

AASHTO T 89 Plasticity Index

♦Plasti

tici city ty Index (PI) is the range of moistu ture re contents ents where e the soil exhibits ts plasti tic c prope perti ties es

  • Higher

her PI Values es (> 10)

~ Claye yey soils ls

  • Lower PI Values (≤ 10)

~ Aggreg regates es ~ Sands ds ~ Silts lts

65

Calculation

♦Repor

  • rt

t PI to the nearest rest whole

  • le number

ber

♦Det

eterm ermin ine e the plasti ticity city index of the soil LL = 37 PL = 23

Plasticity Index

𝑸𝑱 = 𝑴𝑴 − 𝑸𝑴

PI = Plastic icit ity Index ex LL = Liqu quid id Limit PL = Plastic Limit

𝑸𝑱 = 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟑𝟒 = 𝟐𝟓

PI = 1 14

66

slide-29
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2020 29

Special Reporting

♦Repor

  • rt

t PL

  • “Cannot be

Determined”

~ If specim imen n cannot be rolled to 3 mm

♦Repor

  • rt

t LL

  • “Cannot be

Determined”

~ If soil “slides” in the cup at blow

  • w count

nts less than n 25

♦Repor

port t PI

  • “Non–Plastic (NP)” if

any of the follo lowin ing g are true

~ LL could not

  • t be

deter ermined ned ~ PL could not

  • t be

deter ermined ned ~ PL is ≥ LL Atterberg Limits 67

Classification of Soils… for Highway Construction Purposes

AASHTO M 145 Soil Classification 69

slide-30
SLIDE 30

2020 30

AASHTO Soil Classification

♦Gran

anular lar Mater erial ials s ≤ 35% Passing # 200

  • Boulder: ≥ 12”
  • Cobble: 3”– 12”
  • Gravel:

el: #10 – 3”

  • Sand:

d: #10 - #200

♦Silt

t / Clay Mater erial ials > 35% Passin ing # 200 00

  • Silt:

lt: #200 - .002mm

  • Clay:

: < .002mm

Soil Classification PI ≤ 10 PI ≥ 11 70

AASHTO Soil Classification

Soil Classification 71

slide-31
SLIDE 31

2020 31

AASHTO Soil Classification

Soil Classification

♦Class

ssify ify the follo llowi wing soil l as a granular lar, , silt, , or clay mater erial ial and det etermin ermine e the e grou

  • up number

ber of the soil

> 35% Passing ng # 200 = Silt or Clay = A4, A5, A6, or A7 PI ≤ 10 = Silt = A4 or A5 LL ≥ 41 = A5

Silt - Group A5

72

Water

Water 73

slide-32
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2020 32

Water

Water

Air Air Water ter Solid ids (dry soil)

WA D WW W

𝑵𝑫 = (𝑿 − 𝑬) 𝑬 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

♦ W

W – we wet we weight ht of soil

♦ D

D – dry we weigh ght of soil

𝑬 = 𝑿 𝟐 + 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏

74

Water

♦Δ MC

MC - % Desir ired ed chan ange e in moistu isture re con

  • nten

ent ∆ 𝑵𝑫 = 𝑼𝒃𝒔𝒉𝒇𝒖 𝑵𝑫 − 𝑻𝒑𝒋𝒎 𝑵𝑫

♦Water

er needed ded for a desir ired ed Δ MC when: Dry weight ht of soil l is known wn

Water

𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 = 𝑬 𝒚 𝜠 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

75

slide-33
SLIDE 33

2020 33

Water

♦The dry weight

ht of a soil il samp mple le is 2000.0 .0 g. How w much h wa water er will l need d to be added ed for r the soil il to contain tain 3 % moistu sture e ?

60 g or 60 mL

Water

𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 = 𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒉 𝒚 𝟒 % 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟑𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒉 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒 = 𝟕𝟏 𝒉 𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 = 𝑬 𝒚 𝜠 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

76

Water Calculation

♦The dry weight

ht of a soil il sample le is 250 500.0 0.0 g. How w many mL of wa water er will l need to be added ed for the soil il to con

  • ntain

tain 10.2 .2 % moistu isture e ?

Water 77

slide-34
SLIDE 34

2020 34

Water

♦Water

er needed ded for a desir ired ed Δ MC when: Wet et Weight ht of soil l known wn

𝟐. 𝑬 = 𝑿 𝟐 + 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % 𝟑. Δ 𝑵𝑫 = 𝑼𝒃𝒔𝒉𝒇𝒖 𝑵𝑫 − 𝑵𝑫 𝟒. 𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 = 𝑬 𝒚 Δ 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

Water This equation

  • n is the

e moisture e content ent equat atio ion n rearrang nged ed 79

Water

♦A 263

630 0 g soil l sample le has a moistu ture e conten ent t of 3.4 %. How w many mL of wa water er do you need to add to bring ing the soil l samp mple le to 12.0 .0 % moistu sture? e?

𝟐. 𝑬𝒔𝒛 = 𝑿𝒇𝒖 𝟐 + 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟒. 𝟓 % 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟏 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 = 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟔 𝒉 𝟑. 𝜠𝑵𝑫 = 𝑼𝒃𝒔𝒉𝒇𝒖 𝑵𝑫 − 𝑵𝑫 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏 % − 𝟒. 𝟓 % = 𝟗. 𝟕 % 𝟒. 𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 = 𝑬𝒔𝒛 𝒚 ∆𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟒. 𝟔 𝒉 𝒚 𝟗. 𝟕 % 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟑𝟐𝟘 𝒉

Water

219 mL

80

slide-35
SLIDE 35

2020 35

Water Calculation

♦A 5500 g soil

l sampl mple e has a moistu sture e conten ent t of 1. 1.3 3 %. How w many mL of wa water er do you need to add to bring ing the soil l samp mple le to 6.2 % moistu isture? e?

