ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC - PARTIAL SYSTEM - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC - PARTIAL SYSTEM OF GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Liščák Pavel Klukanová A.&Wagner P.& I glárová L.&Labák P.& Ondrejka P.

Geological Survey of the Slovak Republic

SLIDE 2

I ntroduction

• Rio de Janeiro 1992 – Summit of the

Earth

• Government Resolution approved concept of the

monitoring system of the Slovak Republic. The G. directed to the ministries to realise a territory monitoring system of the SR and partial monitoring systems in terms of designed projects.

• Information system - monitoring system.

The monitoring and information systems have to be perceived as an important tool for safeguarding the environment protection and creation.

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Monitoring system of the environment SR

• Monitoring system of the environment of the SR is

defined as a systematic, spatially and temporarily defined observation of precisely defined attributes

• f the environmental compounds or influences upon

the environment (usually in monitoring network points).

• To a certain degree of reliability the monitoring

network is capable to characterise given area and, to a higher level, a larger region.

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Guarantee Centre

Atmosphere ME SR SHMI Bratislava Meteorology and climatology ME SR SHMI Bratislava Water ME SR SHMI Bratislava Geological factors ME SR GS SR Bratislava Soil MA SR SSCRI Bratislava Biota (fauna and flora) ME SR, SEA B.Bystrica Forests MA SR FRI 1 Zvolen Wastes ME SR SEA B.Bystrica Contaminants in edibles and forages MH SR FRI 2 Bratislava Radioactivity of the environment ME SR SHMI Bratislava

&

* *

ME SR Ministry of Environment SR M MA SR Ministry of Agriculture SR MH SR Ministry of Health SR V SHMI Slovak Hydrometeorological I nstitute SEA Slovak Environmental Agency FRI 1 Forestry Research I nstitute FRI 2 Food Research I nstitute SSCRI Soil Science and Conservation Research I nstitute

The performance and co-ordination of monitoring activities in the frame of individual partial monitoring systems provide centres of partial monitoring systems (PMS)

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Monitoring System of Geological Hazards - Objectives

1. I t is oriented at such geological factors and at such output data, that are applicable as entry data in solving the problems of preservation

• f the environment and in warranting an
• ptimum utilization of the geopotential of the

country. 2. Geological hazards, harmful natural or anthropogenic processes, which jeopardise the environment, as well as humans. The monitoring serves for observations and assessment of the mechanisms of negative changes in the geological environment.

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MS Geological Factors consists of 13 autonomous subsystems, defined according to different type of the influencing geological processes activated by natural or artificial factors. Each subsystem is solved individually, but the optimum solution is in mutual link among several subsystems in such a way, that individual measurements are complementing each

• ther and they are providing sufficient data to obtain an
• ptimum image of the state of the geological environment as a

whole. The selection of monitoring sites, frequency of sampling and data collection, as well as the ways of rock samples testing and acquisition of data are subdued to this essential philosophy.

Structure

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01 Landslides and other slope deformations 02 Erosion processes 03 Weathering processes 04 Volume unstable sediments 05 Mining activity impact upon environment 06 Changes of anthropogenic sediments 07 Stability of massifs underlying historic objects 08 Covered anthropogenic sediments 09 Tectonic and seismic activity of the territory 10 Monitoring of snow pack quality 11 Monitoring of seismic phenomena 12 Monitoring of stream sediments quality 13 Monitoring of the radon volume activity

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MAP OF LI THOLOGI CAL FORMATI ONS

