End-to-End Reliability in WSNs: Survey and Research Challenges - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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End-to-End Reliability in WSNs: Survey and Research Challenges - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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technology from seed End-to-End Reliability in WSNs: Survey and Research Challenges Authors: Paulo Pereira, Antnio Grilo, Francisco Rocha, Mrio Serafim Nunes, Augusto Casaca (Inesc- ID, Protugal), Claude Chaudet (GET, France), Peter

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Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa

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End-to-End Reliability in WSNs: Survey and Research Challenges

Authors: Paulo Pereira, António Grilo, Francisco Rocha, Mário Serafim Nunes, Augusto Casaca (Inesc- ID, Protugal), Claude Chaudet (GET, France), Peter Almstrom and Mikael Johansson (KTH, Sweden).

09-12-2007 End-to-End Reliability in WSNs: Survey and Research Challenges 1

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Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa

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Summary

  • Introduction
  • Routing Protocols
  • Transport Protocols
  • Conclusions and Further Work
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Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa

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Summary

  • Introduction
  • Routing Protocols
  • Transport Protocols
  • Conclusions and Further Work
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Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): Basic concepts

  • WSNs constitute a particular class of ad-hoc nets.
  • WSN nodes are usually static, organized in a tree

topology.

  • WSNs may comprise hundreds or thousands of nodes.
  • WSN nodes are designed to be low-cost.
  • WSN nodes have limited energy, memory and processing

capacity.

  • WSN nodes usually have to sleep most of the time.
  • WSN communications: 433, 868/916, 310 MHz, 2.4 GHz

(IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee), acoustic

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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) vs WSNs

  • Similarities: Self-organized, energy efficiency, wireless

multi-hop.

  • Differences:

– MANETs aim at user communication while WSNs aim at interactions with the environment. – MANETs have usually more resources than WSNs. – WSNs are more application specific. – WSN might comprise an higher number of nodes.

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End-to-End Reliability in WSNs

  • Why do we need end-to-end reliability?

– To make the system trusted and to support safety critical applications.

  • Intrusion and hazard detection.
  • Road Services: detection of obstacles on the roadway.

– To support bulk data applications.

  • Imaging/sound sensors: data segmentation and reassembly.

– To support reprogramming and network management operations.

  • For example, Dynamic Code Update (DCU) and sensor retasking.

– Packet-driven reliability vs Event-driven reliability

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Summary

  • Introduction
  • Routing Protocols
  • Transport Protocols
  • Conclusions and Further Work
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MANETs Routing Protocols and WSNs

  • The similarities between the two types of networks make

us consider the application of MANETs routing protocols to WSNs.

– Protocols like OLSR, AODV and DSDV.

  • Utilization is conditioned by WSNs resource constraints.
  • The protocols bandwidth, memory and energy

requirements are usually too demanding for WSNs.

  • Solution: Design specific routing protocols for WSNs.

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WSNs routing protocols

  • Data-centric protocols:

– Gossiping, Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation (SPIN) and Directed Diffusion.

  • Hierarchical protocols:

– Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH).

  • Location based (geographic) protocols:

– Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR).

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Summary

  • Introduction
  • Routing Protocols
  • Transport Protocols
  • Conclusions and Further Work
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Traditional Transport Protocols and WSNs

  • UDP and TCP can not be directly applied to WSNs.
  • UDP

– Does not provides any reliability – No flow or congestion control

  • TCP

– Overhead associated with TCP connection establishment. – Flow and congestion control mechanisms. – Degraded throughput under wireless systems espically with a high packet loss rate. – End-to-end congestion control. – End-to-end retransmission.

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Distributed TCP Caching (DTC) (1)

  • TCP enhancement to make it more efficient in WSNs.
  • Keep TCP/IP in WSNs to enable direct connection with

external TCP/IP networks.

  • Best-effort UDP – event-driven applications; Reliable byte-

stream TCP – packet-driven applications.

  • TCP header compression, caching at intermediate nodes

and energy consumption fairness.

  • Uses TCP loss recovery mechanisms.
  • Flying start to find an initial estimate of the round-trip time

(RTT).

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Distributed TCP Caching (DTC) (2)

  • They keep the TCP connection set-up.

– Energy consumption.

  • The transmission of ACKs is totally controlled by the

receiver.

– Excessive ACKs Energy consumption.

  • No support for video and audio data.
  • If the SACK option is used the overhead is significant.

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Reliable Multi-Segment Transport (RMST)

  • Designed to work on top of Directed Diffusion.
  • It offers two services: data segmentation/reassembly and

guaranteed delivery.

  • Can operate in two modes: end-to-end or store-and-

forward.

  • Can use caching at intermediate nodes.

No full guarantee of delivery. It only uses negative acknowledgements (NACKs). It has no positive end-to-end ACK. No congestion control mechanism.

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Pump Slowly Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) (1)

  • Designed to offer downstream multicast guaranteed

delivery of dynamic code update (DCU).

– Losses are not tolerable, delay not critical

  • Source pumps data into the network.

– Using broadcast, large inter-packet gap time

  • Intermediate nodes store packets, forward if in-sequence.
  • Out-of-sequence: request missing packet(s) – fetch
  • peration (negative acknowledgement).

– Previous node resends missing packet - local recovery. – Assumption: packet is available - no congestion, only channel errors.

  • Pumping is slow, fetch is quick

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Pump Slowly Fetch Quickly (PSFQ) (2)

  • Inter-packet gaps are big enough to accomodate several

fetch operations.

  • The probability of an out-of-order event should be small.

– When they happen, do not forward, fill the gap first by fetching, this avoids loss propagation.

  • Fetch requests are broadcast.
  • Nodes receiving NACK might not have all requested

packets.

  • Use a slotted resend mechanism for requested packets.

No full guarantee of delivery like RMST.

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Distributed Transport for Sensor Networks (DTSN)

  • It offers total reliability and differentiated reliability (under

study).

  • Loss recovery mechanism – positive and negative

acknowledgement and explicit acknowledgement request.

  • NACK uses a bitmap to indicate lost packets.
  • Soft-state session between source/destination, univocally

identified by the tuple <source address, destination address, application identifier, session number>.

  • Acknowledgement Window (AW) to control the number of

confirmation requests (Explicit Acknowledgement Request

  • EAR).
  • Caching and generation of ACKs at intermediate nodes.

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DTSN Simulation

  • TOSSIM simulation environment.
  • Radiofrequency (MicaZ Crossbow) – 250kbps, IEEE

802.15.4 MAC and Physical layer.

  • Linear topology.
  • DSDV as routing protocol.
  • Message size: 2 bytes (payload) + 6 bytes (DTSN
  • verhead) + 3 bytes (DSDV overhead).
  • A window of 50 packets, 2 AWs of 25 packets, 250ms

EAR timeout.

  • 10 x Transmission of 1000 packets back-to-back for each

hop count. Tested on real motes.

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DTSN Simulation – Results Transmissions per packet

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Conclusions and Open research topics

  • Current routing and transport protocols lack functionality to

efficiently support streaming in WMSNs.

– DTSN with differentiated reliability is under study. – In-network video/audio data fusion requires support from underlying routing and transport.

  • Data-centric networking requires adaptive reliability.

– The transport function should guarantee that fused data has the REQUIRED precision when it reaches the sink node.

  • Multi-path routing for load balance requires cross-layer

interaction with the transport function.

  • How to design a transport protocol to be efficient in mobile

WSNs scenarios.

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