Differential scanning calorimetry based evaluation of 3D printed PLA - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Differential scanning calorimetry based evaluation of 3D printed PLA - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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YOUR 2 nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy LOGO and Resource Use in Food Chains Differential scanning calorimetry based evaluation of 3D printed PLA for phase change materials encapsulation or as container material of heat

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2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

Differential scanning calorimetry based evaluation of 3D printed PLA for phase change materials encapsulation or as container material

  • f heat storage tanks

Pavlos K. Pandis a, Stamatoula Papaioannou a, Maria K. Koukou b, Michalis Gr. Vrachopoulos b, Vassilis N. Stathopoulos a

a Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering,

School of Technological Applications, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada, 34400 Psachna campus, Evia, Greece

b Energy and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

School of Technological Applications, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada, 34400 Psachna campus, Evia, Greece

Pafos, Cyprus, Oct 2018

YOUR LOGO

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Presentation Layout

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  • Introduction
  • Energy today
  • Thermal Energy Systems
  • PCMs
  • 3D printing (FFD) - PLA
  • Concept
  • Experimental Procedure
  • Results
  • Conclusions

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Energy facts and figures

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The use of Energy Storage – (ES) systems often result in such significant benefits as:

  • Reduced energy costs & consumption
  • Increased flexibility of operation
  • Reduced initial and maintenance costs

A large variety of ES techniques are under development, which can be grouped as follows: Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical, Biological, Magnetic Energy consumption is increasing every day The energy model used by our society is not sustainable

International Energy Agency (IEA)’s, World Energy Outlook, 2017

  • H. Jouhara, et al, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 6 (2018) 268-289.
  • H. Jouhara, A.G. Olabi, Editorial: Industrial waste heat recovery, Energy, 160 (2018) 1-2.

The storage of energy in suitable and clean forms is today a challenge to the technologists

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

Industry is consuming about 28% of energy demand 50% of generated heat is wasted polluting technologies, fossil fuels renewable energy not technically & economically viable global storage market of 1.4 GW/y by 2020

World Energy Council, World Energy Resources Full Report 2016

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

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Thermal Energy Storage 3 major categories Latent Heat Energy Storage

  • PCMs
  • Eutectics
  • Steam

Sensible Heat Energy Storage

  • Molten Salt
  • Steam
  • Hot water Storage tanks
  • Hot rocks

Thermochemical

  • Salt dissolution

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Phase Change Material (PCM)

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PCM: material with capacity to store and release large amounts of energy (latent heat) via phase transition

Applications: Construction, Textile, Food packaging industry, Medical packaging industry, Automobile, Transportation, aerospace, photovoltaics etc

Benefits:

  • Higher storage density than

sensible heat

  • Smaller temperature change

between storing and releasing energy Open issues:

  • shape stabilization
  • Corrosiveness (materials

compatibility)

  • Low thermal conductivity
  • High cost

SOLID  LIQUID Phase Change: Heat Storage LIQUID  SOLID Phase Change: Heat release Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Materials & PCMs in TES systems

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Compact - tanks Smaller size-encapsulated

M.K. Koukou, et al., Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 7 (2018) 87-98. Chalkia et al., RSC Adv., 8 (2018) 27438

TES encapsulated PCMs

  • textiles
  • building materials
  • food sector
  • J. Giro-Paloma et al., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53

(2016) 1059-1075.

  • Z. Liu, et al., Building and Environment, 144 (2018) 281-294.
  • X. Huo et al.,Carbohydrate polymers, 200 (2018) 602-610.

Materials investigated Metals: Cu and Al alloys, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel Polymers: PP, PET, HDPE, LDPE, Perspex Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Encapsulated PCMs

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Benefits

  • Prevent reactivity towards environment
  • Control volume as phases change
  • Prevent large drops in heat transfer rates

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

  • L. Navarroet al, High density polyethylene spheres with PCM for domestic hot

water applications: Water tank and laboratory scale study, Journal of Energy Storage, 13 (2017) 262-267.

High density polyethylene (HDPE) spheres with PCM A58 in water @ 65oC

Undesired results obtained in the water tank set-up  PCM leakage

before after

Suggestion of 25 heating cooling cycles to reach a stable state of the HDPE spheres to prevent leakage

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Concept

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The use of PLA in contact with two organic PCMs (A44 & A58) for the first time PLA based latent heat storage tanks and encapsulation core material via 3D printing

Metal fabricated tank materials Availability, price, manufacturability (carbon steel, Al and/or Cu alloys ) Organic PCMs: not aggressive to metal container Inorganic PCMs: aggressive to metal container No corrosion of stainless steel (but expensive!!) Polymer materials PP, PET, HDPE and LDPE PET and PP proved to be the best encapsulation materials for the organic PCM while HDPE for the inorganic PCM tested

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

Issues to address: cost, materials availability, corrosiveness, manufacturability

