[PDF] - FORMS OF PRESENTATION: ie A qort"oiten ns ._v . .. _ PDF Document

SLIDE 1

tr-t, L/

FORMS OF PRESENTATION:

ie A qort"oiten Asnect

f

Social Science Fni stemn.l ns . .. _ ..... .. .c'L or )octa. l )er...,.... ,.-,,......,.. ._v 'hrr .Tnhqn Ca I frrnc

^^^'r ^

-^^^^^^^

and rnd_icators

UU4ID ' I IVVgDDED

n F Dorrol nnmont P-n iani Tnef i f'- I

verJF-r!v..v ' ' vJvvut

universitaire d.'6tudes du d6veloppement, Geneva.

SLIDE 2

OI

in

1
1. Introduction

There seem to be two ways of approaching the problem

f forms

prcsentation

f science

in general and, the soci-al- scj-ences

n:r,ticrrl:r: ^nA ^r +L^- ^L^rr ^'

ne
f

them som.'urh:i. dotrnAT,.

uaL vlwwla! . ulls uf uttulrt Dll4af,uw t ultg u L ulLulll JUlLtuwrr@ v uyy}JEL .

The shallow approach woufd take as a point

f d.epartlrre a postu-

lated need for a broad-er d.iffusion

f scientific

find-ings. It is assumed that they have to reach"the peoplerr, that as they usually

^-+^.r lhcrr tnr:eh

nl rr A. narrow

circle

f

neonl e a I rea.dw

ArC !rYDYil UgU UfIYJ UUqvll UIffJ @ ifarrvw uf!Uf s Uf yuv}J re

trained. the same way, reinforcing their particu-tar ways of

I OOking a.t the yurnnT zl tffha nrocq...1.e in thiS difegti nn rrsrrrl l rr nnrqgg

lvvlllrJbauqu4alrJ

frorn three different corners of society: from the researchers them- selves who want to reach more people, possibly in "",*"

" ""nvi-nce

then of how correct theirtrscj-entific" perspective

n the world is;

frnmnonn.lor.rhnhqlraq|oalinc.'l-hai]:herr:rom.i

!IUllr UYUUlY WllU lrav e

!!urrra<
u
LLrr-f

llt UU U U]] DUlllg-

+1...i-- --.i ''^'.'r,r'r-.'r-^ +^ r-^ -'^ tr d,af.c.-'i n'orned: and from middle-

Ulrf,Ir6 @IlU W U4!U f INC UV Uc u}J Uv ua Us t rl Ir U! llrsu ,

men who nosi tion *L^a^^'r-,^^ r.^+..^^- +l^^

^^^--^1..oTq

and neonl e

i.n

pvr! urvrL UtfYIILDUMD Ug UWggff LlIg IYDCa!UllLru affu pvv_vf u r

g=r""rf, viewing themselves as translators

f

a d.ifficult idion, bel iev'i ng tha.t thew ha.ve one -leg in

i thor

n2mr'l- r"l-r-- ^^-^Lr ^ 1I'

urruJ r-* rub fil vf ullsl U@llII, t r 4I1J VOIr@uJs U

und-erstanding the scientific d-iscourse and at the same time knowing what people reed to know and how they can best get to know it. However laudable many aspects

l this

approach would be, there are certain rather serious shortcomings. First,

ne senses a power

motive: a small group in the el-ite in contemporary societies, scien- tists in general and social scientists in particular, who want to imnrint nn the rninnc nf -F'rra nnnrrlation at-l ar.c"e their world VieWs - with theorems and theories, with implicit vafue jud.gements and

ancmal nmi ac Tr cl-rnn* nna canc6c moni nrrl n ti ^- hehind it. And- ff Om

vvDrrrvf v6rsr . rrr urrv! v t rrl/uru

people in general there is also a cfear power mc'tive, certainly not to bc scoffed" at: this is not a bad way of making researchers accountable for what they say and what they d-o, forcing thern to

+-lL'ih+^ll'imiLl .' ^^ +1^-+ r+ lnqaf nqrlo nf '.'1-rqt l-.1-rarr *.h'ink tharr ud-N _lLl_jlEjjgj-]Jjfl DU vtta v a u f Y4D v vaL uD vf wrrQ L

have to cornmunicate can be jud-ged" by non-colleagues. And finally: the middlemen have a cfear power interest: fike all- interpreters

SLIDE 3

2-

in particular and middlemen in general they can control commulication

ehennc'l s :.nd nnssih"l rr :.1 so m:ko somp monarr nrrt nf J:ho n?^.a<c

J va U vf UffU lrUVgoO.

About all

f this

there is nothing new, nor anything abnormal this is what social and human life is about: conflict and coopera-

*i nn hnnmnn-'

-d

fl i qh:rmnnrr Ttro nn-i nl-. r^ro mrlza i q nnl .' fhq+ +h6 UrQrI, IITIL'llLUIry d,llu uJDrralrlvtrJ. rtt- r---- ",--T'g iq n nn'liiieo nf forms

f

nresentaiion- and nni.hino iq einad hrr

rv a vvlru!vp vr tv!rrrr vL vrv9urrusv!vtr iivutfJtr< aJ aqlttcu uv

bein.." blind f,o i+ T{

ll

nlln^--s cnlnrtr nnl .itin:llrr (hrrt q*;ll

vurrf6 vrrffu Uv rU. !V aLL Vlr@116gD !UfVuI PUfJUJUaTTJ \uuu rUrra

reinains at the shallow level-) ttre noment the form of presentation is not'nerelv seen in the context

f intellipni|irj+-.

L..+'i- +1^^

y uuvr v vf rrrvurr!<lvlJ r vv . uuu ffl uffg

context

f feedback.

participation. fn othe-r words, as a two-way channel

f comnunication

rather than a more effici-ent

ne-way

channel being able to reach into the deeper recesses and corners

f

societies and the minds and hearts

f men and women, young and ol-d_

ever)rwhere. Both of these are terribly important aspects

f the

stonr nf f'orms of nresenta.tinn: increaSed intelf irn'i h'i

l

itrr- in...r-c^-^,1

v L _irf fif us Lrr6rurf r uJ , rffurs@Dyu

feed-back and accountability; both must be laken into account.

But it is not the whole story. There is a deeper l-evel- to fnrms nl nreseni,ation.This would f,a.ke as ,c nnint

f

dena.rtrlre not

the social d-istribution

f the conmurricative act,

from a smaf I g:roup

communicating with itsel-f vj-a that group communicating to many more neon'le io tho nninf th:1, neonle start colrmunicatinp" to sr:ient'i st,s di-

ran f l rr

And

horrnnd I hi sr r Ln *.he nni nt lrhov.o arrcr.rrbndrr

corlmunicates with everybody about scientific findings, whether this .i^ -

^-'r

^-

^!.',lre

next lcwel

and

that is lha dopntrT ,Dnnre^1..

ID a <U@f U! flvU.lfis ils^u lsVsf . atiu ULfoU lD UIIV UUYUYI @VUIJAVII .

would look at the form of commrmication (possibly a better eLpression i,h:n ttfnrm nf nr.esent:tiontr) a.nd its refation to the content that is

y!9ugrl'lqllg

.'ornrnunicated - presumably (social) science findings. ln short, Lt 'i^ ^^+ ^^'r-- - ^"estion

f refation

bctween sender and roce'i rrcr- fql

r- lLvu vrLLJ

qugD

uJvil vr rsr@ulvr I v9 uwcsfl Dqifucr cffu ruvurvur t

between communication and that which is attempted comm'rnicated, between s)-mbol- and symbolized, between sign and that which the sign rorrroqpnts rl:rrinc sc i d thi s vro can now abandon the d.istinction

, Le v rrrb uals

between the"shalfowrrand- a"deep"level since

put

this way - they are two sides

f the same coin.

There is

nly

the problem

SLIDE 4

1-

that Lo many people the popular-ization aspect d-oni,"rates so much becarrsc it is so easy tograry - that the other ar;pect is losb sigirt

f. The shl"llowness also enters at another point:

the step fron popularization to vulgarization is brt a short one, particularly when the mid-dlemen assume that they r.mderstand fully the research

findings. nenn-l e in r"eneral befierro '^rhal fhav

et

from the middle-

L'

men is the same as whab is availab-le at the source I and the resear- chers d-o not care about the entire process andfor are unabfe to communr-micate witki the communicators so as to exercise an influence nn i t - a.nd hon rmg Lo e':.amof ed wi t,h nnn.r'l a.r a r:c I a 'i m.

t <Jru vuv rrru

(r )

In semioticd-d. distinction is often mad"e between the sernarr-

+; ^ crmlanli n anfl nr2rfllrAi.i r: :sneCtS Of What iS hefe fefeffefl tO

urv,

as communication. What above is referred- to as the shallow aspect wou-Ld be in the pragmaLic category: it beccrnes a question

f sociaf

consequences of communication. And what is referred- to as the deeper aspect woufd- be in the semantic category: a question

f translation.

