Embedded Internet and the Internet of Things WS 12/13 1. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Embedded Internet and the Internet of Things WS 12/13

• 1. Introduction
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş

Distributed, embedded Systems (DES) Institute of Computer Science Freie Universität Berlin

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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Overview

• From computers to computer networks
• From computer networks to the Internet
• From the Internet to the Internet of Things
• Projects and application examples
• Research @ FU Berlin
• Characteristics of wireless networks
• IoT vs UC vs other concepts
• Summary
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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From computers to computer networks

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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From computers to computer networks

• First computers were standalone machines
• Specific machines for specific applications
• A machine for a mathematical problem
• Examples
• ENIAC, ILLIAC, MANIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• etc.
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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Computer generations

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Original IBM PC (1981) 4.77 MHz 16-256 KB RAM 160 KB Floppies ~$6K (today) ~64 W 51x41x14 cm 11.33 kg MICAZ Mote (2005) 8 MHz 128 KB RAM 512 KB Flash ~$125 ~14 mW 5.7x3.2x0.64 cm 0.01417 kg ~14 g ENIAC (1946)

5000Add or 357Mult or 38Div

? KB RAM ? B ~$6M (today) ~150 kW 2.4x0.9x30 m 27000 kg

From computers to computer networks

• First computers were very expensive
• Multi-user by means of terminals
• Later connecting peripheral computers
• Finally connecting computers with each other over

telecommunication links

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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First generation computer networks

Mainframe Operator Peripherals Terminals

Computing Center

Terminals Multiplexer Demultiplexer Telephone lines

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Rest of the world

Introduction of Local Area Networks (LAN)

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Rest of the world

Mainframe Operator Peripherals Terminals

Computing Center

Building C Building A Building B

Router

Own LAN

Global networking

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Backbone Rest of the world (Internet)

Building A Building Z

From computer networks to the Internet

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From computer networks to the Internet

• Advent of the Internet
• Unique protocol stack -> TCP/IP
• Heterogeneous …
• machines
• operating systems
• communication technologies
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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From computer networks to the Internet

• The Internet consists of
• a set of computers, which
• use the TCP/IP protocols
• are somehow (directly or indirectly) connected
• offer or use particular services
• a set of users, which have access to these services
• a set of other networks, which (somehow) are accessible

Institute of Computer Science Germany World FU Berlin

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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From computer networks to the Internet

• Goal
• World-wide communication of heterogeneous computers
• Structure:
• Interconnection of computers and local networks over and partially

interconnected router networks

• Definition of a uniform protocol family: TCP/IP
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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The Internet: The “real” structure

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The Internet: The “real” structure

• World Connection Density, Courtesy of ChrisHarrison.net
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The Internet: Design principles

• Minimalism and autonomy
• The network operates by itself
• It does not require internal changes when new networks are added
• Best-effort service model
• The network tries to transmit data as good as possible, but does

not guarantee a reliable service

• Soft-state (stateless)
• The routers do not need to maintain end-to-end communication

information

• Decentralization
• No single entity administers the Internet
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The Internet …

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The Internet …

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

Fixed Networks Internet Cable Networks Mobile Networks Enterprise Networks Home Networks

One Network

(Everything over IP) UMS ¡ PSTN ¡ ISDN ¡ DSL ¡ GSM ¡ GPRS ¡ UMTS ¡ LTE ¡ FTP ¡ P2P ¡ WWW ¡ Web2 ¡ Broadcast ¡ VoD ¡ iTV ¡ Content ¡ ¡ Sharing ¡

WiFi WiMax VoIP IPTV 3G/4G Communities

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From the Internet to the Internet of Things

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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IP based core

Wireless mesh networks Mobile ad hoc networks Ethernet Cable xDSL Z i g B e e WiMax ¡ W i F i

Everything is connected

• Heterogeneous communication in the Future Internet
• Required: robust and secure
• Sensor networks important part of the Future Internet
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

GSM GPRS … … … …

End-to-End 21

Evolution of communication -> IoT

Four evolution steps

• Step 1:
• Person to person
• Direct communication, telephony, ...
• Step 2:
• Person to machine
• Fax, Email, PC usage, ...
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Evolution of communication -> IoT

• Step 3:
• Machine to machine
• Computer to computer,

e.g. Grid Computing, sensor networks, Web 2.0

• Network of computers:
• which exchange information in an autonomous way
• which use these information by taking the environment into

account

• the obtained information are not necessarily traditional

information, i.e., not only digits or text or images

• together with other components which make the global system

useful or necessary for the user

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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Evolution of communication -> IoT

• Step 4:
• Things to things

(The Internet of Things)

• Computers become more numerous,

cheaper, and smaller. They are implicitly everywhere; they are less computers but rather “things” or “objects”.

