Erik Delaquis Philippe Seguin, Arif Mustafa, Roger Samson, Huguette - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Assessing Switchgrass Varieties in a Northern Environment Erik Delaquis Philippe Seguin, Arif Mustafa, Roger Samson, Huguette Martel Introduction Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) is a warm- season C 4 grass native to Eastern North America

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Assessing Switchgrass Varieties in a Northern Environment Erik Delaquis

Philippe Seguin, Arif Mustafa, Roger Samson, Huguette Martel

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Introduction

  • Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a warm-

season C4 grass native to Eastern North America

  • An important constituent of the formerly

expansive tallgrass prairie ecosystem

Image source: Kansas State University (Konza LTER.

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Range

  • Switchgrass is distributed East of the Rocky Mountain range

from Central Mexico to ~55°N (Vogel et al., 2011)

Image source: USDA http://plants.usda.gov/maps/large/PA/PAVI2.png.

Applications:

  • Livestock bedding and forage
  • Energy
  • Combustion
  • Pyrolysis/gasification
  • Cellulosic ethanol
  • Biocomposite materials
  • Mushroom production
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  • Perennial and harvestable using standard hay equipment
  • Cold and heat hardiness
  • Drought resistant
  • High yields on marginal lands
  • Increase soil organic C through various processes (Liebig et al.,

2005)

Beneficial characteristics

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Project rationale

  • Rapid growth in Eastern Canada’s planted area

illustrates a producer need for well-adapted varieties/selections

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European context

  • Several trials since initiation of European switchgrass

productivity network (Netherlands, Germany, UK, Greece, Italy)

  • Results indicate promising potential for switchgrass for

biomass production, but further research needed on adapted varieties (Lewandowski et al., 2003)

European context

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  • Commercially available cultivars originate for the American
  • Midwest. A strong inverse relationship has been demonstrated

between yield and latitude of origin (Boe, 2007).

Cave-in-Rock (37°N) Summer (40°N) Sunburst (42°N) Montréal (45°N)

Origins of commercial cultivars

45°N

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Selection lineages

Parent cultivars+ selections = 11 total 3 selections of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), another promising WSG, were also evaluated

Cave-In-Rock Cave-In-Rock II Cave-In-Rock Early Sunburst Bluejacket I Bluejacket II Bluejacket Early Summer Tecumesh I Tecumseh II Sandlover: Selection from NU942 – Oklahoma State University

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Objectives

  • Evaluation of the performance and agronomic

characteristics of several new selections made in situ at two sites in Southern Quebec

  • Evaluation of effects on yield and biomass quality of a

fall or spring harvest date

  • Hypotheses:

– 1. Locally made selections will perform better than their parent cultivars in the Southern Quebec environment – 2. A spring harvest will reduce yields but increase biomass quality

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Methods: Sites

  • Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue: McGill University experimental farm
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Methods: Sites

  • Cookshire-Eaton: Ferme Madeléo
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Methods: Experimental design

  • 2 sites, RCBD with 4 reps
  • Sites seeded in 2010, sampling in 2011 and 2012
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Methods: Data collection

  • Variables evaluated throughout the season:

– Height – Tiller density – Phenology (maturity)

  • Variables evaluated at harvest:

– Yield – Moisture content

  • Spring and fall harvest date:

– Yield, moisture content – Fiber analysis (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) – Ash – Energy content (HHV)

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Results: Height

1st production year

50 100 150 200 250 150 170 190 210 230 250 270

average plant height (cm) Date

Ste-Anne 2011

150 170 190 210 230 250 270

Date

Cookshire-Eaton 2011

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE SUMMER TEC1 TEC2 CIR CIR2 CIRE SANDLOVER

*

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Results: Height

2nd production year

*

50 100 150 200 250 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Average plant height (cm) Date

Ste-Anne 2012

150 170 190 210 230 250 270

Date

Cookshire-Eaton 2012

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE SUMMER TEC1 TEC2 CIR CIR2 CIRE SANDLOVER

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Results: Height

50 100 150 200 250 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

Average plant height (cm) Date

Ste-Anne 2012

150 170 190 210 230 250 270

Date

Cookshire-Eaton 2012

CIR CIR2 CIRE

2nd production year

6.1% 9.4% * * *

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Results: Tiller density

2nd production year

150 170 190 210 230 250 270

Date

Cookshire-Eaton 2012

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE SUMMER TEC1 TEC2 CIR CIR2 CIRE SANDLOVER 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 140 160 180 200 220 240

Tiller number m -2 Date

Ste-Anne 2012

*

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Results: Tiller density

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 140 160 180 200 220 240

Tiller number m -2 Date

Sunburst lineage Ste-Anne 2012

150 170 190 210 230 250 270

Date

Sunburst lineage Cookshire 2012

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE

2nd production year

* * * * * * * *

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Results: Maturity

220 240 260 280 300

Date

Cookshire-Eaton 2012

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE SUMMER TEC1 TEC2 CIR1 CIR2 CIRE SANDLOVER 3.50 3.70 3.90 4.10 4.30 4.50 4.70 4.90 5.10 220 240 260 280 300