That means there is still the syntactic aspect to d-iscuss: the structure per se of the }anguage of communication. fn order to explore that let us make use of a concrete example as an intro- duction to the more Eeneral probfem. ) - Tha nrnhlFm of form and content: :.n ev:mnlc

4 . rf f v v!vvr urrr vr !v!rrL ljrrs vvrr vvf r v. er! vJlerr!P!v

To discuss this problem an example is indispensable, and I have chosen the exampfe of a possible dramatic presentation

f

imperialistic refations. The content, consequently, is what one

n j mh* na I 1 *ten c*-,r ar,.vn

nrr

nr16.pss

f

.i mnor"i " lism anfl the f o1rn

is that

f d-rama (tneatre)

as usuafly conceived

f.

In discussing this I am leaving aside t-^,o ol.,vious aspects

f some importance:

first, in order to tafk about lmperialism at al-l I have to use an

ther

form, that

f a ruritten

language, in casu English. A,nd second, when d-iscussing theatre I am certainly making it more conventional than it is in order to make the points clear.

SLIDE 5

/n\

ln the lheory of imperiafishzthe ctructure

f ex-

al.-rma nTc--c

imnnrf.znl.

ra1 a f ^ . ^j-61 ^ +,,^ nn,rn*riaq f,.ra UrrAIf6Y PraJD GII IllIyvI U@flU Mc. lJ! a

lllllJf

C lyWU UUL'rf u!tgD, UWU

cfasses model there woufd be a Centre country exploiting a Peri- phery counLry, and the key axis in this exploitation process would be between the centre

f the Centre and the centre
f the Peri-

nherrr

tl^o

rrrlinrn

litoe

in tho mnl.rnnnli*.:n nnrrnFrrr aq fhorr rr

y-rvlJ uarr ev .,,-J *,'e

I inkorl 1.arrol:.1^,a-n uri *h tho cnmnrrdnn bnrrrcon'i qi a rr'l- ?lll ino

vv4!bvv!urL

efites in generaf of the satelfite

country. The viorking class i.l

the metropofitan cormtry, the periphery of the Centre,shares with

tho rrnnor cltqscs

f

thOSe Co1mtries thp snni ls ^' ^-*t

i+^+'i^^

urrs uyvlf uffs

yvr

Lo vr s^!!V! Ua UtVlLt

which essentialfv is a'i ming at ^-+-- ^+i h- ^ -^'"i mrm n I srirnl rrs .

,J

u u

E4 UI4U U!lf6 4 ll@ifruu[\ JI rur!]Uo,

(3) Ta..?nr ,..S for the case gf srrnercxnl ni t: tior\., from a

u^y!u! uo L

nerinhenr

f

f.ho Perjnherv which is not even ab]p to renrod.rrec

uv !uyrvuuuu

itsel-f, but either starve

r have to rely
n the informal

sector

f the econony.

The profetariat inthe Centre is the more or fess unwitting participant in the erploitation

f the prolebariat
f

f.lra Parinhorrr rfrlrrrq *ha-'o:ra fnrrr n:rlt'i ac fn lha rolr*innchin

,.", J . !rr4p t

ya!

vlvo uv utjg rgJ4 uluffDlll},

i n thi q si mnl i F.i ^.r mn,i a'l c n,r 1L.e COntent Or mea.ni nr" of the urord

, a' 's rrlLa--rrr_ v:

"structuralrr is that these relations are nsl tied to specific counLries nor are they necessarily intended, they just cimply are. And they are, with a cert.rin tenacity: there are support structures

r supportive

parts

f the structu-re that are cal-led into action
nce the structu-re 1s ti.Lreatened: military

intervention, mi-litary coup d'6tat

etc. . In ad.dition' it

is built into the struc- ture how parties that could be dangerous,if they entered into a coalition,are kept so much apart that the fikcfihood is very 1c,,w that they ever will, and that very few are abl-e to see how the totaf structure

perates precisely

because it is so world--encom-

n-a--inm cn

l-'c]-nnol:

qn'imnarqnnrl An:lrr<ic ie inrliqnonqnhle !4DDf1l6 t DV 4UD UI4U U t DU rllILJCl Dulfaf urD ru fllu LDPsI tDauIs.

Contrast this with the classical theory of a drama. T assume for the present purpose that theory to have tr^io pi11ars.

tr'irst- i+. iq rpenmizpd *'lr:* hrrm:n lifo is ranlofo r^r'il-h nrnhlama slrrs u9 wr uif yrvufgrrrD

and conflicts, but in the form of the d"rama these are presented. at the intra-personaf and inter-personal levefs. Afber all, there

SLIDE 6

f

)-

are such things as'hctors"in a drama, hence not strange if the

(t'\

sor:'i al ne-snee.t'i \re convelred hrr a. drana i-sttactor-orientedtf *,6rama is a language, the verbal and non-verbaf behaviour

f

the actors a.re t,he si rvrrs

thew

a.re nu t toe"e+L^ ^ ^- +L ^ ^+^ -e which has some

ru

uifu Di6f+pt u-reJ a!L }J4v vvbvUflsl vf1 UllU

_j:ts__

qimilri lrr f n tho n:rro lnd :q : lar'rntzsa i t c:n amr.,qq norfrin

ur rv vehu e^yr \.

things bel,ter than other things. It is excel-fenb at expressing

tho chara e hors - nrohl oms nnd nnnff icts within and bot,^reFn npa'snnS.

,

Y'v

}rur uvrr Tt mr rr ha

l oqq
nad

: h o.mro.qi no cnr:i: I q*rrrn i rrraq qnai r I nrn-

ru,,raJbvvqavvrlj,tL'ptrr6r,vurar-L/rv-,

cesses ; the stuff "nomothetic"(generalizing) science is mad.e

f!5)

The second- aspect of drarna as a form of comrflunication is the cfassical- g3eek formula: unity

f !ire,

Lrnity of saelsr unity

f action.

Translated- into other terms: contj nuity in time

(nnt tnn hio'irrmnq) nn=oiblrr:len linoerit-r fmn.r'inm fnam nqcl

\frv u uvv vr6 J(Ar}Jp/ t yvro!urJ

rDv

llrrsorr uJ \!1vvf,fr6 f rvrrr !4- v

via present into future, not mixing these elements too much al--

+h^11trh cnqa ra*ynqnoni.i nn mi ohf ho nnqqihl

\.

nn-* j

.-i

F-, i- ^--- LTIOI-IBTI SOIIie

LeLL

uy jrwoDlUlv) r uUJlLr8-L,LJLy lll Slace

(not jumping too much around in the world- - or if this is d-one at least mark the jump by a new scene, a new act); u:rity in acbion meaning a theme, a red- thread arcund- whrch. to spin the web of the drama. Evidently modern movie-naking nnakes a travesty

f all- this

and is generally acclaimed- as a greaL advance in dramatic presentation exactty by permitting jrmps in time and space in af1 possibfe directions, sud-den, ssfossalrreversible

r not;

weaving together all kinds

f sccnes in a way that

will

ften

tend to make avant-sarde movies hard- to folfow for the non- initiated- 7 just as classical drama may be hard Lo foffow for those less interested in

or untrained

in - putting that many prob- l-ems and conflicLs.with such a depth,insid-e and between persons. However, what is being discussed here is conventional drama and it is quite clear what the problem is: the -[orm of presentation d-oes not necessaril.v correspond to the content. llence there will be the temptation

f the author

to try to per- sonalize the issue, which means bringing the four ca',egories sketched above together in a particular setti-ng. In a recent drama (5)