Water 81

Determining Moisture Content by Speedy Moisture Tester

ARDOT 347 Speedy MC 85

slide-36
SLIDE 36

2020 36

Introduction

♦Alter

ernat ativ ive e met ethod hod to

  • ven

en dryin ing for fine e grained ined soils ils

  • Not
  • t quit

ite as accurat urate

  • Quicker

er test

  • No licens

nse e to operat ate

♦Calc

lcium ium carbide ide reac acts ts with h the water er in the e soil

♦Reacti

action n produc duces es acety tylene lene gas

♦Gas pressu

ssure e inside de the met eter er is measure sured d and conver erted ed to a moistur isture e cont nten ent

  • Based

d on wet mass

Speedy MC 86

Introduction

♦Testers

ers come

  • me in many

sizes es and requir ire e differ erent t standar dard d samp mple le sizes es

  • 20 g Tester

er

  • 26 g Tester

er

  • 200 g Tester

er

♦Standar

dard d samp mple le size e for r this clas ass is 20 0 g

♦Cautio

tion – Calc lciu ium carbide ide reac acts ts violen lently tly with h water er

Speedy MC 87

slide-37
SLIDE 37

2020 37

Procedure

♦Clean

an tester er cham amber er and cap prior

  • r to use

♦Tilt

t chambe amber on side e and roll ll (2) steel el balls ls into

  • chamber

amber

  • Avoid droppin

ing g balls s directly ly onto pressu sure e port

Speedy MC Not

  • te : Procedu

edures es are written n for a Stand ndard Sample le Size of 20 g 88

Procedure

♦Plac

ace e 3 scoo

  • ops

(≈ 24 g) of calc lcium ium carbi bide de into

  • chamber

amber

♦Prepar

are e soil il samp mple le

  • Pulveri

erize e or break ak into

  • small

l pieces es

Speedy MC 89

slide-38
SLIDE 38

2020 38

Procedure

♦Weigh

h out t 20 g o

  • f soil
  • Check

k your r individu vidual al tester er specif ific icati ations

  • ns

♦Plac

ace e soil l into cap

♦Keep chamber on it’s

side e and secure ure the cap

  • Preven

ents ts soil l mixin ing g with h reage gent nt

Speedy MC 90

Procedure

♦Rais

ise e tester er to a vertical tical positi ition

  • Soil

l must t mix with h reagen gent t to produce uce gas

♦Shak

ake e horizon izontally tally with th a circular lar rotati

  • tating

motio

  • tion for a minimu

imum m

  • f 1 minute

Speedy MC 91

slide-39
SLIDE 39

2020 39

Procedure

♦Read

ad dial

  • Dial

l Decreas reasin ing g – Leak

~ Invalid id Test – Re Redo

  • Dial

l Increa reasing ing – Reacti tion n not

  • t comple

lete

~ Re Repeat at shak aking ing until l gauge e dial stabiliz ilizes es ~ Need 3 consecut ecutiv ive ident ntic ical l reading ings

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d final al dial l readi ading (0.1 %) What at does s this s dial l read? ad? 11.7 .7 %

What t does s this dial l read?

11. 1.7 %

Speedy MC 92

Procedure

♦Remo

move cap

  • Point

t cap in a safe direction ion and slowly

  • wly release

ase gas press ssure

♦Exami

mine ne contents ents and repe peat at test if sampl ple e is not

  • t compl

plet etely ely pulv lver erize zed

  • Properly

ly dispos

  • se

e of contents ents

♦Avoid:

d:

  • Breathin

ing g Fumes

  • Sources of ignit

ition ion

Speedy MC 93

slide-40
SLIDE 40

2020 40

Calculation

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d moistu isture e conten ent

  • Use ARDOT correc

recti tion

  • n

chart t to conver ert t from %

  • f wet mass to % of dry

mass

♦Repor

  • rt
  • Report

t moisture ture conten ent t to the neares est t 0.1%

Speedy MC 94

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin ine e the moistu isture e conten ent t of the soil

Sample le Weight ight 20 g Dial al Reading ing 9.3

  • If the standar

dard d sample e weight ght was used, , read d the moisture ture conten ent t direc ectly tly from the ARDOT correct rection ion chart

Speedy MC

MC = 10.1 %

95

slide-41
SLIDE 41

2020 41

Special Cases

♦Very low

w moistu stures es

  • Double

uble the sample e size

~ Use 40 g of soil l instead ad

  • f 20 g
  • Divide

ide dial l reading ding by 2 before

  • re going

ng to the convers ersio ion n chart

♦Very high

h moistur stures es

  • Cut the sample

le size in half

~ Use 10 g of soil instead ead

  • f 20 g
  • Multi

tiply ly dial l readin ding g by 2 2 befor

  • re going

g to the convers ersio ion n chart

Speedy MC 96

  • Read moisture

ture conten ent t from conver ersion ion chart t based ed on calc lculat lated ed va value

MC = 29.8% Special Cases

♦Determin

mine the moisture re content ent of the soil

Sampl ple e Weight ght 10 g Dial l Reading ing 11. 1.5 5 %

  • Sampl

ple e we weight ght cut in half lf

  • Mult

ltipl iply y dial ial reading ng by 2 before

  • re going

ing to the chart

11.5 x 2 = 23.0

Speedy MC 97

slide-42
SLIDE 42

2020 42

  • Read moisture

ture conten ent t from conver ersion ion chart t based ed on calc lculat lated ed va value

MC = 4.1% Special Cases

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the moistu isture re conten ent t of the soil

Sample le Weight ight 40 g Dial l Reading ing 7.6 %

  • Sample

le weight ght doubled led

  • Divide

ide dial l reading ding by 2 before

  • re going

ng to the chart 7.6 / 2 = 3.8

Speedy MC 98

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin ine e the moistu isture re conten ent t of the soil

Speedy MC Sample e Weight ht Dial Re Reading ing Chart Moisture e Content ent

20 g 15.3 .3 % 10 g 13.6 % 40 g 4.6 %

99

slide-43
SLIDE 43

2020 43

Moisture Density Relations of Soils

AASHTO T 99 AASHTO T 180 Proctor 103

Compaction

♦Comp

mpac action

  • n
  • Densif

ifica ication tion of a soil by apply lyin ing g a load to the soil

~ Reduces es settlem emen ent ~ Increa eases es shear ear resis istance ~ Reduces es permea eabil bilit ity

♦Moist

stur ure e affects s comp mpac action

  • n
  • Compac

mpaction ion at the optimu mum m wa water content ent results ts in the greates est t density ity for a specif ified ied comp mpactiv tive e effor

  • rt

Proctor 104

slide-44
SLIDE 44

2020 44

Compaction

Proctor

Optimu imum MC

  • Soil particles

pack closely

  • Interlocking soil

structure

  • Compacts

moderately easy

  • Stable soil

structure

Below Opt.