Means stage count (MSC) Date

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue 2012

2nd production year

*

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Results: Maturity

4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.70 4.80 4.90 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280

Mean stage count (MSC) Date

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue 2012

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE SUMMER TEC1 TEC2 CIR1 CIR2 CIRE SANDLOVER

2nd production year

*

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Results: Maturity

Cave-in-Rock (37°N) Summer (40°N) Sunburst (42°N)

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  • Strip harvest (width 60cm) in fall and spring

Results: Yield

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Results: Fall harvest

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Kg ha-1 oven dry

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue 2011 Cookshire-Eaton 2011

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE SUMMER TEC1 TEC2 CIR1 CIR2 CIRE PV1 PV2 PVE SANDLOVER

1st production year

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Results: Fall harvest

Cookshire-Eaton 2012

SUNBURST BJ1 BJ2 BJE SUMMER TEC1 TEC2 CIR1 CIR2 CIRE PV1 PV2 PVE SANDLOVER 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Kg ha-1 oven dry

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue 2012

2nd production year

CIR2: +15.5% compared to CIR BJ2: +11.9% compared to Sunburst PV2: +5.2% compared to PV1 TEC2: No gain

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Results: Spring yield

CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE

Cookshire-Eaton

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE

Kg ha-1 oven dry

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue * * *

P=0.0530

* * * * * *

  • 41%
  • 30%

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

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Results: Moisture content

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE Moisture (%)

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue

CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE

Cookshire-Eaton

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

*

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

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Results: Cellulose

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE

Cellulose (% by weight)

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue

CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE

Cookshire-Eaton

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

* * * * *

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

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Results: Ash content

CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE

Cookshire-Eaton

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

1 2 3 4 5 6

CIR CIR2 CIRE PV PV2 PVE Ash (% weight)

Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue

Spring Fall

Fall 2011 Spring 2012

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Results: Energy content

  • Impact on energy content?

Table 1. Energy content (HHV) in fall and spring Mj/kg Max Min Mean SD Cookshire Fall 19.70 18.90 19.32 0.20 Spring 19.60 19.09 19.35 0.15 Ste-Anne Fall 19.20 17.83 18.85 0.27 Spring 19.28 18.43 18.89 0.23

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Conclusions

  • Selections: Significant differences for all variables evaluated

– Differences often between selection lineages – Large variability present including between lineages and sites – Trends observed suggest that local selection programmes should be pursued to develop regionally appropriate cultivars

  • Harvest date: spring harvest lowers moisture content and

slightly increases cellulose levels, but not significantly enough to counter high losses of biomass

– Soil contamination may be especially problematic in high snowfall or freeze-thaw cycle areas

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Literature cited

  • Boe, A. (2007). Variation between Two Switchgrass Cultivars for Components of Vegetative and Seed
  • Biomass. Crop Science, 47, 636–642. doi:10.2135/cropsci2006.04.0260
  • Jenkins, B. M., Baxter, L. L., Miles, T. R. J., & Miles, T. R. (1998). Combustion properties of biomass. Fuel

Processing Technology, 54, 17–46.

  • Moore, K. J., Moser, L. E., Vogel, K. P., Waller, S. S., Johnson, B. E., & Pedersen, J. F. (1991). Describing and

Quantifying Growth Stages of Perennial Forage Grasses. Agronomy Journal, 83, 1073–1077.

  • Schmer, M. R., Vogel, K. P., Mitchell, R. B., Moser, L. E., Eskridge, K. M., & Perrin, R. K. (2005). Establishment

Stand Thresholds for Switchgrass Grown as a Bioenergy Crop. Crop Science, 46, 157–161. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.0264

  • Vogel, K. P., Sarath, G., Aaron, J., & Mitchell, R. B. (2011). Switchgrass. In N. G. Halford & A. Karp (Eds.),

Switchgrass (pp. 341–380). Cambridge, UK: Energy Crops Royal Society of Chemistry.

  • Liebig, M. A., Johnson, H. A., Hanson, J. D., & Frank, A. B. (2005). Soil carbon under switchgrass stands and

cultivated cropland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 28, 347–354.

  • Lewandowski, I., Scurlock, J. M. O., Lindvall, E., & Christou, M. (2003). The development and current status
  • f perennial rhizomatous grasses as energy crops in the US and Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy, 25, 335–

361.

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Thanks to:

  • MAPAQ for financial and technical support
  • REAP-Canada for germplasm, technical support
  • McGill
  • EU BC&E 2013