>hn..*'imnozicTiorp in Af-.i

cA. nerfOrmed

in LOnd_OY'thiS WaS tO SOme

extent done: the centre in the (lentre travel]ed to Africa and

SLIDE 7

(

had a confrontation with the centre

f the Periphery

(an African

nra^irlan* rrnnr m-.^r^ ^^^-^-^+'"^- with the transilo.tiona'l r.nrn.ral,i !!sDf,us.ru vyl J rrlt,rull UUUleI'd LrJlS WI l,Jl IJILe UIaIIS-r]L- .-OnS

f the North

and with the beautiful definition

f the somewhat

lindted freed-om of press in his coriltry: "there is a relativefv / /\

f-^^ *-.^^

Lss lrcDD,

r,u4rtrng a press managed by my re-Latives'r)\.ot am not

S., Ir-inc Tnm Qinnr--nl- nlo--,'-^

rherr-^aqcf.rl

11-.*

FLn

n^-^^-.li-^ f,vrrr u vuy}Jaru L- Pr@J waD ufsuvucDDa uf , uu u l,JLe !ej'soIlcLLL'La-

tion of imperial-Lsn plays up to exactly the way it is presenbecl in

+h^

-^^^

nrnhl

m

nf na*fi crller ar:tnrq fnerrqq-ino ^n hha ul ls jJrsDD. 4D @ _p!uuly|r ur IJ4r vlvtla L auuv!D, IU.-^_*

structure-invarlant aspects of actors rather

n the actor-invarj-ant

I'7 \

rqnan*q nf lho qfrrrnt.'-\jJ ft chn-f l.nn,i a^- ^-.,''' nm +h^ f^i-l ^,,-ih-.

DIJs!

ur va ulrE D u!4v u4!sr \@

tlv!

utlaltu f vI D4Jf IL5 ullc IUIIUWJITE:

focussing

n the way certain

people are i-n mosL settings, rather than the way the settings arc more or Iess regardless

i who are

nrrf inin *1r^ rrcn-inrrc nnqil-i^nc) !uu llruv urrg v@rruuD ywDf UIULLD/.

l'Ihat can one do about this? In four quite clifferent places

f the world
the execr tive

room in a presidentiaf

ffice,

be that

f a powerfuf

state 6f corporation; in a trade-union meeting in an indust,:ial town in that same countrv; in the ]avish house

f

locat tecfLnocra c., (h,rro, tta.ral i o .nrnnrr *a c

\

* _Lc , (j uj.lrurd" ue , a.cao enLLc/ ]-n a danan,lon* aa'.ntr--. ^,,+ i ^ +^..

-'^^-.,

anA c^,.a1^.lf Cf itlnefant

usyErrusr1u vv@r urJ t vu u !rf ullu llf Drl J .tttw Dquarvu

la.horlr s"iwen nn'l 1. +h^ nhnina h^,Ween StafVatiOn a.nd ar:cpniinrr rio1ft

affu qvusyurl16 wv

n the condi-tions
ffered

by State and capitaf

Lhe d-rama of
i mn^--ial

i

m

,.hf^lA^ i laal f rPh^-- rro ]-an* ancrf in

n:ep

hrri naf, . , ,."J P U ayaL u fft Dlaus, vu u lfl

in time: there is slmchronicity, simultaneity because things are happening al-l- over in these four nod-es of the structure at the

samo i:ime

rl.hclr 2re

mnro I'ike n,aral I el tra.r:ks (".'n.,r..o l-.hc oveel ]gnf,

U]fU C Ugf,

book by the Chilean arthor lvhnuel Rojas Punto de Riefes

a good

__------E- German translation l,iould probably be Cleisende)Yi to divide this by se-

,renl,i&l

b-r qnan.es and aCtS WOUfd he io do inirrqf i oa *a ra. I i f.'

fffJ4r Lrus uv !gorr u.y.

Hence anothe-r suggestion would be a rotating stage divided into

fot:r n,ta.dr:nts. shor,.,,'i n.c" 9Oo a.f +1^^ +'in^ L4..'i-- tho sterra rni..c Lo

rvur quaul@!f UD ,

lrvwLJL6

)V q V Uffg Ullllg t lfAV 1116

so that an illusion

f simultaneity

can be obtained. To link the quadrants together one might have some actors in some cases that go from one to the other (as messngersron missionror whatever);

SLIDE 8

7 -
r one might

take recourse to the ofd- (rned-ieva1?) id-ea of having a person

n the side
f the stage who makcs comments,

1:rrrins tn pv-nlain r^rha.t 'i s .c"oinrr

n

withouf. heinc"

^^:--^-j^--l

!r wira u ru

vrirb

v.r *! vr rvu u PYqA6V6rU@l t

nadenfin f ilra a mrrqorrm srida

narh:ns

zatttzllrr n:rtininr'l-inq

yeuaar

in the pfay, sometimes interacting with the actors, sometimes

,.; +h +1^6 nr.r-,r i s a r:l ornrn

w-j

slble

r

invisible to the

actors in the four quadrants. This is said- here only to ind.icate how it is not

bvious that the language of the theatre has built

into it that which is needed to erpress the contenL it is supposed to commu- nicale; nor is it

bvious that it

canrLot be made to express it

through sorne s imnl e chanr"es - And lhese are

n-l

w id-eas in the minrl

f
A. ne?son

rre-rr mrrch an a.mateur (rqwsol f): from masters

& rnd nrnl-aqq-inn:-lq nnnq-i dar:hlrr holf.or. i:hinsq nnrr'ld ha amaeJ-ad

ajlgyrglgvrJU||!IL6JvLg^I/uvuvu.

Let it

nly

be said at bhis point that jus-u as it should not ho erncr:ted that a social scientist is conversant with a lan- guage of drama, nor should it be expected that a d-ramatist even of the highest quality,is conversant with social science.

TTtn cl-.:oo i q qot i n nt'l'rpr r^,nrdq

fnr

dia'l norro fnn jh+^?q^+'i ^n

uuvt lii VUltsl wUIuDt rvr urafV6Ugt fU! IlfUSI@WUrvllt

cooperation where the drarnatist would partlybe socj-al scientist and the social scientist

woufd. contribute

to writing d.rama and to acting. In other words, a partial breakdown of the bord-erlines

F art'i f'i ci: I - even da.nserorrs nrof essionalism.t

'vvvr4v4v}+

So far I have used this example only to illustrate

ne side of the coin:

the problem of translation

f a relatively

nnmnl

v

fnrm nf rrndarcf.:nd ing' i nl-^ ^ I -h--.^

^
^+

nonaqq:rj I rr uruLr u w*riurrrb LLr UV q rdlr6UASg llu U - rsuED D@L lLJ

deve'l oned for th:t nrrrnnsp- Tn ntherwords- T ha.Ve taken an image of imperialisrn as something given, as something constant, cnrr rqlr tha ^rracfjsn: what Wifl have tO be d_one with theat,,.e aS a l.ang,ruge in

rd-er to becomc sufficiently

isomorphic to rend"er a suitable translation ? Let me now turn the problem around and look at it from the other sid-e. Imagine that 'r,re take a form of presentation, a language, a system of communication

a ballet,

x The idea was actually reallzed bY spring 1981 - with JeremY CooPer

fha Onan llnirratcifrr RP,C lrrrv v |-,v,

c

nradr.nar

SLIDE 9

a

a drafla, music in the broad-est sense of this word., cartoons t afry- thing. Let us assume that we sinrply accept it, we take it as a given, a constant. And then we ask the question: given this system

f

commurrication rwhat kind- of und-erstanding can we arri-ve at? why is it that

ut of all

possible languages

nly a handfut

are used to extrlress and communicate so-called- scientific forms

f under-

standing

spoken and written

natural languages, and add_ed to them some d-egrees of arL,ificialil-y such as technical 1,erms, technical jargon in general,

n a continu.um leading

to the many computer languages, the languages

f logic

in general, mathemati-cs in parti- cular and so on? What d.oes this sampling

f Languages as valid-

forms

f

presentation imply? htry are ball-et, drama, painting, cartoons etc. excluded a priori? what impact wor,ld it have on our ideas about science if these were the l:.nguages chosen rather than those men- tioned? And to those who would object that this woi_rld rnean that the form would direct the content the ansv/er would- obviously be that this is alrea.dy happening: verbal languages

n a scale

from the natural to the artificial will all have their biases and it would" be fool-hard"y to assert that these biases do not mal.,e an imprint

n the content.

