FIRE SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION: GETTING IT RIGHT Prof Ali Nadjai: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
FIRE SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION: GETTING IT RIGHT Prof Ali Nadjai: Director of FireSERT BEng(H), MSc, PhD, Ceng, MIStructE, MIFireE, PGCUT ulster.ac.uk Slide 1 INTRODUCTION Canada Sweden Russia FireSERT USA Europe China JAPAN Middle East
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Prof Ali Nadjai: Director of FireSERT BEng(H), MSc, PhD, Ceng, MIStructE, MIFireE, PGCUT
FireSERT Sweden Abu Dhabi Hong Kong USA Singapore Qatar South Africa Europe Australia Canada North Africa South America China Middle East Russia JAPAN
Oman
Slide 6
The primary goal of fire protection is to preserve life safety. A second goal is to protect property and safeguard the environment.
Economic impact of fire in buildings has been estimated at ~1% of GDP – a vast sum now exceeding £10 billion annually
Buildings are at the centre of our social and economic activity. Not only do we spend most of our lives in buildings, we also spend most of our money on buildings. The built environment is not only the largest industrial sector in economic terms, it is also the largest in terms of resource flow.
Taegu St.
Chungangro St
Arson in the train
Fire propagation over train
Chungangro St
Fire Propagation
Train approach
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100 200 150 50
WOUNDED DEAD 9
100 200 150 50
WOUNDED DEAD
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Channel Tunnel (UK-France, 2008)
Matalan, Birmingham 2 March 2006 loss in business turnover Job losses problems with clients and customer if supply cannot be fulfilled due to fire damage.
Saif Belhasa building fire, Tecom 2012 (left) & Tamweel Tower fire 2012 (right). Shanghai Fire (left) and CCTV Tower, Beijing fire (right).
The rate of fires resulting in extensive fire spread involving combustible exterior wall systems is gradually increasing due to the of energy efficient but combustible materials and the consequences of such fires are very large especially for those smart and green high-tech buildings.
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Economic impact of fire in buildings has been estimated at ~1% of GDP – a vast sum now exceeding £10 billion annually
Government University/ Institute Industry
design
Regeneration Energy Application Technology
Developing Qualified Human Resources
“Developing high level research oriented universities”
Select & focus
Producing next generation scholars
Improvement and assistance
Top class experts
Specialization in Future technologies Continuous support for master course, PhD, and advanced-level researchers Improvement and assistance of education program Industry-academic collaboration and international cooperation
50 cm 300 cm Propane burner 50 cm 155 cm Facade
The enclosure is made of fireboard (4 cm thickness).
4 Opening dimensions (Width× Height) : 0.10 × 0.25 m2, 0.10 × 0.25 m2, 0.10 × 0.25 m2, 0.10 × 0.25 m2
Time (min) 10 20 30 40 50 HRR (kW) 10 20 30 40 Theoretical HRR Actual HRR 1500 A0 H0
1/2
Growth (Fuel-controlled) Ventilation-controlled Ejected flame Decay Steady State
HRR profile
Time (min) 10 20 30 40 Temperature (C) 250 500 750 1000 Box F Box E Box D Box C Box B Box A
Fire Growth Ventilation-controlled stage HRR = 1500 A0 H0 1/2 Flame comes out Steady-state (Maximum HRR)
Temperature profiles
Temperature Profiles
No external burning FDS 5.3.0: External burning FDS 4.0.7: External burning
a) Early stages, b) spreading in the northwest side, c) extended to entire floor levels
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1- Implemented in Eurocode 1 Fire Part 2- Some National Fire Regulations include now alternative requirements based on Natural Fire
Fire Engineer Code of practice
Code of practice
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Y
Annex C of EN 1991-1-2: Flame impacting the ceiling Annex C of EN 1991-1-2: Flame not impacting the ceiling
How to calculate the temperature in a column subjected to the radiation of the fire ?