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

3D printing - PLA

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YOUR LOGO

Green polymer – PLA (Poly(lactic acid))

  • environmentally friendly
  • nontoxic
  • recyclable
  • good mechanical & thermal properties
  • versatile in terms of manufacturability

3D printing technology  towards the replacement of standard structural parts on various industrial processes

Structure & shape stabilization on-demand for encapsulation & tank design by PLA 3D printing additive manufacturing bioactive thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources, such as

  • corn starch
  • cassava roots
  • sugarcane

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

PLA material

  • State of the art for additive manufacturing
  • NOT TESTED for use in PCM/TES
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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Experimental

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In contact with two organic PCMs

  • linear hydrocarbons (A44)
  • fatty alcohols (A58)

0.02 x 0.02 x 0.0015 m

Prusa i3 3D printer

  • FFD technique

200oC (1.75mm)

  • heated bed (60oC)
  • nozzle (Ø 0.4 mm)

A44

65oC

A58

  • rinsed/mildly scrubbed H2O
  • rinsed with ethanol
  • rinsed H2O
  • Drying

65oC

  • 3. Evaluation
  • Mass uptake
  • Thermal properties
  • DSC experiments (14-220oC)
  • 20 ml/min flow of N2
  • 10 K/min ramp
  • (crystallinity)
  • Optical
  • Contact Angle

PCM / PLA PLA

No cleaning for plain PLA

  • 1. Samples’ treatment
  • 2. Cleaning Procedure

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Results – Mass change

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12

A44 A58 Mass Uptake [% cm

  • 2]

Time days]

  • very small mass increase
  • practically stable in terms of mass

0.012%/cm2 for A44/PLA and 0.045%/cm2 for A58/PLA from day 28

1 2 3 4 5 6 Day ay 40 40

Mas ass c chan ange [ e [%]

A44/

44/PLA A44/HDP HDPE A58/ 58/PLA A58/HDP HDPE Da Day 1 1

  • V. Chalkia, N.Tachos, P.K. Pandis, A. Giannakas, M. Koukou,

M.Vrachopoulos, L. Coelho, A. Ladavos, V. N. Stathopoulos, Influence of organic phase change materials on the physical and mechanical properties of HDPE and PP polymers, RSC Advances, 8 (2018) 27438-27447.

Comparison with HDPE

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Results - DSC on A44/PLA & A58/PLA

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  • 30
  • 20
  • 10
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

A B C

28 days 40 days 14 days 7 days Heatfl tflow [m [mW] Tem emper erat ature e [oC] 0 days A44/ 44/PLA

  • 30
  • 20
  • 10
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10
  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

  • 30
  • 20
  • 10

B C A

A58/ 58/PLA Heatfl tflow [m [mW] Tem emper erat ature e [oC] 0 days 7 days 14 days 28 days 40 days

B peak C peak

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Results DSC on PLA @ 65oC

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25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

  • 30
  • 25
  • 20
  • 15
  • 10
  • 5

3 days 2 days 28 days 1 day Heatflow [mW] Temperature [

  • C]

A B C

0 days 40 days

Disappearance of A peak Elimination of B peak

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Optical observation & Contact Angles

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YOUR LOGO Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

A44 A58 7 days 14 days 28 days 40 days A44 A58

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

Discussion-Results

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 PLA does not absorb PCM as seen in previous work with other polymers e.g HDPE, PP  3D printed PLA improves its crystallinity over working time at 65oC  3D printed PLA structure is found stable and inert towards the two organic PCMs  PLA proved so far very promising for organic PCM encapsulation or latent heat storage tank structural material Future work

  • Further tests are needed for long term stability.
  • Contact with other types of PCMs are currently under investigation.
  • Mechanical properties
  • Morphology observation

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

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Publications and other work

  • 1. V. Chalkia, N. Tachos, P.K. Pandis, A. Giannakas, M.K. Koukou, M.G. Vrachopoulos, L. Coelho, A. Ladavos,

V.N. Stathopoulos, Influence of organic phase change materials on the physical and mechanical properties of HDPE and PP polymers, RSC Advances, 8 (2018) 27438-27447.

  • 2. M.K. Koukou, M.G. Vrachopoulos, N.S. Tachos, G. Dogkas, K. Lymperis, V. Stathopoulos, Experimental and

computational investigation of a latent heat energy storage system with a staggered heat exchanger for various phase change materials, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 7 (2018) 87-98.

EW-4 - ERCOM WORKSHOP SESSION 4 (Thursday 18 Oct) 11:35 Recent advances in phase change materials for thermal energy storage V.N. Stathopoulos POSTER SESSION Bioelectricity production from fermentable household waste extract using a single chamber microbial fuel cell Goals Waste treatment @ room temperature Electricity production

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada

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RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains

2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Resource Use in Food Chains

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Thank you for your attention!

lcmt.teiste.gr

Laboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Sterea Ellada