  • t. MC
  • Soil particles

pack loosely

  • Weak, permeable

soil structure

  • Compaction is

more difficult

  • Stable soil

structure is questionable

Ab Above e Opt. . MC

  • Soil particles

pack in layers (shear planes)

  • Non-interlocking

soil structure

  • Compacts easily
  • Non-stable soil

structure typical

105

Proctor Curves

♦The relation

lationship hip bet etween een moistu sture e and density ity establ ablishes ishes the proc

  • ctor curve

e of a soil

♦Proct

  • ctor
  • r curves

es serve e as the basis is for field eld compacti action

  • Maxim

imum um Dry Densit ity

~ Used in the field to deter ermine ne the e % compac action ion of the e soil

  • Optim

imum um Moisture ture

~ Used in the field as a target get to help achie ieve the desir ired ed degree e of compac action ion and prevent nt instab abil ilit ity of the soil structur ure Proctor 106

slide-45
SLIDE 45

2020 45

Apparatus

♦Sieves

es

  • ¾” or # 4

♦Scales

ales

  • Readab

able le to 1 g

  • Readab

able le to 0.1 g (MC)

♦Oven

en (230 ± 9 9 °F) F)

♦Mold

ld Assembly embly

  • 4” or 6” I.D.
  • Solid

id or split it side

♦Strai

aight ht Edge

♦Moistur

isture e Tins

♦Rammer

mmer

  • 5.5 lb – 12” drop
  • 10.0

.0 lb – 18” drop

Proctor 107

AASHTO Proctor Specifications

♦T 99

9 (Stan andar dard) d)

  • 5.5 lb Rammer

er

  • 12” Drop

♦T 180 (Modifi

dified) ed)

  • 10 lb Rammer

er

  • 18” Drop

Proctor 108

slide-46
SLIDE 46

2020 46

AASHTO Proctor Specifications

Modif ified ied Proctor

  • r :

56,000 ft-lb lb/f /ft³ t³ Standar ndard d Proctor

  • r :

12,400 ft-lb lb/f /ft³ t³ Compac acti tive e Effor

  • rt
  • Hammer Weight

ht

  • Drop Height

ht

  • Number

er of Lifts

ARDOT Limit it : ≈ 105 % Compaction

Proctor

Zero

  • Air Voids

Modifie ied Proct ctor

  • r

Standard Proct ctor

  • r

γ𝑎𝐵𝑊 = 𝐻𝑡 ∙ γ𝑥 1 + 𝐻𝑡 ∙ 𝑥 100 109

ARDOT Specifications

♦Proc

  • ctor
  • r met

ethod hod is based ed on the gradation adation of the field ld soil

  • Secti

tion

  • n 210.10 – Compac

acted ed Embankm ankmen ent

Proctor 110

slide-47
SLIDE 47

2020 47

Procedure

♦Soil

il Prepar aratio ation

  • Determ

ermine ine the grad adat ation ion of the field ld soil

~ 2”, ¾”, # 4 sieves

  • Selec

ect the appropriat riate procedure edure and method hod based ed on the gradat dation ion of the soil or ot

  • ther

er specif ific icati ations

  • ns
  • Air

r dry field ld sample le and process sample e over the appropriate sieve (# 4 or ¾”)

  • Conti

tinu nue e air drying ing proces essed ed sample e until il the desired ired starti ting ng moisture ture conten ent t is obtai tained ed

Proctor 111

♦Select

ect increment ement

  • Increm

remen ent t - consist isten ent t chang nge e in moisture ture conten ent t betw tween en points ints

~ Usually lly 1 – 2 % ~ Maximum um of 2½ %

Procedure

♦Redu

duce proc

  • ces

essed ed samp mple le and obtain tain a represen entativ tative e portion( tion(s) s)

  • Rocky

ky soils or heavy vy clays require uire indiv ividual idual portions ions

~ 4” Mold ≈ 2500 g ~ 6” Mold ≈ 6000 g

  • Other

er soil l types es allo low reuse of soil l

Proctor 10% 12% 12% 14% 16% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 112

slide-48
SLIDE 48

2020 48

Procedure

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the amount

  • unt
  • f wa

water er to be added ed

♦Mix water

er into soil il to achie hieve e a unifor

  • rm

m moistur isture e cont nten ent

Proctor 113

Procedure

♦Allow soil to “season”

if necess essar ary

  • Heavy

vy clays must t “season” for a minim imum um of 12 hours prior

  • r to compac

action ion

  • Place

e in sealab lable le contai taine ner( r(s)

Proctor 114

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SLIDE 49

2020 49

Procedure

♦Tight

hten en joint int on split it molds lds to maintain tain constan stant t volum lume

♦Attach

ach mold ld firmly mly to base

Proctor 117

Procedure

♦Reco

ecord d weight ht of empty mpty mold ld assembly embly (mold ld + base) e)

♦Attach

ach collar llar to mold ld

Proctor 118

slide-50
SLIDE 50

2020 50

Procedure

♦Ad

Add d soil il for 1 lift t into

  • mold

ld

  • Evenly

ly distrib tribute e soil l in mold

♦Gently

tly tamp soil l surfac ace

  • Eliminat

inates es loose e state

♦Solid

lid Compac actio tion Surfac ace

  • 200 lb concret

rete e bloc

  • ck
  • Sound

nd concret rete e floor

  • r

Proctor 119

Procedure

♦Compac

act lift t evenly ly using the appropria

  • priate

e number ber of blows ws

♦Trim

im soil il aroun

  • und

d mold ld edges es and distr trib ibut uted d evenly nly across ss the e surfac ace

♦Repeat

eat process

  • cess for

remai mainin ing g lifts ts

Proctor

“Pumping”

120

slide-51
SLIDE 51

2020 51

Procedure

♦Remo

move e collar llar

♦Trim

im excess ess soil il with th a straight aightedg edge e so that t the soil l surfac ace e is even with h the top of the mold ld

  • Check

k for hammer er marks ks

~ Re Re-com

  • mpact point if

hammer marks are seen

  • Patc

tch h holes es caused ed by trim imming ing

Proctor Height ht of soil l abov

  • ve

e mold ≈ ¼ - ½ inch 121

Procedure

♦Clean

an outside ide of mold ld

  • Check

k under er base

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d weigh ght t of filled lled mold ld assemb mbly ly

Proctor 122

slide-52
SLIDE 52

2020 52

Procedure

♦Extr

trude de specimen imen

Proctor

♦Obta

tain in a moistur isture e cont ntent ent spec ecimen imen

  • Use full

l slice

♦Rec

ecord d weights ghts

ARDOT 348 Passing # 4 100 g min. Passing ¾” 500 g min. 123

Procedure

♦Repeat

eat com

  • mpac

actio tion proc

  • cess

s for all points ts

♦Compac

act points ts until: l:

  • There

re is no increas rease in the wet mass of soil, l, and then perform

  • rm one

more e determ erminati ination

  • n
  • There

re are at least t 2 are are points ts over optim imum um

  • Po

Points ints increa rease e in mass and then decreas rease e in mass

After r which poin int could yo you stop comp mpac actin ing g points ts? Target Wet Mass 10 % 4300 g 12 % 4380 g 14 % 4400 g 16 % 4360 g 18 % 4310 g Stop !