Flame axis L z D f H
Y = Height of the free zone
concrete slab
g
beam
It assumes that the shape of the fire on the ground is circular and is intended for localised fires that do not exceed a diameter of 10 m and a heat release rate of 50 MW. The effects of a local fire result in four distinct regions, each of which receives different levels of heat flux. These regions can be split as follows: 1- Outside the fire 2- Inside the fire 3- Inside the fire, in the smoke layer 4- Outside the fire, in the smoke layer
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Step 1: The surface of the fire is transformed into an equivalent discus Step 2: The evolution of Heat Release Rate is calculated according to EN 1991-1-2 Annex E (growing phase, plateau, decaying phase) Step 3: The flame length Lf is calculated by application of EN 1991-1-2 Annex C Step 4: The action of the fire is represented by a virtual solid flame, conic or cylindric, defined by Deq and Lf
HRRmax (fuel or ventilation controlled) paraboli c constant linear time Q (or HRR) Deq Deq Lf Cone model Cylinder model
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If the flame does touch the ceiling (Lf > Hceiling)
If the flame does not touch the ceiling (Lf < Hceiling or no ceiling)
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Case 1a 1 pan D = 0.7 m Gauges at 0.5/1.8 m Case 1b 1 pan D = 0.7 m Gauges at 1.0/1.6 m
Gauge location Experime nt mean FDS Simulatio n Cylinder flame Conic flame Height Distance m m kW/m² kW/m² kW/m² kW/m²
1.0 0.5 30.6 28.5 74.0 39.0 1.0 1.0 13.8 12.9 33.2 17.9 1.0 1.6 5.9 5.5 15.5 8.5 1.0 1.8 4.2 3.8 10.8 6.0 2.0 0.5 6.2 11.2 22.0 5.9 2.0 1.0 4.5 5.9 14.1 5.5 2.0 1.6 3.0 3.7 8.8 4.1 2.0 1.8 2.3 2.6 6.7 3.3
Water mist suppression research Improving water mist performance using chemical additives
– Various additives testing – Novel small compartment experimental set-up
Low pressure water mist systems
– Feasibility studies aimed at improving system performance
The compartment is designed to represent a modern open plan
protected (including connections) with the internal beams unprotected.
RFS-PR-06102: Fire Resistance of Long Span Cellular Beams Made of Rolled Profiles (FCEB)
Starts: 28 August 2007 Ends: 31 July 2011 Value (Euro): 1.6 Million Engineering Physical Science Research Council(EPSRC): EP/F001525/1 Performance of Cellular Composite Floor Beams under Severe 2008 – end April 2011
Fire Conditions, Value (£) £408,000 Starts: May
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200
Reduction factors Temperature ( C)
kEa,θ kap,θ kay,θ
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200
Reduction factors (x 1E-3) Temperature ( C)
kEa,θ kap,θ kay,θ
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MACS+ Design Example
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ASD Westok - Projects
Past Facade Fires – Castledawson Fire Test conducted by Nadjai 2010
Ali Nadjai, Olivier Vassart, Bin Zhao
Vertical Glazed Facade Test Vertical Glazed Facade Inclined Glazed Facade Test Inclined Glazed Facade Vertical Glazed Facade Model Stresses Inclined Glazed Facade Test Inclined Glazed Facade Model Stresses
Intumescent Paint Sample Precision Weighing TGA DSC Results Graphs Post Test TGA Post Test DSC
DSC Test Equipment TGA Resin Results Graph TGA Resin results Table DSC Resin Results Graph DSC Resin Results Table
Time Temperature Sample Mass Minutes °C % 5 80 99.3539 10 130 94.4108 15 180 89.4424 20 230 87.0037 25 280 84.8178 30 330 80.4458 35 380 55.2088 40 430 49.276 45 480 46.4895 50 530 43.0669 Time Temperature Power Minutes °C mW 5 80.1667
10 130.333
15 180.5
20 230.667
25 280.833
30 331
35 380 1.31762 40 430.167
45 480.333
50 530.5
TGA Test Equipment Resin Sample
Scientific Material Analysis
NANOCOMPOSITES
INTRINSIC FLAMM. PROPERTIES (TGA, FTIR, MDSC,
APPARATUS)
LARGE SCALE (20MW) MATERIAL AND CFD MODELLING Major projects: FIRENET (EU) 2M FAÇADE FIRES (EPSRC, Japan) £200K
PREDFIRE NANO (EU) Eu3M Industrial R&D, Brominated Substitutes Eu4M
Solid Phase TGA, DTA, DSC, ATR
Milligram size samples thermal and toxicity analysis
2018-07-15
F ir e Sta tion Risk L e ve l 2 Risk L e ve l 1 Risk L e ve l 3
T e c hnique of pr e dic ting F ir e and suppr e ssion r
L ate st F ir e De te c tion te c hnique E ar ly F ir e Suppr e ssion e quipme nt 62