• P. Liščák, M. Hrašna

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Žarnovica Žarnovica Žarnovica Žarnovica Žarnovica Žarnovica Žarnovica Žarnovica Žarnovica Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Turčianske Teplice Komárno Komárno Komárno Komárno Komárno Komárno Komárno Komárno Komárno Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Nové Zámky Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Dunajská Streda Galanta Galanta Galanta Galanta Galanta Galanta Galanta Galanta Galanta Nitra Nitra Nitra Nitra Nitra Nitra Nitra Nitra Nitra Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Zlaté Moravce Levice Levice Levice Levice Levice Levice Levice Levice Levice Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Žiar nad Hronom Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Banská Štiavnica Krupina Krupina Krupina Krupina Krupina Krupina Krupina Krupina Krupina Detva Detva Detva Detva Detva Detva Detva Detva Detva Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Banská Bystrica Poltár Poltár Poltár Poltár Poltár Poltár Poltár Poltár Poltár Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rimavská Sobota Rožňava Rožňava Rožňava Rožňava Rožňava Rožňava Rožňava Rožňava Rožňava Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Veľký Krtíš Lučenec Lučenec Lučenec Lučenec Lučenec Lučenec Lučenec Lučenec Lučenec Prievidza Prievidza Prievidza Prievidza Prievidza Prievidza Prievidza Prievidza Prievidza Ružomberok Ružomberok Ružomberok Ružomberok Ružomberok Ružomberok Ružomberok Ružomberok Ružomberok Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Dolný Kubín Košice Košice Košice Košice Košice Košice Košice Košice Košice Trebišov Trebišov Trebišov Trebišov Trebišov Trebišov Trebišov Trebišov Trebišov Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Vranov nad Topľou Humenné Humenné Humenné Humenné Humenné Humenné Humenné Humenné Humenné Snina Snina Snina Snina Snina Snina Snina Snina Snina Prešov Prešov Prešov Prešov Prešov Prešov Prešov Prešov Prešov Sabinov Sabinov Sabinov Sabinov Sabinov Sabinov Sabinov Sabinov Sabinov Bardejov Bardejov Bardejov Bardejov Bardejov Bardejov Bardejov Bardejov Bardejov Svidník Svidník Svidník Svidník Svidník Svidník Svidník Svidník Svidník Revúca Revúca Revúca Revúca Revúca Revúca Revúca Revúca Revúca Michalovce Michalovce Michalovce Michalovce Michalovce Michalovce Michalovce Michalovce Michalovce Sobrance Sobrance Sobrance Sobrance Sobrance Sobrance Sobrance Sobrance Sobrance Stropkov Stropkov Stropkov Stropkov Stropkov Stropkov Stropkov Stropkov Stropkov Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Medzilaborce Gelnica Gelnica Gelnica Gelnica Gelnica Gelnica Gelnica Gelnica Gelnica Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Spišská Nová Ves Levoča Levoča Levoča Levoča Levoča Levoča Levoča Levoča Levoča Partizánske Partizánske Partizánske Partizánske Partizánske Partizánske Partizánske Partizánske Partizánske Ilava Ilava Ilava Ilava Ilava Ilava Ilava Ilava Ilava Púchov Púchov Púchov Púchov Púchov Púchov Púchov Púchov Púchov Bytča Bytča Bytča Bytča Bytča Bytča Bytča Bytča Bytča Žilina Žilina Žilina Žilina Žilina Žilina Žilina Žilina Žilina Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Kysucké Nové Mesto Čadca Čadca Čadca Čadca Čadca Čadca Čadca Čadca Čadca Topoľčany Topoľčany Topoľčany Topoľčany Topoľčany Topoľčany Topoľčany Topoľčany Topoľčany Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Nové Mesto nad Váhom Senica Senica Senica Senica Senica Senica Senica Senica Senica Malcky Malcky Malcky Malcky Malcky Malcky Malcky Malcky Malcky Pezinok Pezinok Pezinok Pezinok Pezinok Pezinok Pezinok Pezinok Pezinok Senec Senec Senec Senec Senec Senec Senec Senec Senec Trnava Trnava Trnava Trnava Trnava Trnava Trnava Trnava Trnava Hlohovec Hlohovec Hlohovec Hlohovec Hlohovec Hlohovec Hlohovec Hlohovec Hlohovec Piešťany Piešťany Piešťany Piešťany Piešťany Piešťany Piešťany Piešťany Piešťany Námestovo Námestovo Námestovo Námestovo Námestovo Námestovo Námestovo Námestovo Námestovo Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Tvrdošín Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Liptovský Mikuláš Poprad Poprad Poprad Poprad Poprad Poprad Poprad Poprad Poprad Kežmarok Kežmarok Kežmarok Kežmarok Kežmarok Kežmarok Kežmarok Kežmarok Kežmarok Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Stará Ľubovňa Skalica Skalica Skalica Skalica Skalica Skalica Skalica Skalica Skalica Šaľa Šaľa Šaľa Šaľa Šaľa Šaľa Šaľa Šaľa Šaľa Brezno Brezno Brezno Brezno Brezno Brezno Brezno Brezno Brezno Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Martin Trenčín Trenčín Trenčín Trenčín Trenčín Trenčín Trenčín Trenčín Trenčín Myjava Myjava Myjava Myjava Myjava Myjava Myjava Myjava Myjava