• Possible and/or already existing applications of such

systems:

• in medicine

(body area networks, supervision of health condition, ...)

• in entertainment (the new ICE age, ICE = Information, Communication,

Entertainment)

• in enterprises

(fleet management, self maintenance, ...)

• at home

(assisted mobility, supervision of property, regulation of

consumption, e.g. of fuel or of gas or of electricity, ...)

• in traffic

(traffic regulation, maintenance, car to car communication, ...)

• in emergency situations (crisis management)
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Broad technology trends

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Today: 1 million transistors per $

Moore’s Law: Number of

transistors on cost-effective chip doubles every 18 months

Time Computers per Person 103:1 1:106

Laptop PDA Mainframe Mini Workstation PC Cell

1:1 1:103

Bell’s Law: a new computer

class emerges every 10 years

Enabling technology

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Microcontroller Radio Communication Flash Storage Sensors

Network

Example: The convenient environment

• Humanoid robot Amar as wine waiter
• High-Tech meets life style
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Example: The assisted environment

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

control_medicaHon ¡ alert ¡ register_health_event ¡ electriocardiogramm_data ¡ locaHon ¡ call_liJ ¡ summary ¡

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Example: The secure environment

• Vehicles communicate with each other to
• … prevent accidents and
• … to improve the traffic quality
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Man is in the center

• … surrounded by the Future Internet.
• Desire: Improvement of quality of life …
• in a more and more technical, networked, and smart environment
• privacy is important
• … man controls the environment
• … man has trust into the environment
• Robustness and security
• Sensor-Actor-Networks
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From the Internet to the Internet of Things

Research projects

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Great Duck Island (2002)

• Goal
• Study of seabird colonies
• What environmental factors make for a good

nest?

• What are the occupancy patterns during

incubation?

• Challenges
• Seabird colonies are very sensitive to

disturbances

• The impact of human presence can distort

results by changing behavioral patterns and destroy sensitive populations

• Repeated disturbance will lead to

abandonment of the colony -> “non-intrusive”, “non-disruptive”

• Project details
• Partner: UC Berkeley, College of Atlantic und

Intel

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Great Duck Island

• Over 100 sensor nodes (MICA,

TinyOS)

• In nests
• Base station with satellite link to the

Internet

• Over 1 Million measurements

(Spring to Fall 2002)

• Challenge: Amount of data
• Multi-hop communication
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ZebraNet (2003)

• Goals
• Study the migration behavior of zebras
• Continuous localization of zebras
• Logging of biometrical data
• Challenges
• Long-term monitoring required
• Large monitoring areal
• Monitoring of the individual animals and not the “nest”
• Project details
• Princeton University (Biology, EE, CS)
• Field test: Mpala Research Centre, Kenia
• Sensor node: As collar
• Mobile base station (Jeep, Plane)
• Self organization required!
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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[ZebraNet]

Remote controlled beetle (2009)

• US Army studies remote control of beetle
• Technology Review, 29.01.2009
• Sensor node is connected to the beetle brain
• Beetle is controlled over electrical signals
• Take off, turn left or right, or hover in midflight
• Problem: Autonomy
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

[TR09]

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Soccer: Goal detection (2009)

• Objective
• Determine goal in soccer games
• Approach
• Ball equipped with a sensor node
• When the ball crosses the goal line a signal is send to the referee
• “Der Ball mit Chip funktioniert – seit 2007!”
• Report in “kicker”
• “… Er funktioniert absolut sicher! ...”
• “… Das Signal geht nur ans Schiedsrichterteam und das in

kürzester Zeit…”

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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[Ki09]

Electronic skin (2011)