Proctor 124

slide-53
SLIDE 53

2020 53

Proctor Curve

♦Plot

  • t Proc
  • ctor
  • r Points

ts

  • X

X - axis : % Moisture ture

  • Y

Y - axis : Dry Densit ity

♦Draw Proc

  • ctor Curve
  • Decide ≈ peak location
  • Draw smooth
  • th parab

abola

  • la

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d Peak ak Values es

  • Maxim

imum um Dry Densit ity

  • Optim

imum um Moisture ture Cont nten ent

♦Repor

  • rt

t Density sity & MC

  • Max DD:

: neares rest t 0.1 lb/ft³

  • Opt.

. MC: neares est t 0.1%

Proctor

10 12 14 16 % Moisture 100 110 120 Dry Density (lbs/ft³)

125

Proctor Curve

105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Max.

  • x. Dry Density

sity (pcf) Moistu ture e Conten ent t (%)

Proctor 126

slide-54
SLIDE 54

2020 54

Peak Location by Graphing

119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Dry Density sity (pcf) Moistu ture e Conten ent t (%) 1 3 2

127 Proctor 127

Peak Location by Graphing

119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Dry Densit sity y (pcf) Moistu ture e Conten ent t (%) DD DD Max = 126.2 2 @ 13 13.5% 5%

128 Proctor 128

slide-55
SLIDE 55

2020 55

Practice Proctor Graphs

Proctor

120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

129

Practice Proctor Graphs

Proctor

120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

130

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Practice Proctor Graphs

Proctor

120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Add point close to

  • ptimum

um moistur ure e content ent !

120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

?

Add points to finish h proctor ! 131

Practice Proctor Graphs

Proctor

120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 120.0 121.0 122.0 123.0 124.0 125.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 129.0 130.0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Fire e the technic hnician ian !

Use rules only with h evenly spaced ed moisture e contents ents ! 132

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Peak Location by Graphing

Proctor

115 120 125 130 135 140 8 9 10 11 12 13 Dry Density sity (pcf) Moistu sture e Conten ent t (%) 3 DD DD Max = 126.5 5 @ 10.8% 2 1

Never use straight lines through data points to establish peak! Peak values obtained by using straight lines are too high for maximum density.

Re Rememb ember, you must have evenly spaced ed mois istur ure e contents ents for this is method hod ! 133

Graphical Parabola Method

Proctor

115 120 125 130 135 140 8 9 10 11 12 13 Dry Densit sity y (pcf) Moistu sture e Conten ent t (%) A B DD DD Max = 126.0 0 @ 10.8% E D C G F K J H

𝑵𝑫 = 𝟘. 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟑. 𝟔 𝟑 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗 %

Optimum MC is halfway between point A & H 134

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Graphical Parabola Method

Proctor

115 120 125 130 135 140 8 9 10 11 12 13 Dry Density sity (pcf) Moistu sture e Conten ent t (%) A B DD DD Max = 126.0 0 @ 10.8% C

135

Calibration of Measure

AASHTO T 19 Section

  • n 8

Mold Volume 136

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2020 59

Procedure

♦Clean

an and dry mold ld and base e plate

♦Plac

ace e a thin layer er of grease ase on upper and lower er mold ld rims

♦Assemb

emble le mold d and base e plate

♦Weigh

h glass s plate e and mold ld assembly ly

Mold Volume 137

Procedure

♦Fill mold

ld with h wa water er and cover er with th glass ss plate e

  • Eliminat

inate e bubbles les and excess water er

  • Dry mold

d assembly ly and glass plate

♦Weigh

h mold, ld, wa water er and glass s plate

Mold Volume 138

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Procedure

♦Measu

sure e temper erature ature

  • f wa

water er to nearest rest 1° F

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the density ity

  • f the wa

water er at the measu sured ed temper erature ature

  • AASHT

SHTO O Table le 3

~ Inter erpolat late

♦Calc

lculat late e the volume e of the mold ld

Mold Volume 139

Procedure

♦Calc

lculat late e volume e of mold ld

♦Repor

  • rt

t volum lume e of mold ld to the nearest est 0.0001 ft³

Mold Volume

𝑾 = 𝑿𝒇𝒋𝒉𝒊𝒖 𝒑𝒈 𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 𝑬𝒇𝒐𝒕𝒋𝒖𝒛 𝒑𝒈 𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔

140

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Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the volum lume e of the mold ld

Mold d + Plate e 2.426 lb Mold d + Water r + Plate 4.500 lb Temperature erature 76 °F

Mold Volume

Densit ity of Water er @ 76° 62.252 lb/ft³ t³ 𝑾 = 𝑿𝒇𝒋𝒉𝒊𝒖 𝒑𝒈 𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 𝑬𝒇𝒐𝒕𝒋𝒖𝒛 𝒑𝒈 𝑿𝒃𝒖𝒇𝒔 𝑾 = (𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟏 − 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟕) 𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟔𝟑 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 𝟕𝟑. 𝟑𝟔𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟕 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟒

V = 0 0.0333 ft³

141

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin ine e the volu lume e of the mold ld

Mold d + Plate e 15.2 .248 lb Mold d + Water r + Plate 19.9 .928 lb Temperature erature 68 68 °F

Mold Volume 142

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Mold Volumes

♦4” Mold

  • 0.033

333 3 (Tole

  • lera

rance e of ± 0.00 0005 05 ft³) ³)

♦6” Mold

  • 0.0750 (Tolerance
  • lerance of ± 0.0009 ft³)

♦Use mold

ld volum lume e det eter ermin mined ed by AAS ASHT HTO T 19 for density ity calc lculati lations

Mold Volume 144

Density Calculations

Proctor

𝑬𝒇𝒐𝒕𝒋𝒖𝒛 = 𝑵𝒃𝒕𝒕 𝑾𝒑𝒎𝒗𝒏𝒇 𝑿𝑬 = 𝑿𝒇𝒖 𝑵𝒃𝒕𝒕 𝑾𝒑𝒎𝒗𝒏𝒇 𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝒔𝒛 𝑵𝒃𝒕𝒕 𝑾𝒑𝒎𝒗𝒏𝒇 = 𝟐 𝑾 𝑿𝒇𝒖 𝑵𝒃𝒕𝒕 𝟐 + 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝑿𝑬 𝟐 + 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