Some of the power implications

f this

biased samp- f ing of lorms oI communication

f sr:i en hi f icaI I rr va'l i d knnw'l

edr"e are obvious. They are tied to the concept

f literacy,

rneaning familiarity with a limited. range of forrns of communication labeled "verbalrr. Even with the range mentionecl above there is a hurnanistic, belles lettres bias: a person who knows how to handle letters but

not numbers is fiterate, the opposite person not. One who knows mime,

hallct- nnn-rroTtrnl zef.ins n:inij-- cn,,'ln.t-r.ni-m enfl n'lc.,c cnma

ut lfv'r-vsruaf auuf-16t EqLrLUt!!6, Dur4f.[Juqrfl16, a_tw }]f4JD

u_uu

instruments would still be an iffiteratc if urrabfe to read and write.

\,1'i fh ncrnn'.rl-- 'lalinad l-i l-a-c^i' rS a COnditiO Sine q11a non fOf a nOn_

vyv:-y ser! uelaL.y @

marginalized life,science in generaf and its form of presentation (q)

/q)

in particular become a form of powerIfavoring the liLerate\1/But beyond this pragmatic problem furks the semantic

ne: could

it be that we lose in conte:rt because of our bias

in the choice
f form of communicatlon?

SLIDE 10

9-
1. _The 'problem of form an,] content:

towards a more general theory Science is about reality, social- science about social reality. Of realities there are two kinds, the empirical and the potential

that

rrhir:h'i s^ 2nd- that whicfu p3-- lla rn oo--i-- that there is some-

J' .Nt a

+hin- *1ro* mq.''tr^ +l'r.* nni-

-^+'i
^+

^--'ino ihq* en.rl-h-ir LJI]I|S IIIa U lllay Ue LIIaI I1O U )ae U IS ewC iJI'e rIO U Sity*-,:

,-*.
.r,
-,-.--q

mrlf ho i n fho qanqa nf m:rr hocnme ma \r cnma i n+^ L^i ^m D- +L^-

t.L*J vv I ff vr LU uLiiuu vl rrrGJ uvvvrlrs , )tral L vrrrs lIJ uv ucf r16 . !@ ullvL ,

there is an inner circle

f empiricar

reafity

surrounded. by a circle
f notpntia'l

rp2T i +-" .n,r n.rf ci^^ Of all Of that i s irre: I i trr. B.rt none of the border lines is fixed, t.ne;r are all movable, unlinited. Ttro raFtor rnnti^^

^*+'i^'.'1 ^-'r-- to thc outer

bond of irr:eality, for

Lfru r o u uu L uyyrf sD y4! uf vuf@r f.y /r n)

what would there be outsid-e irrealitv ?\'"' However, science goes further than asking what, a description

n{'

mniri

nql :nd nn1-onti:l rarl'i trr Qni enna rl qn ::lzq r^rhrr Trhot

Lu yv uerr

little word has so many ramifj-cations, but in all

f them there

seems to be a notion

f level-.

TtLere is somethine that is a'oparent. and

cnmnfrrintr +hn+ is behind

effOrts

tO answer the n-roetinn r^rhrr i s like lift'inc" rroilq- rrn{rrlr/FT.inc" I

/
' \
_--_ ___ -_--o

*evels Deyond tor Deneatn/ _Levels, showing the interrelations between the fevefs. These fevel-s do not

harro l:n halnno i.n ro:l-iirr 11'1617 mo-- 1^^ no?+ nl ivva2lii.rr:nd ra:]j!-.

u

rsorr uJ . ursJ rlEJ utj Pd,r U U-L Ilr t*rru rvul-L UJ

is as if it were due to what happens at these levels of constructs.

Generally it is consid-ered better science if at least some kind" of ernpirical reality can be attributed to the constructs, fo the theo- retical- level. Metaphoricaf talk,

eg. seeing ego-formation

as the resuft

f a fight

between jd. and. superego,gains in scientific status if something empirical- correspond-ing to that 'rfight" can be demon- strated. If this is what the content is about, what requirements does

ne have to put on

l-he forrns of presenbation ? One point that comes up inmediately would be bhe following: there is no -reason to assume that what is a good form of pre: entation for the what part

f science

is al-so a good forrn of presentation for the why part, and vice versa. One example mav illustrate this.

SLIDE 11

10-

Take one

f the most immediate

form of empirical

roo'j i -|rr. iha nrfrrra qrrnrnrrndi nc irc 2n,{ ,-li a-^,.m-d arrar.'llrjnm larr* LVALLVJ. UlfC ff@UU!s rL[rv4fu!Lrt) UD t sf,fu UrDI96O!U CVCTJ U1tI1r5 UUL tha tnnnm:nh'i aa I rqnontq: ei'nnl

nhrrq

i n:l

onrnrnhrr

lnlo rro vvyvbroprrrvor

uj,u\r

u,, 6sv6!a-priJ. vyv @rs

capabl-erwith uord-srof giving a d.escription.A nap, however, seems to be a far betber form of presentationrand even better than flap woul-d be a plastic modef . The reason why it is beLter has sornething to do with isomorphism: there is a Eood correspondence bebween the man rn.l forro'in In a verbal deSr:rintion the-e wiff be WOICTS and

str,-i nrrq n]- urnrd q th: J: r:nrros,nnnd la na j nf c rr,.l

prri

nnq i n i.ha

u v!4ffbu vr UILAU VvII9o_JVffU UV UU!lf UD 4JlU I!blv-rp !rr

l:arr:in (=,roh :q mnrrnl:rinq nirrorq lakos rril l:coq tni^mq :nrl ni*.-iae). hrrl fha ursrr l:haqo:ro qlrinqad l:noafhor nrr l:ha nrinia,.l

page or in a tafk carries a very poor isomorphisll with the tcrrain. Of eorrrsa - one ma.w ha.ve a. cnrventi on savi nr, Lh,a.t trl now describe everything from North to South 10 lcm,then turn

ne kilometer

East, then proceed from South to North 10 km, then turn

ne kilometer

D^^+ ^-: ^'^rr rn dni am -fh'i c a.n imDn-ta.nt no-iy11 abOUt Vefbaf

lAD U t @llu

U

911 . Lll UVI-lt UfflJ uar

description can be rnade: verbaf description is essentially

ne-

rr'imancjann'r a+?etched Out in time (sloken tine- liefon.inc l:imo

U!]llgllDf,Vf@a t D UIY UUffgU V4 U lfl Ufr.rv UI-rI9 t f ID Ugl[lL<. U!LtlU t

,.mi *jnm r.ima ?^^.r..i-- +;-^\. ^*-Ce is two-dit'ensional but can be

wr ! ulrJ6 urllrE t r uourl16 vLtLLc ,/ t Dya

red"uced to one-dimensional- through the approach mentioned. fn +r^^+ "^-- i^^-^"-hism can be obtained-

n'lrr thai

sna.r:e is no lon,."er

ULIA U WO.y lDVll]' yJl!Dllr U@ll Ug VU UAIf LVU t vtfJJ UI]a U uyavu rp frv lvift)

sn2cp

.if

hag lon^mo c lina nne-dimensiona.l sDace.

Dp@ug

!u

llaD uguvllv @ rrflg

The map is superior to verbal presentation because it is two-dimcnsional like the space (as seen from high above) it is supposed to represent; it can be improved. even further through

lha nlrafi n mnda]. TO OVercome Some Of this One r/rill find- in rnost seient'ifir: nrpsonfo*'inna nin*.rrnq- diarra.ms

.h,zftS
SOme Of

them efforts to bring two-dimensionality into the one-d"imensionaf stream of words. That ihis is importanb woald be appreciabed by

ne who tries

to go from A to B using a verbal description like that referred to rather than a nan (whet he worrl d dn- of corrrse- urorld be to try to overcome the led.uctionism by reconstitu-r,ing the rtap from the one-dimensional string

f words).

ffiat is ln space at any

iima iq c.mchrnr-in' r.arhrl n*oconf:tinnq "-o {oo.onfi:ll.r),'{is- ururv !D

Jr

LUrf,!vrfru t vs! uar yLsDcu ua urvrLr arg \vDDstLvLa!LJ ,/ vLa-

chronic. For that reason

SLIDE 12

11
historlr

than for geoffraphy1, that which happened afterward-s can be found- later in the verbal presentati-on. be it

ra]
r written.