Schematic map of monitoring localities

13 – Monitoring of the radon volume activity w12 – Monitoring of stream sediments 08 – Covered anthropogenic sediments 10 – Monitoring of snow pack quality

T

09 – Tectonic and seismic aktivity

⁄ 11 – Monitoring of seismic phenomena

Π01 РSlope deformations

• 03 – Weathering processes
• 02 – Erosion processes

06 – Changes of anthropogenic sediments fi 07 – Stability of massifs underlying historic objects E 04 – Voluminal unstable sediment 05 – Minig activities

Network of PMS Geological Factors sites on the territory of Slovakia

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01 – Landslides and other slope deformations (Assoc.Prof, Dr. P. Wagner)

SLIDE 11

Methodology of monitoring

• 1. Selection of representative localities

according to various criteria

• Type of slope deformation

(sliding – 17, creep – 4, falling – 4)

• Geological regions

(Core mountains, Carpathian flysch, Neogene Volcanics, Neogene depressions)

• Economical importance

(endanger residential areas, roads, railways, hydrotechnical structures)

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Methodology of monitoring

• creation of monitoring system, i. e. choice of

monitoring methods and frequency of data collection - Methods of monitoring of

sliding

Regime measurements

• groundwater level
• discharge of water

Surface measurements

• geodetic
• surface residual stresses

Subsurface measurements

• inclinometric
• geophysical (PEE)

Sliding

SLIDE 13

Methodology of monitoring

• monitoring data processing (definition of the

critical warning levels and complex evaluation of the slope movement activity)

• Time course of values of observed data and

their comparison with the critical warning levels

• Graphical expression of selected monitoring
• bservations in maps and profiles
• Complex evaluation of the slope movement

activity in the form of special zoning

• regional application of the observed

information

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Landslide Okoličné

SLIDE 15

The front part of the Okoličné Landslide

Geodetic control points Railway between Žilina and Košice

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Development of the slide in time

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SLIDE 18

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02 – Erosional processes (Msc. Martin Ondrášik)

The monitoring of the erosional processes is realised through their assessment using two sets of aerial photographs (from years 1948-49 and 1987-92), which were orthorectified and

• evaluated. From the comparison of the above

two photographs sets at the locality Plaveč it is

• bvious, that within 41 years the total length
• f identified erosion was shorten on 9,754 km,

but their total area increased on 0,088 km2 .

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1949 1990

Timely evolution of erosion process at the Plaveč site

By Martin Ondrášik

* Please, note the change in the landuse after so-called collectivization!!!

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03 – Weathering processes

(Pavel Liščák)

Determination of physical and mechanical properties (in the field and „natural lab“) Study of chemical changes at the Vydrica Model Site - the mass balance of chemical compounds Isotope analyses of the 87Sr/86Sr ratio

SLIDE 22

Vernier Depth Gauge rock massif Measuring rod Measuring beam

Scheme of micronivelationmeter measurement

SLIDE 23

Micronivelation changes - Málinec - gneiss

420,00 445,00 470,00 495,00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

measuring points mm

1996/8 1996/11 1997/5 1997/11 1998/4 1998/11 1999/4 1999/11 2000/10 2001/05 2001/10

Typical plot of the measurement

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04/ Volume unstable sediments

(Dr. Alena Klukanová)

Regional identification of the voluminal

unstable sediments occurrence

The registration of the damaged objects Inventory sheet containing data on:

localisation of damaged object, description, cause, development of the failure, depth of the foundation, groundwater level, geotechnical properties of foundation soil, analysis of other factors of collapsibility.