• Objectives
• Flexible, integrated electronics on

“skin-like” membranes

• Laminated on the surface of skin
• Useful for
• Measurement of brain waves,

muscle signals and heartbeats

• Control of actors for disabled people
• Challenges
• Long-live, robust electrical contacts -> do not irritate the skin
• Size, weight, and shape -> do not discomfort during prolonged use
• Project partners
• Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

University of Illinois, USA

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[Kim11]

Electronic skin

• Weight of the

prototypes 0.09g (A) System consists of antenna, power source, and, sensors (C) Robust against mechanical stress (D) Integrable in tattoos

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Smart Dust

• Vision
• Sensor nodes small as “dust”
• Ubiquitous
• Self-organizing
• Problems
• Scalability (thousands of nodes)
• High node density (topology control)
• Miniaturization
• Current prototypes are few mm3 in size
• Energy (batteries too large)
• Disposal
• Tons of electrical waste
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Smart Home

• Home automation and

monitoring with wireless sensor networks

• Wireless networks are

useful in retrofitting

• Management of light,

shutter, temperature, etc.

• Requirements: time-critical,

robust, energy efficient

• Challenges: interference

from other wireless networks, scalability

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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Research @ FU Berlin

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

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Research focus

• Future Internet / Internet of Things
• Wireless mesh/ad-hoc networks
• 400 node testbed, many tools
• Wireless sensor networks
• Platform for several projects
• Secure mobile communications
• Public safety and security
• National center for the “big” issues
• Reliable, verified embedded systems
• Embedded are > 95% of CPUs…
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Event detection

Kicking ¡ Shaking ¡ Climbing ¡ Peeking ¡ Leaning ¡

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AvianGPS

Core: MSP430F1610 + CC1101 Sensors: GPS, Pressure Sensor, Light Sensor Weight: 7g (without battery) Size: 24 mm x 45 mm Partners: Freie Universität Berlin, University of Oxford, Microsoft Research

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Monitoring of vital parameters

Berliner Feuerwehr ¡

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Project FeuerWhere: The extreme challenge

TETRA ¡

Mobile, self-organizing WSN ¡ TETRA trunked radio network ¡

Data transmission & localization ¡

Berliner Feuerwehr 4450 fire fighters 300000 incidents/year (8000 fires) ¡

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Distributed Embedded System Testbed (DES-Testbed)

• Hybrid wireless testbed for long-term studies
• Consists of a wireless mesh network and a wireless sensor

network -> One of the largest testbeds in the world!

• Wireless mesh routers equipped with 802.11a/b/g network

adapters and wireless sensor nodes

• http://www.des-testbed.net
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DES-Testbed: Overview

• Distributed Embedded Systems (DES)
• Properties of the DES-Testbed
• Persistent testbed
• >100 hybrid nodes
• Spanning ≥3 buildings
• Wireless mesh nodes
• Wireless sensor nodes
• Indoor nodes
• Outdoor nodes
• Mobile nodes
• Wired connection to a server
• Collocated to university WLAN
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

DES-Node

WSN WMN

DES-Testbed: Overview

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Research topics

Sweet Water Baltic Sea

Temperature Sensors … … Sensor Network GPRS wireless connection Radio Radio Buoy with Sensors Weight/ Anchor

Ground

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Research topics

• Sensor node with processor, RF, and sensor
• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

Interface to Chain of Sensors Antenna Interface Processor RF Transceiver

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Research topics

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Characteristics of wireless networks

• Prof. Dr. Mesut Güneş ● 1. Introduction

Characteristics of wireless networks

• Number of nodes: number of all devices in the network, like routers, gateways,
• r hosts. The larger the number of nodes in a network, the more difficult it is to

manage the network.

• Mobility: This key refers to mobile nodes in the network, for example mobile

routers and mobile clients. A network with a higher degree of mobility usually exposes a higher dynamic topology.

• Hop-Count: number of hops between a source and destination. A high hop-count

is likely to increase the latency of transmissions and decrease the throughput of a network.

• Self-Organization: degree of human interaction required by a network, e.g., for

configuration and management. Thus a network with a higher degree of self-

• rganization is a network which demands less human interaction.
• Energy-Awareness: energy sensitivity of a network. A network has to be more

energy-aware if the energy resource is finite.