Bub what if history is about not only one point in space but

sAfrot,, I nnin*c?.l^,--'l-l-- +l^;^ j^ l?qr-rlrrOdtt ttrr h:rrinc nno nar* nr

Dg v YIaI },UII I U- I UDq@lrJ t ULIID ID rvr v uu wJ ltav

cha.nter roferrin.c" to the historw Of X and anOther n:rf nr r,.]nnn*.aL'

ral-olrinc f.n *.ha hiqtarrr nf Y Rrr'l'i1- *hari ara lacalharin Ana

vv6u urfur rlf vrfg

book this means that synchronicity is essentially treated the same

hr:lr eq di:nlrrnn-ici*rr. lha hiqllnr.r

l'Tnd'i:

fho hie*nr-' ^f ah"in.

ul@vri!vf4vL vJ . uflg rflr uvlJ vL J rrura t uffg rrJ- uvrJ uf vtflf f@

come after the history

f the West even if

that 'raftern means some-

thinr" different (deoree

f imnort2nctr-

rJiroction

f net inffuence

as seen by the author, eLc.) than afterwards within

ne partrwhich

r.,nrr'rA rrra c n,.nar./ Aionlrnnnin cf*91 . Better woufd_ be the historj-cal

chart, with

ne d.imension used- for

space and another for time; for instance as is done in The llnfoldi'rrr Pash tr-r Oxfnrd Tlri rrcrqitr. /-. \ |.tai.,,

Pres's rlith

Britain, West E\.rrope, Central ELrrope, Fa-st Europe, West

^^r- n^_+ ^^;- Afrir:a.- Amer.i ca _ oeean.i

a. rront.isnl-_.
r.t

!.ir^ h_ri_

hDra, ]5D u-4Dra, nLLLVA t ruil9!rU4; VVgalra@ VgI Uf U@i fJ

.itu

Urrug i1!/

zonJ-,a.] lw- There iS Of coullse a hidden messa.ee in i:he

rdering
f

lho nnc* n{- fha y6rl d, (not. ner:essa.rilw in tozm.

f

wha.i is h'i rrhef

vrrg yao u vf ulfg wullu \flv u ItgvgDJarrlJ ugrlrro vr lrro-fe

and what is lower, but in terms of what is nearer to the publishing house), but the charb has the great ad-vantage that both d-iachroni- c'i trr and srmr:h nnni n'i tv r:a.n hc eniorrod simul l:nonrrs-lw- A.oa.in

r^rha.t

. i 'b@trr t

is shown is the superiority

f the non-verbal
ver the verbal

in some cases. Let us then make our geography less topographical

nl-y,

Let us introduCe na'rlnetr.s: f.he r^rnrla j nrrs a I the s.rn - f,nc winr] a.nrl

t.ho rr:a lor i.ho nrrnl

q

nf l-ha d.qrr thc mnnih :nd fha rro:r ( nt *b,o

\ v'

earth, the moon and the sun) erosion, d-ef ta-forrrabion and so on. Again, we arrive at the same result: verbal presentations arc good

f^- n?n.6ccaq not So good fOr the sf.:.tic a.nd s.1mghfonig.

'ljvupvbvvqlvlarruuJ

Rrrt tn n:ni:rrro tha si mrrl t:noi trr nf m:nrr nrn caqqo< hqnnoni nc at ,,,*,,.f _y_ .ti f faran* nn jn*c i s more nr"ohl ppcf-i a f)na ,.,.a, nrlt would be to make e modal : a nlasti n mrr'l vri l-.h u,: Lor nrnninc" horo :nd fhoro :ir hl o vrv ,,uy

**.___a
*-wl_ng,

(tp\

f.omnpr:1,'r-c c,h:noino :nd .:n n\i-'As r"eop-ra.nhrr i s vast and these processes are usually long-term processes it wou]d have to be scaled

SLIDE 13

_L?-

dor^m. fnr instengs with I mrn in thC mOdel Corresnondine" l:o I l-m

uv f r\rrr

in rea.litw a-d r^rith l- second

r

f minute in the nrdel eompsnnn-

vv|/vIl

d-ing to 1 day in reality That way we coul-d- get as faithful a

renrosonf.afinn nf emnirir:a.l

ealitrr

a.s r^re a?tr:h'lo tn nr r^rillinrr

wfrrrrrE)

+^ 1-^ ^^^ ^h +,.,^ nri nc-i nl es - si mn1 i f i r:a ti on (i^rhich means a Certain

vw, v@Dsu urr uwu _p!Jrruryf,sD

r|r!tar

ru4 uf uft \wl.l

amounb of abstraction) and miniaturizatiorr (in lotn space and time)

But at this point we rul into another problern. The prob- len with this representation is not that it is not i-somorphic with

emnirica-l rpalitw: the nroblern'i s that ib is too'isnmnrnh'in ln

yrrtr.

fact, we could just as wel-l have watched nature itself,

nly

that it is more convenient to do it the way it is d-one in a hydrological faboratory where a river is simulated- with regard- to erosion,

Cha.n5tin.cn rirler-h^i ^-i-l ri'^- ^-: "i+1^^.'r hoin.cn arnnqo; J:n pgu t Drr uafl6 4f1u Dv uii t w ! ur luu U L ,*r-o

the hazards

f natu:re,

inside a warm, isolated build-ing, and on a scale that makes it possibfe to comprehend the rotaliLy more easil-y. But if that was all, so wha"t? We would have a presentation

f what is

but not

f what may be; and we woul-d not have come any-

where cfoser to the problem

f why. We w:uld

al-so assume that in

rd-er to make a transition

from a focus

n empirical

real-ity

nly

io nnion*'irl raeli*.rr'ii iq nonoqq:rrr tn n.aqq firrnrroh tho urhrr-eqnan* uv Pv usrr,urar rsaf r uJ L v rr rrsvs-DarJ uv

yaDD

urrruu6tf utrv wtlJ-@Dysu u

(la )

f scienbe-.^f

coursereven extrapolation from a geographicaf process mod-ef as mentioned, end-ing up with erosion, heavy del-ba-formation

qnd mrrnh si I li nc nraqrrnnnqaq ,n 2 qqnmnti nn harrnnd r ei r nl a nhcor-

"; presupposes an assumption beyon* vation

f what is:

the assumption Lhat the process wil-f continuc in an essentially monotone way But thls is sti1l the what 1evel. Howrthen, is why-ness represented? ln the effort to get ab bhis in Western thought there seems alwa-rs to be some element

f linearit.y.

The two basic forms are the causal relation

and. the

d-eductive relation. tr,4ry do we have Y? One answer woufd- be because there is a causerX. Another answer would be because Y fol-lows as a concfrLsion from certain premises (as for instance in a syllogism). In both cases it is possible to make use of a verbal presentation precisely because that presentation unfolds in time:

ne may pre-

sent the cause first, and then the effect as something that foflows

SLIDE 14

17

with necessity from the cause;

ne Inay present

the prern-ises first and thcn the concfusion as something that follcvrs vrith logical

nAcAqqi J:rr fram nromi qoq (e,odnnkonnnhurond-i clroi l-\ ()l- nnrrrqa i-ho

s"eos-ra.nh'i cal qodc-l ma.rr he mor(. slrrrrest'i ve

f

srleh rel-ations and

bvvbr

implications than v/atching cornplex naturaf rcafity itsel-t, precisely becausc of simplificafion and miniaturtzation (although simptifi- cation

f course is done in such a way as to suggest

exactly such rel-ations). However, a suggestion is not the same as an answer to the question

why. Can such an answer be given at all

except by means of words? In general terms certainfy yes, but if it is tied to causal and deductive reasoning it 1s doubted whether any kind.

f unmed,iated understanding

can be given, except through the media-

(t,r )

tion

f words. \-Tl

Leaving this asid-e, however, l-et us iurn to another

r cnaal Tlaara

nnn-V'/esi.ern

annfOa f:heS to ihe nrraq ti nn rrhrr I oSS

wrrJ , rv

tied- to the linearity

f causal

and deductive reaso.ni4g. We are 1r q\-

+hihl,-i-m ^f ,.l.4+ f\ e- Tr.nm p^f^?a f.n :q srnrnhrnni.i lt.i"+ho hol ^-o' LIIaIU{l-n8, Ql WnaI U.Lr.cJLLI.tg l'eLers e!!LJ-,r,

*
,^oftr$-

ness of something to the same r'family

f things",

same 'r scheme ofl

rt

-

things ".h?rat is the refation between my hands and- my fee b? It is not a causaf relation, nor a deductive implication, nor is it simp-Ly

a. nrlcsi,ion
f

sh--^:

'1^^+ '^^^^

The florrr be'l onrr f9 the samettfamilv

@ (14YD Ulvff Uf DII@Isu wll@ U-lfUDb purvtl6 UU Ullc] 5Al[cj ld]11-_r

f

thinpnsrr- me- Tttere is a ttmettwhich is inore tha.n the =,,m (,.,t *ore

, i__:.

correcj,lrr ewnresscd

sei)
f

a.'l I *.ha n:rl.^ 'intn lnlijgh I can be sub-

divided, by a murderer or a butcher. ifhe relationship between that

mo ond *ha narr L-^

^*^

',r,.-- -^^s Lo it. This answer is

f

a different

rrL

kffu u-lc u@! u JtaD

uttrg

wll v-1tgo

kind than the Western one, but then nobody said thai the West has

a. rnononn-lw nn s.rrch anshiers.