SLIDE 25

Burda - wineries dug-out in loess

Loess is capable to sustain perpendicular walls for a long time span

SLIDE 26

Damage on the house after collapse of foundation soil

Typical sensitive foundation soils are: Loess aeolian sandy sediments Neogene clays eluvia of Palaeogene claystones and shales The main reasons for damage are: Collapsibility Non-proper foundations I ncrease in load (static, dynamic) I ncrease in moisture content (likely anthropogenic) Shrinkage/ swelling of foundation soil

SLIDE 27

05-Mining impact upon the environment

(Dr. Alena Klukanová)

The main problems:

• Morphology changes –

vertical ones like various sinkages connected with swamp

• ccurrences, construction failures, and the

horizontal ones – various types of slope

• deformations. Methods in use are measuring of

movements in boreholes and on surface, aerial photogrammetry.

• Changes in the surface and underground water

quality

• Changes

in the quality

• f

the stream sediments.

SLIDE 28

A deep trench up to 10 m wide and at least 50 m deep on the western rim of the Vtáčnik Mts.

1. coal seam 2. clays and silts (Badenian) 3. gravels (Sarmatian) 4. andesites, agglomerate tuffs (Sarmatian) 5. block rifts, block fields 6. landslides

SLIDE 29

A long-term monitoring

• f

changes

• f

anthro­pogenic sediments is going on at 7 different setting ponds (energetic and chemical producers, flotation sludge of ore mines).

• Power plant Novaky at 3 setting ponds

Zemianske Kostoľany, Bystričany, Chalmová

• Setting pond Sedem žien (Seven Women)
• Setting ponds Šaľa: Amerika I ., RSTO

tailing

06-Changes of anthropogenic sediments

(prof. Mirko Matys)

SLIDE 30

Monitoring of changes in:

Compactness (dynamic penetration) Physical properties (conductivity, moisture content, bulk density) Mechanical properties (pressiometric modulus Ep [MPa], limit pressiometric pressure plim [MPa], angle of internal friction [ o]) Mineralogical content (RTG and DTA methods, monitoring of changes in internal structure)

SLIDE 31

07/ Stability of rock massifs underlying historic objects (Assoc. Prof. Ján Vlčko) Evaluation of the slope movement activity on

selected castle rock massifs (toppling, sliding and creep) and prognosis of their further development.

Suggestion of the stabilisation of the system

– historical object – rock massif

Selected

castles: Spiš, Strečno, Orava, Uhrovec, Lietava castles, monastery complex at Skalka, Plavecký hrad, Pajštún and

Čachtice castles

SLIDE 32

SPIŠ CASTLE

SLIDE 33

The Location of Crack Gauges and the Most Endangered Parts

SLIDE 34

The layout of crack-gauges

SPIŠ CASTLE

SLIDE 35

Diagram of the displacements after boulder removal by blasting

Spis Castle TM 71-2

• 0,5

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 3 .6 .1 9 9 2 3 .6 .1 9 9 3 3 .6 .1 9 9 4 3 .6 .1 9 9 5 3 .6 .1 9 9 6 3 .6 .1 9 9 7 3 .6 .1 9 9 8 3 .6 .1 9 9 9 3 .6 .2 0 0 0 3 .6 .2 0 0 1 Time in months D is p la c e m e n t x , y , z m m

x y z

TM-71

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08/ Covered Anthropogenic Sediments

(I ng. Jana Frankovská, PhD)

Buried landfills Historic deposits in cities I ndustrial deposits Historical mining deposits Deposits from incineration plants

SLIDE 37

I nventory sheet for buried anthropogenic sediments

SLIDE 38

• seismotectonic

analysis

• f

the Western Carpathians taking into account their geological- tectonic structure, vertical movements of the surface and movements along faults, as well as the

• bserved seismic intensities.
• catalogue
• f

faults and a new map

• f

seismotectonic zoning were compiled. The territory

• f Slovakia was divided according to tendency and

velocity of vertical movements into some areas and zones.