• Universality: Characterizes whether the network is tailored to a specific
• application. A network is more universal if it can be used for more applications.
• Data rate: user-perceived throughput, for example the quality of a connection

from a source to a destination. Usually, the higher the data rate, the better the connection throughput. However, this key has to be used carefully, since a wireless link may show low quality due to interference even with high data rates.

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Characteristics of wireless networks

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Characteristics of wireless networks

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Characteristics of wireless networks

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Characteristics of wireless networks

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Ubiquitous computing vs Internet of Things vs

• ther related concepts
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Ubiquitous computing

• “… technologies that disappear.”
• “They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday

life until they are indistinguishable from it.”

• “… ubiquitous, invisible computing …”
• “… so ubiquitous computers must know where they

are” -> location and scale

• “Hundreds of computers in a room …”
• “No revolution in artificial intelligence is needed,

merely computers embedded in the everyday world.”

The Computer for the 21st century, Mark Weiser, 1991

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Ambient Intelligence (AmI)

• Vision of the EU Commission
• “… emphasis is on greater user-friendliness,

more efficient services support, user- empowerment, and support for human interactions.”

• People in the focus, not users
• Technology requirements
• R1: Very unobtrusive hardware
• R2: A seamless mobile/fixed web-based communications infrastructure
• R3: Dynamic and massively distributed device networks
• R4: A natural feeling human interface
• R5: Dependability and security

ISTAG Scenarios for Ambient Intelligence in 2010, European Commission, 2001

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Internet of Things (IoT)

“The Internet of Things links the objects of the real world with the virtual world, thus enabling anytime, anyplace connectivity for anything and not only for anyone. It refers to a world where physical objects and beings, as well as virtual data and environments, all interact with each other in the same space and time.”

Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things, CERP-IoT, 2010

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Internet of Things (IoT)

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Plethora of terms …

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Autonomic computing Calm computing Context‐Aware systems Disappearing computer Embedded system Invisible computing Organic computing Pervasive computing Proactive computing Sensor networks Ubiquitous computing Wearable computing

Relationship between these …

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UC Ubiquitous computing PC Pervasive computing AmI Ambient Intelligence IoT Internet of Things AC Autonomic computing

UC PC IoT AC AmI

Emerging technologies hype cycle

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[Gartner]

Summary

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Differences and special properties

• Distributed
• No central infrastructure
• Self organization
• Reduced human interaction and difficult to maintain
• System is difficult to reach after deployment
• Limited resources
• Computation, energy, memory, storage, and bandwidth
• Unreliable communication medium
• Wireless medium is more error prone than wired ones
• Unsecure
• Nodes can be harmed/removed/added
• Eavesdropping of the wireless communication
• Classical approaches maybe to overhead/resource intensive
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Core challenges

• Long-lived, unattended, reliable operation
• Power
• Wireless often means self-powered
• Batteries
• Ambient sources (light, current, vibration, heat, …)
• Limited Memory
• Self-organization and Management
• Error, fault, noise mitigation
• Ease of broad application development
• New forms of information
• Integration into enterprise processes and actions
• Extracting value from vast, novel sources of information
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Summary

• Social, economical, political
• In more areas of daily life
• Vision: Smart Dust, Ubiquitous Computing, Pervasive Computing,

Future Internet, Internet of Things

• Problematic issues: Security and privacy
• Requires review of
• Architectures (computer, communication)
• Design issues and paradigms
• Scalability (protocols, data)
• Energy efficiency
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Literature/Links

[ZebraNet] http://www.princeton.edu/~mrm/zebranet.html [TR09] http://www.technologyreview.com/news/411814/the-armys-remote- controlled-beetle/ [Ki09] Kicker Magazin, „Also doch: Der Ball mit Chip funktioniert – seit 2007!“, 14.9.2009, http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/ 514473/artikel_Der-Ball-mit-Chip-funktioniert---seit-2007.html [Kim11] Kim, Lu, Ma, et. al.; Epidermal Electronics; Science 12 August 2011: Vol. 333 no. 6044 pp. 838-843; DOI: 10.1126/science.1206157 [Gartner] Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, Gartner, 2011 report, http:// www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1763814

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