To seo somethins A.s a. narf.

r ma.ni {-e^+-

a rrrUfIV_yUlJ Ull JuIM!I-WSIJ. Mvg ua a PAL U QL ttutllf gD U4-

tion of a totality would require a perceptron/conception at the samc time of that tomlity and of the pardnranifestations. If this

i q *.o ho

vnracqad

hrr urord q l-ho I i no:r'i trr nf i.ho rrorh: I

o^rronno

U^y!vvpvqUJv]lL4J!Lvg!rUJ

r^rould seem to force upon us a kind. o[ back and forth movement, a va.-rr-rrien- a.nd we woufd talk meta.nhorica.llrr a.horrl a rrmovementfr from the whole to the parts and back to the whol-e again. It may noL be fully appreciated. hor,v much of this is due to the presentation

SLIDE 15

1l

structure and -lorced upon us by the way words are strung

together. At this point it

is hardly by coincid.ence that Chinese (t e\

(rnd somo nl:hpr

l:ncnrrer"ps)

c:n ho urri ltan rrn

in

nnn-l'i no:r r.,"..o \-tl

lrf fEa! vY4J r t

for instancejn a circul-ar fashion where one can start reading at /-.. \

.,

any point (like a rosary), like a cross-word that ideally could be read horizontally and vertically in both d-irections and add.itiorrally ^r ^- - ^^-^ r:- -''\n2'l s - pnd sn nn But even the Chineso r^rnrr'l d rrr.nl^-Lr'-

4f ut15 DUlrrc Llf46ur@f D t A)!4 DU U-l . !L,tL UVUtt t/JLe Ul-*-_-- j,*-Jd,UlJ

have d-ifficulties getting this richness into

ral

presentations I In other words, from the circumstance that some t;4tes

f answers

to the question why are conpatible with the diachronj-c nature

f verbal

presentation it shoufd not fol-l-ow that all answers should- be of such a kind. hrt differentfy: the structure

f the verbal

medium should not serve as a mauor consLraint

n onr epistemological

assumptions. And that leads to the question: what rvould be the

hosi 1-nrm nf nraggptatiOn fOf a m.rtr slr.r-hrrni. lnoersta.ndirr"

F

whw

vf y! vrif u L/f,uu! L vqif,ulf

6

vr wIU

what is? A division

l forms of prescntation

into predominantly

srmchroni r: (srrr:h 2s nAinti np"c - snrrlnlrrrc) end nrodnmin:nf.l rr d i:-

vf'v urc

r:hrnnir: (srrcl, as mrrqin hellot lho:tra) i< in,.liqnanq:hlo hera

Ertuavf g trg!U.

And it is immediately appreciated how the most famous pieces

f

sculpture and painting seem to have this particul-ar character. There

iq rro'.qll.' c aan,flg] element SOmeWhefe WhiCh iS the ma.ior for:;s Of " --ai;\'--" rvvuv

attention; the rest is a contexY.' 1,'Ihat is art about it lies in the wa.rr in whi ch the context elucidaLes what is in fnr:rrs- .c"irres i t

r, 6avsD ru

sense, meaning, depth - and perhaps also vice versa. Tn prin<;iple, the same should apply to sculpture

nfy

that here there may be less

f a context

available, unless we includ.e the environrnentl One is reminded in this corrnection

f differences

bet- ween Western and Japanese board- meetings for companies: the ldestern meetings with a finear agend.a, stretched

ut in time and couched

'in '.rnr'ic. fha Tcnqnaca ra^*i nm- '.''i *1r arron.-rLi-fr tO be COnSid_efed.

v e!J urjJlj6

plastered around the walls and everybody having as a task trying to grasp al-l of it simul-taneously. Thc Western approach woufd build up through a nlxnber of premises towards a conclusion as the climax

SLIDE 16

rr-

and then relax

n a plateau

below that climax called "any other matterrr

the Japanese approach

woul-d try to dig into the totality at all pointsand then grad.ually build up the totality so as to

^ ^ ^ --r^^ + j a --^qAntcd a.s nrohl ems from

a. \rtrT'lr hOf iStiC

;jee wj]d. u aD l/lYDsrrvsu @D yrvursllD vLrJ iI

no-onaatjrra \T^t sn menrr wnrdS ,27'e nrOdrrr:od :nd COnS11med_ in the

Japanese setting as in the Western one (quite a l-ot of tea though), but the re-Lations of people to each other during the meeting may itseff be a form of presentation, and- a reflection

f the totality
ne tries

to come to grips with. lt is certainfy not obvious that the Japanese approach is less intersubjective because it is less

rrarh:l

'i t m:rr sof.rtellrr

ha mnro intarsrrhioeti\rA 2s uritnosqod hrr l-ho hirhon 'lorral

f

consensus in thought and action usLrally arrived /r q\

at. Words comrmrnicate, but they may split just as well as unite\'"/ The building up to a climax through time, relaxing

n a lo\der levef

plateau afterwards is certainly also found- in

ther

\{estern formsof presentation. Both music and d"rama tond l:n n-ooonJ-. efements in the hep"inninc- themes that are then

vv !r

woven together towards a cfimax not too far away from the end - but not as the very end" itself. Jn other words, both music ano dranra shoufd- in principle be isomorphic with some approaches to +r^^ -'L-- ^rect

f science.

This is

f course more ea.silv

seen

UlIg Wff.y-IlgDD 4D!gV U UI DUrsflVV. lllro !o VL VVqIDL lrv-v uaur!J

for d.rama than for music as drana after all has a heavily verbal element in it! To ill-ustrate, take the example of the prece-

dina socf i on - Tha i do: 'i c tn n?oqAnf imnorirl i qm rnA

no

.lJ!-yvrlaLLp||1,

.nn?^q ah ln lho nrnhl

m

n1- qrmah-^nr ni f.- j n

r

j +^ ^{- r.rnrl-i n+ 'i n dyyruaui/ uw ullY yrvu!qrrl ut DJfaufrrulr!ur tJ LrL D!! vs uf wurA!t6 rir

e d.iachronic rnedium ras mentioned-: the rotating (ard increasingly .\

nrriaFtlr an t I efrm^ TL'ia anrrlrl m-irro 2 1/or1/ i'nad doqnrinf inn nf qufu^rJ DU./ DUa6u. rllrD uu4fu 6Lvw a vsrJ buvu uLJUrr!urvil vf

..rhc l- hannon- arrpn f6 the noini

f

beine"

a. rnodel.

nOt tOO different

t v v vrr

from ihe geop-ra.nhir:a'l nrocess model ind"icated above. But it would

vfrv

r

not reveal sufficiently the why-ness aspect. lf that has to Llo with unveiling reality, going from the apparent to the less apparent, then onc coufd irnagine a set of curtains for each qua- drant of the stage grad-ua11y being lifted so that as the drama

SLIDE 17

1a _-LO-

unfolds the deeper lying rea]ities are brought

ut in alf

quadrants.