𝑿𝑬 = 𝒙𝒇𝒖 𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒕𝒋𝒖𝒛 𝑬𝑬 = 𝑬𝒔𝒛 𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒕𝒋𝒖𝒛 𝑵𝑫 = 𝒏𝒑𝒋𝒕𝒖𝒗𝒔𝒇 𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒇𝒐𝒖 (%)

148

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Density Calculations

♦Wet

et Density sity (WD) D)

  • Conver

ert t units ts as needed ed

~ lb/ft³ ~ kg/m³ Proctor

𝑿𝑬 = 𝑿𝒇𝒖 𝑵𝒃𝒕𝒕 𝑾𝒑𝒎𝒗𝒏𝒇 = 𝑮𝒗𝒎𝒎 − 𝑭𝒏𝒒𝒖𝒛 𝑾 = 𝑿𝒕𝒑𝒋𝒎 𝑾

149

Density Calculations

♦Compute

e the wet et density ity (lb/f /ft³ t³) ) of a soil l com

  • mpac

acted ed in a 4” diameter mold with a volume of 0.0336 ft³

Mold Weight ht 4454.0 .0 g Mold + Soil 6398.6 6 g

1) 1) Find d the wet weight ght of soil 2) 2) Conver ert t to pounds ds 3) 3) Divide ide by vo volume

Proctor

6398.6 .6 g

  • 4454.0

.0 g 1944.6 .6 g 𝟐𝟘𝟓𝟓. 𝟕 𝒉 𝟓𝟔𝟒. 𝟕 𝒉/𝒎𝒄 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒄 𝟓. 𝟑𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒄 𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝒈𝒖³ = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟗𝟘 𝒎𝒄/𝒈𝒖³

150

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2020 64

Density Calculations

♦Once

e WD is known wn, , the dry density sity (DD) D) is calc lculat lated ed based ed on the MC of the soil il cut t from

  • m the

com

  • mpac

acted ed specimen imen

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the dry density sity of a soil l havin ing a W WD D of 127.5 .589 lb/f /ft³ t³ and MC of 12.2 .2 %

Proctor

𝑬𝑬 = 𝑿𝑬 𝟐 + 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % 𝑬𝑬 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟗𝟘 𝟐 + 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑 % 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟔𝟗𝟘 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟖𝟐𝟕 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟖 ൗ 𝒎𝒄 𝒈𝒖³

151

Sample Proctor

♦Sample

le Proc

  • ctor
  • r Data

ta Mold ld Volu

  • lume

e 0.03 0334 4 ft³

Proctor Empty Mold Wt (g) Mold + Soil Wt (g) Soil Weight (g) Soil Weight (lb) Wet Density (lb/ft³) Moisture Content (%) Dry Density (lb/ft³) 4475.0 6433.3 10.5 4475.0 6512.4 11.5 4475.0 6520.9 12.5 4475.0 6460.3 13.5

𝑿𝑬 = 𝑿𝒇𝒖 𝑻𝒑𝒋𝒎 𝑿𝒖 𝑾𝒑𝒎 𝑬𝑬 = 𝑿𝑬 𝟐 + 𝑵𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

152

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Sample Proctor

♦Sample

le Proc

  • ctor
  • r Data

ta

Proctor

115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 10 11 12 13 14

Moisture Content (%) Dry Density (pcf)

154

Proctor Adjustments

♦An incre

reas ase e or decre reas ase e in the e amou

  • unt

t of roc

  • ck in

the field ld will l chan ange e the maximu imum m dry density ity and

  • ptimu

imum m moistu isture e con

  • nten

ent t of the soil

♦Ad

Adjus justmen tments ts are e only made e when en the chan ange e wo would ld not

  • t requir

ire e a differ eren ent t proc

  • ctor
  • r met

etho hod d to be run

♦Field

ld Indic icat ators for Ad Adjus justmen tments ts :

  • High

h densit ity tests ts (continu ntinuous

  • usly

ly without

  • ut reason)
  • n)
  • Low
  • w densit

ity tests (continu ntinuou

  • usly

ly without

  • ut reason
  • n)
  • Visual

ual not

  • tic

iceab eable le chang nge e in soil gradat dation ion

Proctor 156

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2020 66

Proctor Adjustments

♦Ad

Adjus justs ts the maximu imum dry density ity and optimu imum m moistu isture re conten ent t of a soil l to accou

  • unt

t for the coar

  • arse

e particles ticles (roc

  • ck) found

d in fiel eld d con

  • nditio

ditions

  • ARDOT Material

erial Replac acem emen ent t Method thod (ARDOT)

~ Alter ers the e wa way the proctor

  • r is run by substit

itut uting ng smal alle ler rock which h is allow

  • wed

ed in the e mold, for larger er rock not

  • t allow
  • wed

ed in the mold by the e AASHTO method hod

  • AASHT

SHTO O Correc rrecti tion

  • n of Maximum

um Dry Densit ity and Optim imum um Moisture ture for Oversize ized d Parti ticles les (AASHT SHTO O COP)

~ Mathem hemat atic ically lly corrects the estab ablis lished hed AASHTO proctor

  • r by

using ng actual al mater erial ial propertie ies and the e percent ntag ages es of soil l and rock found in the e field Proctor 157

Proctor Adjustments

♦AASHT

SHTO Met etho hod d A & B Proc

  • ctors
  • AASHT

SHTO O & ARDOT : If more e than n 5 % is retained ained on the # 4 sieve, e, run the AASHT SHTO O proctor

  • r and apply the AASHT

SHTO O correc rection ion for oversize ized parti ticles les on # 4 sieve

♦AASHT

HTO Met etho hod d C & D Proc

  • ctors
  • AASHT

SHTO : If more than 5 % is retained on the ¾” sieve, run the AASHT SHTO O proctor

  • r and apply the AASHT

SHTO O correc recti tion

  • n

for oversized particles on ¾” sieve

  • ARDOT : If material is retained on the ¾” sieve, use the

ARDOT material erial replac lacem emen ent t method thod when running ning the AASHT SHTO O proctor

  • r

Proctor 158

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2020 67

Proctor Adjustments

♦What

at proc

  • ctor
  • r should

ld be perfor

  • rmed

ed for the soil l with h the follo lowi wing gradatio dation?

Proctor

♦What

at proctor should uld be perfor

  • rmed

ed for the soil l with h the follo lowin ing g grada dati tion?