• predictions
• f
• ccurrence

and earthquake intensities were made for the next future.

09/ Tectonic and seismic activity of the territory

• f the Slovak Republic (Assoc. Prof. Miroslav Hrašna)

SLIDE 39

Observed earthquakes epicentres

Žilina, 1858, 7-8o MSK Komárno, 1763, 8-9o MSK Dobrá Voda, 1906, 8o MSK Central Slovakia, 1443, 8-9o MSK

SLIDE 40

10/ Monitoring of snow pack quality

(Dr. Dušan Bodiš)

Snow pack quality monitoring results on 44 sites throughout Slovakia have identified global and local influences on snow chemical composition and relations between particular ions. The global influences are characterized mainly on the so-called mountain sites as Čertovica, Chopok – N and S, Donovaly, Lomnický Štít, Tatranská Lomnica, Skalnaté pleso and Štrbské pleso. The local influences affect mainly the so-called lowland regions as Bratislava region, Patince, Prievidza – Handlová, Žiar nad Hronom, Vojany and so on. More intensive legislative and practical actions and decrease of industrial activities in time period after 1989 are important factors on the overall emission content decrease in the atmosphere.

SLIDE 41

The most important indicants

• Total mineralization (maximum 15 mg.l-1)
• pH values (above 5, due to decrease in SOx and

NOx emissions after 1989)

• Sulphate content (medium increase during 1996

and 1997)

• Nitrate content (similar as sulphates)
• Amonium content (general decrease)

SLIDE 42

11/ Monitoring of seismic activity (Assoc. Prof. RNDr

Peter Moczo, PhD.)

Stations

Hurbanovo - the oldest seismometric station in Slovakia,

• perating since January 1, 1902
• Further stations are Skalnaté Pleso, Bratislava – Železná

Studnička, Šrobárová, Modra, Košice, Vyhne.

SLIDE 43

National seismic stations network role is to:

• monitor, analyse and localize earthquake

epicenters on the Slovak territory and earthquakes with macroseismic effects upon the Slovak territory

• monitor and interpret teleseismic events in

seismic stations belonging to I SC network

• monitor, analyse and localization of industrial

explosions

SLIDE 44

• provides qualitative information on the overall system of the

surface streams and their source regions with possible influence upon water flora and fauna, groundwater and reservoirs water quality.

• 47 sites of Slovakia documented Al, K, Fe, Na, Mg, Ni, Cr, Mn

and Ca as elements with stable concentration in time, on the contrary, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cu and As as instable elements. Content

• f Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and As in surface water streams are in

specific sediment/ water equilibrium, and Ni, Cr, Na and K shows to be non-correlating elements.

12/ Monitoring of stream sediments (Dr. Dušan Bodiš)

SLIDE 45

Monitoring of stream sediments quality

SLIDE 46

Partial I nformation System (PI S)

PIS of the monitoring sites consists of 2 levels:

Detailed (M 1:10000 to 1:20000)

primary spatial data on the individual localities

• links with particular monitored elements like drill

holes, geodetic points, erosion rills, damaged buildings, waste disposals, etc. specific data gained on the basis of monitoring activities in the individual cycles of the monitoring.

SLIDE 47

Provides the information on the results gained by the processing of the primary data in the individual localities. The localisation is in the point or region form and in the tables there are saved data related to the monitoring locality as a whole:

• Localisation of the monitoring localities
• Characteristics of the geological setting of the locality
• Total of the factors that are influencing the degradation of

the environment

• Overview of the monitoring activities for the time interval
• Evaluation and semiquantitative analysis of chosen data for

the time interval from PIS data.

General (M 1:200 000 to 50 000)

SLIDE 48

Thank you for your attention!

Questions klukan@gssr.sk liscak@gssr.sk