n

doinc so'it rna.w we-l 'l he th:t tLe dconor lvins roal.itrr nf ^no

+r! *v+r:b rJrlr6 vr vffg

quadranb woul-d- be located in an other quad-rant - easy to portray as actors could relate to each other across quadrants. There may also be a common, root explanation of it all, conveniently l-ocated at the centre of the stage after all- curtains have been lifted and the total- stage is visible I What that key reality is j-s no secret to Marxists, but others might perhaps look for deeper answers or at least for other answers? We have taken as a point

f d,epartr_rre

the idea that there should be some kind of correspond-ence, some fevel of iso- morphism between form and" content. We have also tried to ind-icate that the coltent , sciencerhas so many aspects to it that there is no simple, single answer to what the stni.cture of the content is. trbrther, we have tried to indicate that the usual verbal forms

n f- nrncan+r +-i ^- ( +^1]l-o. qrl-.i nl ac \

vr yrsDcrru4ulwrr

booksJ have built into them cerbain ass::.ptions that do not neccssarily correspoL,d to the content they are supposed to mirror. Hence, there is a problem, nnn +^ +].-+ h?^hlem there dOes nOt Seem tO be an.. qinnlA rnqr.ror

urfu!9 uvsr jtv u DssuL uv vy atf,v DIILW!g 4ItDvJyI

either. There is no such answer as saying that verbal presentations

rra i n./l 6^rre+^ fnrm nf- n-aao-+-tion X is the gplw a.denrr: te nne r

u]]s vllrJ augY4a us vrfc

Rql-ha- i+'lnnLc aS if SCienCe is en e.qt-omolrr comnlex nhennmenoJl

IJrrurrvr,rur tv

rnnm *Lic nn'i-+

f

view and that the answers to lhc nrnhlem n{-

vrr!p Pvllru v! vfEW airu u)Lau 9rrg

TfDWYID

uu ulry IJIvuIgr,l uI

ad.equate forms of presentation is a mix rather than any single, simple answer. Thusrverbal presentations are good for causal and d.e-

Clretive reasoiring, rrc, l, :jo good for

;mehrcnieity.

In saying so, a conclusion has already been arrived at much beyond- the shal-low leve1

f di scussion

as d.efined in the first section. A multi-language form of presentation j-s certainly not

nly

a question

f translation

from one naturaf

r artificial

language into thc other "language" in the narrow sense It is a question

f also

translating into

ther

forms of presentation , as indicated- above. Taken seriously, if the scientist wants to control the validitv

f the translation

himself he would have to

SLIDE 18

1'7 -

be not only polygl-ot but also rather poly-form. Such scientists do not exist today, which does not mean that they could not be brought i-nto being through a more adequate und_erstand-ing of these phenomena .This goes beyond reaching more people through a wider range of .iorrns of p:r:esentation,

hoc:rrqo *ho n-^Ll ^*^ vrrv [/rvurstlJ

d,iscussed. touch on the very epistemologicaf foundation of the whole scientific

enberprise. TL becomes

a qu-estion of seeing how the form of presentatlon biases,even steers,the content of science rather than vice versa.

4. The p"obler
f fo"r

ard cort"nt: thu p"agtnati" dim"rrio., rn the preced-ing sections we have rooked. at semantics, to what extent the forn js adequate for the content. Here we shall look at another aspect: to what extent the form is adequate not as an idiom in which the content may be couched_, but as a social pheno_ menon, even as an important part of any sociaf system. rn other words, it is a question of evafuating a form of presentation in terms of what it contributes to that systern, and this will here be done within the general context of human and. social developr"r.r.(r9) More particularly, 1o aspects, { of them re]ating more precisely to human development and 6 more to sociaf development witl be mentioned_. and some reflexions about forms of presentation will- be i.r"rr.(2O) These ten aspects have also been made use of in many other contexts, they constitute a basis for a GprD (Goals, processes and fnd_icators

f Development Project)

worrd Model \f?o ilr" present exercise is a two-way process. rt is not only an evaluation

f forms of presen-

tation, it is also a way of trying to test, to explore further, to deepen those ten aspects by putting them to use in a way usually not taken into consideration when developinent is discussed. To test them against such important developmental components as food-rhealth ald enerry is commonplace: to test them against the form or even nod-e

f presentation
f science in general and social science in

particular is, however, of almost eqaal importance,

SLIDE 19

lo
tu-

Human d"evelopment is seen in terms of a rock-

botton basis of four classes of need-s that will have to be satis-

fi ed o're wa.v nr the nthcr. nJ-,herwise the social- nronesq uri I I lro

vLJvL ) w!! r. us

q {rqrrac*-. nf 1err62n dcwelo]^}mcnf.- The four cl-asses al,e referred to

as survival- needs (negation: viofence), welfare needs (negaLion: misery), identity need.s (negation: afienation) and freed-om need-s (nesn.tion: r'eDT'ession ) - Viol enep. misorrr- :l i on:.frot', a1*nression are then seen as d-ifferent forms

f human and social

pathologies (tftere are other forms, see below).To get out of those pathologies is not the same as devel-opment but it constitutes a good basis for

d arral nnmon i

Tt is easily seen l^/hat forms of presentation has to d.o with the last two of these classes

f need-s, the more non-

rna.teri a I frmes ryf naarl c f'Lrnaa tnat f efate t: identi tw a.nd freed Om. I 'r ^-+'i +-- +r^-+ ; s ,a ^rtcsti nn nf cloSeneSS. Transla.ted into

ur

f q91l Ur U.y t UIIO U ID a U ugD UlUlf VI

problematique it means that science is presented in an idionr with which one can id"entify, meaning not only oners own fanguage (without

tr'rcmdr"rorter ) - hut a] so other fot'ms of nresentation that, are cfos'a

), vrvpv,

for instance cartoons, puzzl-es, games and so on. And the interpre- tation

f freedom need-srin this

contextrwould be in terms of having

a choice between forms of presentation, and consciousness and auto- nomy in connexion wi bh that choicbftfreedom points towards plura- lism, variety

it

d-oes not lindt the form of presentation to one form

nn"l .. hrri nrllc fnr,iirror<il.'

v! LLJ )

But what is the rneaning of the more naterial needs, the needs for survival, for welfare? Do they enter aL aIL in connec- tion with such a lofty enterprise as science? Of course they do. Sclence has to do with what is but afso with what may be; there is a d"imension of change implicit in science. But change can be for the better

r for

the worse, includ-ing materially speaking. It may fead to the production

f goods,

but afso to the prod-uction

f bads;

+^ +L^

F^.r.'a4jan

nf carrriaac h"+

lcn

*n fL^ nfodqCtiOn Of diS-

UV UllY I, I WuqV LMf Vf psl vrugD t Uu U

rJv

UrLs y

services. And the form of presentation should- be such that these

SLIDE 20

L9-

imnlica.t,'i

ns

a.re fir-l lv comnrehendod hrr noanlo 'in conor:l :lcn

vJ yvvyru !L! 6sr ruraf , a LDv

includ"ing the scientists. One may object that this is not the question

nly
f the idiom

in which presentation bakes place, but

f some kind
f pragmatic

completeness. This is by no neans ulknornm in science. flhrere has always been the idea of exploring the impli- cations

f a theory

in all kinds

f directions,

as far as d-ed-uction

r.2n /rPTT:rr ^no Lasl-inr" tho imnlic:J:innq fnn

mn'irianl

1-anrhilil., vr p vlr rb srlryr I ru(ar usr l4 ual r uJ .

\.aJhat is said- here is very similar to that,

nly it

is a question

f ovaluating

those consequences. Will they conduce to violence? Will

thev condtlce to m'i senr? Tn short- r^rhat :ro i.ho nrrl i nrr imnl i arf'i anq

I rr ur rvr v, u urie yvrauJ rriryf luo uJvtrr ,

whal, is bhe politics

f theory

X, Y, Z? There i-s absofutely no a priori reason why this shoul-d be less parl

f the scientilic

en- deavour than the usuaf inductive/d-ed-uctive exercises up and down

f qz\

the theoreticaf pyramids .\z)) One may afso cat into the problem

f huLnan

develop- nent in a slightly different way, from the angle

f human heafth.

For convenience we humans rray be seen as divided- into three (aspects rather than parts): body, mind and spi"it(.2d forrn ot' presentati-on sho rfd not be conducive to the degeneration

f any one of these,

brrt i f nnsqi hl e s i.renr"f,hon J,hom

Violence

&nd mispnr

rrct. a.i the

v rrb vr Lvrr alfu rLrf

sr

J 6c v u v uiiy

hurnan body, and l-ack of identity and freedom at the human mind- and ihc hrrman snirit

without

in anrr wav'oretendino that these are cfearcut caLegories. Rather they are parts

f each other

and parts

f wholes not clearfv

r-mderstood with snall and big causal arrows :-n all possible directions. But they all lead to one question: scj-ence for what, for whom, why - and the forms of presentation should give clear answers to this. Turning fron this to social- development the picture becomesmorecomp1ex.Socia-Ldeve1opme"mwhichis conducive to hu-'rLan duvelcpment, and is ;ere conveniently divided into six areas: production and distribution, structure and insti- tution, nature and cufture. Again, it is relatively clearly seen '-r^^+ r^--^ ^r **esentation have to d-o with nature and culture.

wf i@ u r v! rlrD ur 1r!