Sieve % Passing ing 2” 100 3/4” 100 # 4 96 96 # 200 15 15 AASHTO T 99 A Sieve % Passing ing 2” 100 3/4” 100 # 4 64 64 # 200 8.7 8.7 AASHTO T 180 D 159

Proctor Adjustments

♦What

at proc

  • ctor
  • r should

ld be perfor

  • rmed

ed for the soil l with h the follo lowi wing gradatio dation?

♦What

at proc

  • ctor
  • r should

uld be performed ed for the soil l with h the follo lowin ing g grada dati tion?

Proctor Sieve % Passing ing 2” 100 3/4” 100 # 4 93 93 # 200 13 13 AASHTO T 99 A with h AASHTO COP Sieve % Passing ing 2” 100 3/4” 92 92 # 4 77 77 # 200 10 10 AASHTO T 99 C with ARDOT 160

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ARDOT Material Replacement

Proctor

# 4 2” 3/4”

Sieve % Passing ing

# 4 2” 3/4”

38 % 60 %

Ignore

  • re % Re

Ret.

  • n 2” Sieve

Materi erial Re Replacement nt

2 % 14 % 24 % 60 % 161

ARDOT Material Replacement

♦Batchin

tching 550 500 g / / Point

  • 98 % of material passes 2” sieve
  • 38 % of (3/4” - # 4) Rock is

needed ed for each h point nt

  • 60 % of (minu

nus # 4) Soil il is needed ed for each h point nt

Proctor

𝟔𝟔𝟏𝟏 𝟏. 𝟘𝟗 = 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟑 (𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟑)(𝟏. 𝟒𝟗) = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒 (𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟑)(𝟏. 𝟕𝟏) = 𝟒𝟒𝟕𝟖 2133 Rock + 3367 Soil il 5500 Po Point int

162

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2020 69

AASHTO Correction for Oversized Particles

♦Run Proc

  • ctor
  • r
  • AASHT

SHTO O T 99 A

~ AASHTO COP

  • Max. DD = 116.6

.6 pcf

  • Opt.

. MC = 14.2 2 %

♦ Run Bulk

lk Specific ific Gravity ity (Gsb

sb)

) of Roc

  • ck
  • Gsb

sb= 2.588

♦Calc

lculat ulate e correct ected ed proctor value lue and

  • ptimum

imum moistur isture e cont ntent ent

  • Works

rksheet heet

Proctor 163

AASHTO Correction for Oversized Particles

Proctor

% Coarse Material (0.1) % Fine Material (0.1) Moisture Content of Coarse Material Moisture Content of Fine Material Corrected Total Moisture Content Dry Density of Fine Material Bulk Specific Gravity of Coarse Mat. Unit Weight of Coarse Material Corrected Total Dry Density (field) 100 - (PC) (assume 2%) (proctor) (proctor) (lab test) Gsb x 62.4 = 2.588 x 62.4 Compacted Laboratory Dry Density Corrected to Field Dry Density

13.3% 119.0 pcf

7.4 92.6 2.0 14.2 116.6 2.588 161.491 𝑵𝑫𝑮 𝒚 𝑸𝑮 + 𝑵𝑫𝑫 𝒚 𝑸𝑫 𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟏𝟏 𝒚 𝑬𝑮 𝒚 𝒍 𝑬𝑮 𝒚 𝑸𝑫 + 𝒍 𝒚 𝑸𝑮 (PC) (PF) (MCC) (MCF) (MCT) (DF) Gsb (k) (Dd)

164

slide-70
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2020 70

In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil by Nuclear Methods

AASHTO T 310 Density Gauge 167

Apparatus

♦Nu

Nuclear lear Denso some meter er

Density Gauge

Drill Rod Extraction

  • n Tool

Scraper er Plate Refer ferenc nce e Standard

168

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2020 71

Density Gauge

♦Direc

ect t Measu sureme ements ts

  • Wet

t Density ity

  • Moisture

ture Content nt

♦Calc

lculat ulated ed Values ues

  • Dry Density

ity

  • % Compac

acti tion

Density Gauge

𝐸𝐸 = 𝑋𝐸 1 + 𝑁𝐷 100 % % 𝑄𝑆 = 𝐻𝑏𝑣𝑕𝑓 𝐸𝐸 𝑄𝑠𝑝𝑑𝑢𝑝𝑠 𝐸𝐸 𝑦 100 %

169

Density Gauge

♦Modes

des of Operatio eration

  • Direc

rect t Trans nsmis ission ion

~ Measur ures es the densit ity of the material al betwee een n the e source and the e surfac face

  • Backs

kscatt atter er

~ Measur ures es the densit ity of the material al close e to the surface (80% in top 2”) Density Gauge 170

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2020 72

Density Gauge

♦Wet

et Density sity Measurem emen ent

  • Source

e - Cesiu ium 137

~ Gamma a Phot

  • tons

ns

  • Detec

ector

  • rs

~ Geiger er – Mueller er

  • Measure

uremen ent

~ The highe her the dens nsit ity of a mater eria ial, l, the e low

  • wer the

count nt values Density Gauge

SOURCE

Cs 137 Direct Transmission

  • n

171

Density Gauge

♦Moistu

isture re Measure remen ent

  • Source

e – Am 241: : BE 9

~ Neutrons

  • ns
  • Detec

ector

  • rs

~ Helium um – 3

  • Measure

uremen ent

~ Neutrons

  • ns are slowe

wed by collis isions ions with h hydroge gen ~ Measur urement ement depth h is a funct ctio ion n of the moistur ure content ent (unknown) wn) Density Gauge 172

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2020 73

Calibration

♦Radioa

dioactiv tive e Sources es

  • Aging

g change ges the e relati ations

  • nship

hip betw tween een count nt rates es and gauge ge

  • utputs

uts

♦Calib

ibratio ation

  • Initi

tially ally

  • 24 months

hs

~ Or yearly verific icat ation ion

♦Sour

urce ce Rod d Posit itio ions ns

Density Gauge

SOURCE ROD INDEX ROD BACKSCATTER POSITION SAFE POSITION INDEX TRIGGER DIRECT TRANSMISSION POSITIONS

2 in. 12 in.

173

Troxler 3430

♦Keypad

ad

Density Gauge ON YES OFF NO START ENTER DEPTH TIME

SPECIAL

STD MA PR

(READY) Y) 1 min Depth th : 4 inches hes

174

slide-74
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2020 74

Standard Count

♦Ad

Adjus justs ts for source e decay and d backgroun

  • und

d radiati diation

  • n
  • Used

d daily ly to determ ermine ine the proper er functionin tioning g of gauge ge

♦Site

e Selec lectio tion

  • Concre

rete e or Asphalt alt

  • ≥ 10’ from large objects
  • ≥ 30’ from any other radioactive sources

♦Run Stan

andar dard d Count

  • Place

e gauge ge on Standar ndard d Block

  • Rod in “Safe” position
  • Press <Standar

andard>

Density Gauge

Metal Butt Plate Standard Block Safe Position

175

Standard Count

♦Det

eter ermin ine e Compliance liance

  • Use procedure

dure recom

  • mmen

ended ded by the gauge ge manufac acturer turer

  • If none given

en by manufac acturer turer, , use

~ Ns = new ew stand andard count nt ~ No = averag age of last 4 stand andard count nts ~ F = pre-scale cale fa factor

♦Troxler

ler, , Humbo bolt lt, , Instr troTek ek, , & CPN N Gauges ges requir uire e :

  • ± 1 % Dens

nsit ity

  • ± 2 % Moisture

ture

  • From the avera

rage ge of the last t 4 stand ndar ard d counts nts taken en

Density Gauge

𝑂𝑡 = 𝑂𝑝 ± 1.96 𝑂𝑝/𝐺

176

slide-75
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2020 75

Standard Count Compliance Ratio Method

♦Aver

erage age last t 4 cou

  • unts

ts

♦Take

e new standar dard

New ew Count nts 2234 638

♦Det

etermin ermine e Rati tios

  • Density

ity (± 1 %)

Ratio io Range e = 0.99 – 1.01 ~ 2234 / 2258 = 0.9893 ~ 2258 / 2234 = 1.0107

  • Moisture

ture (± 2 %)

Ratio io Range e = 0.98 – 1.02 ~ 638 / 646 = 0.9876 ~ 646 / 638 = 1.0125

♦Det

etermin ermine e Pa Pass/F /Fai ail

  • Fails

ls – Bot

  • th must

t pass

Density Gauge Date DS DS MS MS May 5th

th

2251 650 650 May 6th

th

2260 2260 642 642 May 7th

th

2258 2258 645 645 May 8th

th

2262 2262 648 648 Average ge 2258 2258 646 646

F P

177

Standard Count Compliance Range Method

♦Average

erage last t 4 cou

  • unts

ts

♦Take

e new standar dard

New Count nts 223 234 4 638 638

♦Det

etermin ermine e Ranges ges

  • Densit

ity (± 1 %)

2258 x 0.01 = ± 22 22 ~ 2258 - 2234 = 24

  • Moisture

ture (± 2 %)

646 x 0.02 = ± 12 12 ~ 646 646 - 638 = 8

♦Det

eterm ermin ine e Pa Pass/F /Fai ail

  • Fails

ls – Bot

  • th must

t pass

Density Gauge Date DS DS MS MS May 5th

th

2251 650 650 May 6th

th

2260 2260 642 642 May 7th

th

2258 2258 645 645 May 8th

th

2262 2262 648 648 Average ge 2258 2258 646 646

F P

178

slide-76
SLIDE 76

2020 76

Standard Count Compliance

♦Aver

erage age last t 4 cou

  • unts

ts

♦New

w Standar dard

2246 575

♦Det

etermin ermine e if the new density ity and moisture isture standa dard d coun unts ts pass

  • r fa

fail

Density Gauge Date DS DS MS MS May 10th

th

2275 588 588 May 12th

th

2260 2260 551 May 13th

th

2265 2265 565 565 May 15th

th

2262 2262 556 556 179

Standard Count Compliance

♦Failin

ling Standar dard d Counts ts

1.

  • 1. Re

Re-run standa dard d count

~ Check eck set-up up

2.

  • 2. Establi

lish sh a new average age

~ Run n 4 new standard counts unts

  • Gauge Drift Best Practice
  • Max. Deviation DS = 25
  • Max Deviation MS = 12

~ Run n new stand ndard coun unt and compa pare e to new aver erage

  • Pass – Procee

eed d to testin ing Fail l – Repair ir gauge

Density Gauge 181

slide-77
SLIDE 77

2020 77

Standard Count Compliance

♦Passing

ing Standar dard d Counts ts

  • Procee

eed d to testin ting

Density Gauge 182

Procedure

♦Prepare

are Surfac ace

  • Remove

e any dry or loose materials erials

  • Smooth

th and level l soil l surfac face

  • Fill

l any vo voids ds with nativ ive e fines es or sand

~ No more than n 10% of foot

  • tprint

int shou

  • uld

ld be filled ed ~ Filler er pad thicknes ness should not exceed 1/8” in depth Density Gauge 183

slide-78
SLIDE 78

2020 78

Procedure

♦Det

eter ermin mine e Test t Depth th

  • Equal

al to lift t thickn knes ess

~ Test Depth h is to be enter ered into

  • gauge

~ Test Depth h is the depth h the rod should uld be ex extend nded ed to

  • Test

t depth h should ld never r exceed ed lift t thickn knes ess

Density Gauge

8 in. 10 in.

Test Depth h = 8 inches hes 184

Procedure

♦Drill

ill Hole

  • Hole

e should ld be at least t 2 inches hes deeper er than n test t depth

  • Pin marki

kings gs include lude the extra 2” required

Density Gauge 2” + Extra 2” 2” – 1st Ring

12” 10” 8” 6” 4” 2”

185

slide-79
SLIDE 79

2020 79

Procedure

♦Drill

ill Hole

  • Place

e scrap aper er plate e on prepared ared test site

  • Attac

ach h extrac racti tion

  • n tool

l and insert t drill ll rod

  • Step firm

rmly ly on center er of plate e and hammer er drill ll rod at least 2” deeper than n test t depth

~ Perpend ndic icular lar to surface Density Gauge 186

Procedure

♦Remove

e drill ll rod d with h an upwar ard, d, twistin isting motio

  • tion

Density Gauge

♦Mark plate

e footpri tprint t and hole le locat atio ion

♦Remo

move e tool

  • ls

s from

  • m

area ea

  • ≈ 3 ft away

187

slide-80
SLIDE 80

2020 80

Procedure

♦Check

k gauge parame ameters rs

  • Time

me (1 minut inute) e)

  • Dept

pth (lif ift thicknes ickness)

  • Max.
  • x. Dens

nsit ity y (proc

  • ctor)
  • r)

♦Place

e gauge e in foot

  • tprin

int

  • Align

gn rod with hole e marks ks

♦Low

  • wer rod to test depth

♦Snug gauge back

against st hole

  • Check

eck cont ntac act with h soil il

Density Gauge 188

Procedure

♦Snug gauge

e back again inst st hole

  • Check

k contac tact t with h soil

Density Gauge

♦Star

art t Test

♦Move

e away from

  • m gauge

ge

  • ≈ 3 feet

Push → 189

slide-81
SLIDE 81

2020 81

Procedure

♦Safe

e Rod

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d Data ta

  • Wet

t Densit ity

  • Dry Densit

ity

  • % Compac

acti tion

  • % Moisture

ture

  • Locati

ation

  • n

Density Gauge

♦Error Sour

urces! ces!

  • Source rod not “clicked

into position”

  • Depth

th set incorrec

  • rrectly

ly

  • Gaps under

er gauge ge after er rod inserti tion

  • n
  • Extern

ernal al causes es

~ Ground Vibrat atio ion ~ Drainag age e struc uctur ures es ~ Pow

  • wer lines

es 190

What’s wrong ?

Density Gauge 191

slide-82
SLIDE 82

2020 82

What’s wrong ?

Density Gauge 192

% Compaction

♦Corr

rrec ect t proc

  • ctor
  • r va

value e wa was activ ive e in the gauge e at the time e of testin ting and true e moistu isture e con

  • nten

ent t ret eturned ed by the gauge

% 𝑫𝒑𝒏𝒒𝒃𝒅𝒖𝒋𝒑𝒐 = % 𝑸𝑺 𝒈𝒔𝒑𝒏 𝑯𝒃𝒗𝒉𝒇

♦Proc

  • ctor
  • r va

value e wa was not

  • t ava

vaila ilable le at the time me of testin ting

% 𝑸𝑺 = % 𝑫𝒑𝒏𝒒𝒃𝒅𝒖𝒋𝒑𝒐 = 𝑯𝒃𝒗𝒉𝒇 𝑬𝑬 𝑸𝒔𝒑𝒅𝒖𝒑𝒔 𝑬𝑬 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 %

% Compaction 193

slide-83
SLIDE 83

2020 83

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the % com

  • mpac

actio tion

Gauge ge DD 113.0 .0 lb/ft³ ³ @ 12.4 % Proctor

  • r

115.9 .9 lb/ft³ t³ @ 14.0 .0 %

% Compaction

% 𝑸𝑺 = 𝑯𝒃𝒗𝒉𝒇 𝑬𝑬 𝑸𝒔𝒑𝒅𝒖𝒑𝒔 𝑬𝑬 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % % 𝑸𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟔. 𝟘 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟘𝟖. 𝟓𝟘𝟗 % = 𝟘𝟖. 𝟔 %

% PR = 97.5 %

194

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin ine e the % com

  • mpac

actio tion

Gauge ge DD 135.6 .6 lb/ft³ t³ @ 6.3 % Proctor

  • r

138.0 .0 lb/ft³ t³ @ 6.5 %

% Compaction 195

slide-84
SLIDE 84

2020 84

Calculation

♦Det

eter ermin mine e the % com

  • mpac

actio tion and if the site e meets ets the requir ired speci ecific ication ations

% Compaction Test DD DD MC MC Gauge e (8 % Coarse) e) 114.0 pcf 12.5 % Proctor

  • r (0% Coarse)

e) 116.0 pcf 14.0 % Proctor

  • r (8% Coarse)

e) 119.3 pcf 13.0 % Specifi ficat ations

  • ns

≥ 98 % ± 1 %

% 𝑸𝑺 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓. 𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟘. 𝟒 𝒚 𝟐𝟏𝟏 % = 𝟘𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝟖 % = 𝟘𝟔. 𝟕 %

Fails Density – Passes Moisture

197

Moisture Offset

♦Corrects the gauge’s

inaccurate e moistu isture e conten ent t readin adings s due to subs bstanc tances es found d in the soil

  • Cemen

ent, t, Gypsum, , Coal, l, Lime e (- correc recti tion)

  • n)

~ High Hydrogen gen Forms

  • Boron,

n, Cadmium ium, , Chlorine

  • rine (+ correc

rection) ion)

~ Neutron n Absorbing ng

♦Take gauge MC reading

ings s at 5 differen ent t locatio tions

♦Colle

lect ct moisture samp mples les from m center er of foot

  • tprint

int at each locatio tion

  • Run

n oven n dry y moistur isture e cont nten ents

♦Comp

mpute moistu ture e offset et accordin ding g to the gauge manufacturer’s recommen mmenda dation tions

Offsets 198

slide-85
SLIDE 85

2020 85

Trench Offset

♦Correc

ects ts moistu isture and shallo llow w density ity readi adings

♦Use anytime

time gauge e is within hin 2 feet et of a vertical tical soil il structu ture

♦Take

e a normal mal standar dard d count t outside ide tren ench

♦Put gauge

e on standar dard d bloc

  • ck inside

de tren ench

  • Take

e a four r minut ute e reading ding with the rod in the “safe” position

♦Rec

ecor

  • rd

d tren ench h counts ts

Offsets 2 ft

Offset = Trench - Standard

199

ARDOT Specifications ARDOT T specif cificati ication

  • n limits

ts are conside idere red d absolut lute limits ts !

  • Obser

erved ed or calculat ulated d va value ues are not

  • t rounde

nded d for determ erminati ination

  • n of complianc

liance

~ Compared ed directly ly with h the e limit it ~ Average ge values es are rounded ed to the same e # of signi nific ficant nt digit its

  • Any deviati

ation

  • n outsid

ide e limit its is non-com

  • mplianc

liance

~ Failing ng test ARDOT Specifications 200

slide-86
SLIDE 86

2020 86

ARDOT Specifications

♦Density

sity Spec ecif ificatio ications

  • Embankm

ankmen ent ≥ 95 % Compaction

  • Subgr

grad ade ≥ 95 % Compaction

  • Base Aggre

gregat gate ≥ 98 % Compaction

♦Moistu

isture e Spec ecif ification ication

  • ARDOT Moisture

ture “At or near opt. moisture”

ARDOT Specifications 201

ARDOT Specifications

♦Base

e Aggregat regate

  • Test

t Quantit ntities ies

~ Contrac actor

  • r - 1000 tons

ns ~ ARDOT T - 4000 tons

  • Tests

ts for QC

~ Gradat ation ion ~ Densit ity & Moistur ure ~ Plasticit ity Index ~ Thick ckness if Specifie fied

  • Sounding

♦Compac

acted ed Embank ankment ment

  • Test

t Quantit ntity

~ 3000 yd³ / 1 per lift min.

  • Tests

ts for QC

~ Densit ity & Moistur ure

♦Gran

anular ular Borrow

  • Addit

itional ional Tests ts for QC

~ Gradat atio ion ~ Plasticit ity Index ARDOT Specifications 202