Some forms of presentation require lots

-[ non-renewab]-e resources,

SLIDE 21

2A- including the transformation

f energy; some
thers do not. The

nrodilanl-inn fnr fho nrin*.od r^rnrd mo:nq in nn:nfina *ha mrdrrrl

IJ!uufrsv

( zs)

end to forests

n our planet)"ft6re

reliance

n the spoken word,

incfuding the ancient form of the vrafking libraries (monks, sages, vrise men and women in general) seem bo require relativefy Iitt1e ( tA\

f eithb?l/

The calory consumption

f a speaker seems to be very

fow refative to the calory consulnptlon

f a peasant i orking

with pick and shovel. To this it'nay be retorted that ihe problem is not the sending sj-de of the form of presentation but the receiving side, particularly if

ne wants r,vhat has been erpressed

stored, and not only stored in a handfuf

f copies

in public libraries

r

sornethinr" si.nila- l^"r 'i- --^ |Lorrs:nd - ir nno mil-lion homes

rvr-!u UIM 16 u!^rt!lur t wq U !l L ULis ulf v*rar Lu t r ll vllg rrr

r.r-i *h nri rrqio I i hrqri

q

nf hnnll q f:no ronnrd i naq nf qnoochoq

'val/uUyvvv|llg'

video-tapes

f theatre

per[orman""= "t"(?7hnr*rng along these fines might ]ead- to information systems as currcntly propagated by transnationaf corporations as beneficial from an ecological point

f view:

there is a central storage point with terminals in any homes (and oLher places), bhere is a free choice not only

l

n^nfon* lr'.* rr.o

f the form of presentation

provided_ one has as

/ oo \

terminal a TV set on the receiving end at horu.\tol Whether the total nature budget

f this

works out positively

r negatively

relative to other forms of presentation is another matter. With regards bo cultr;re bhe problematique is also relativefy

bvious:

it becomes a question

f finding

an id-lom

.^nno*.i nl a r.r'i *h +1,.^ .l^^h^r

^-^-+q
fl

r"ril l-.rr neq J-.ho nnqmol

ci
q

UUritlrd UIUIU WI U'i UIIg UgVI/sI aDI/cU UD VI vUMLYD t urr! uvurr-vr!btup.

An example of this has been given above: there is a compatibility between the linearity

f Western thought

and the verbalj-sm

f

L/aqJ:arn lrasonl-,:finn irrst pq l:horo io a nnm-n:iihilitw between LoliSm

yrLpuLr

Juvv up

and slmchronicity in many forms of non-Western thought and non-finear, non-verbal fornsof r-rrrderstanding/presenta,tion. At a less deep level this is also a question

f drawing
n myths,

netaphors and e)cpressions, including slogans in the locaf cufture. It is only |r^-^.,-L ^-+.if.i^.iel la.ngrrar"es incr'-ri..-

-rL^-^rjcs

bhaL scientists

Ll LI ULle;l I dl trlf I Ua@r rurrlJ*46v u r-rvr 4uf 116 rr@ UlIYI14 Uf

liberate thernsefves from such cu1turaf ar,choring points t arrd, it is

SLIDE 22

2L-

,n nnan nrrAqJ:inn. whether thatttliberationttdOeS nOt Signal the

/ro\

en t nr i n In a. rcl a ti vel -r ha.rren nrison . \'/ '/

The meaning of structures and institutions in this connection is afso refativefy clear. Just as social development has something to do with strengthening ecological balances in nature and building

n end-ogenous culbure,

development also has to do with Lhe creation

f sbructures,

through pa-ticipation pf self-reliance at the local,national and regional levels A major goal is bo preventthd,development is at the expense of others today or in the future (s;mchronic and d.iachronic solidarity). A form of nresentatiOn shoufd lp rarl-ininci^--- lt

ShOuld. nOt

build a struc Lure wj- bh strong dividing walls between prod-ucers and consumers of science, vith the prod-ucers cond-itioning the minds of the consumers, marginaliztng thern out of the tenple

f

science, fragmenting them away from each other and so on. Ideally science shoul-d be some kind

f joint

enterprise lhere should hp forns

r nresentation

such tLa.t rot onlv Ar.c the fr'ndings

!rrq!116u

intelligible ; Lhere can afso be a feedback, people can react to

f f'am mc-'l'ra madi frrino fham ahrnoinc fhom Ao

e. verrr
nin'i

nrim llre

vrrvlrt rlp a v rr.y Lilrjff lrwrr ut

form of presentation shoul-d be such that the scientist is accoun-

t<{ )l

tablel'There should, be ample discussion ti-me after each l-ecture,

the possibility

f a -,rrite-in

after each articl-e and each book - an invitation to dialogue at the end-, tear-out pages, addresses

crrnnl'i ad

la

And tha q:mo :nnl j ao f ^ 1.,h-+ +?.,^l j Fj annl l.- i -

u}J}Jf

f su, s Lu

ypf

rsD uu wrl4 u ulauf, uf ull4f fJ I5

referred to as arts: a good- theatre play could be one where the

sncr:tr. j,ors n:rl-'i a'i n. 1-a an4ar f Lp <f2.op

a.r,.l.

nit L theif VieWS

:

crnnd

vh'ihi

ti nn mrrr ha nno r^rhoro qnonl-r f nrq hannma n.rl-i a-inon* ,-

vvq
-__-v*-,.s

,

given the tools to respond to what an artist has initiated. But the dimension

f participation

has a carrying power beyond this point. It is not

nly a question
f reactive
^-+

j ^-i -^^ r-i ^^ L..t

{- ere:

ti rro rr:-+; ^; -- + j ^'^ rf +i m2 l:al rr 1Lhi c

_U@I UM_V@ UIUII UU v v+ , v y.2l Uf UIPA UIUtj. Uf UrIs ust J vrff,D

means acquisition

f the means of scientific

prod-uction, includ-ing

i:ha mo:ns nf nraqonli nq s.c'i anii li c f i nd i nss Tha n'i Pf nr^r^a 1-'^+-

v-tv rtrvurrv v! !rvuerr rtrrurrlbu. lru UIf lgIgllvg UV U-

ween a mod.el- as d-escribed in section 2 and- a game is a good-

SLIDE 23

22-

ill-ustration here. The model makes out of people spectators, they

2ro qrr'lrian-l-.c rp: litrr ie en nhiacf lreconJ:od in qimnli liad :nrl

miniaturized form, an object for reflexion. Tn a game people are at the same time subject and object,bhey are acting

ut realities,

:q-in qtrnh mmaa tq lVlnnonn-]rr rnr-l

(<f)

. .- ..- y --r

..* Class StrugglV.- 4n the conventional

d-istinction between person-person, person-computer and computer- eomnuter sames i,here is a gradrra.l rcduction

f the human element

'(2p\- !ar'!L v '

from interaction via action to observerisnf.'\trat is argued here

.i^ +^ r-^^- +1,-^ .ntefaCtiVe elemgni-.,es mrrnh ec 66^^i1^r-

^

+L^+

rD uu AYY! Vftg Iltuglavulvg grgrrLgiiu @r rrluull aD lrv-Dfuf,g, aD vttav

i c

Flen 1z^..

*^

.rti

ni ne ti nn rfhra.r mh q f n'r'l ..

nl--i n-inr

lnrrr crmo f D uffY AgJ uv },4f ururPa uluJrr f rrrvu6rr a ururJ IJ@r urvr_p* uwl J 5ar-9

rr-:litrr.is nnt

nlrr

evnorioncod- it becomes existential like in evervda.w I'i fe- and J,he heatttrr nf the s:me is Lh:f i* honnmao nnagj-

ble to act out social reafities

therwise inaccessible
such as

dr-.cis'i on-ma.kins in connection wil:h develonment. r.r'T:nrl naeno Incid.entally, there is no reason why such games shoul-d- only model tn nnrl.rz r. <nn i: l reel i trr - mhere should also be E a.mes re f l ecti ns f,he rel a.ti onshi n hctr,rcen sr'rn

w'i

nd a.nd wa.tcr-: sni I and t.nnoora.nhical

wvyvb!\*iI/Il

ct,cnao raflnnti.ra 1-,a,.' ^nn hacrc On the Other and

n

tho third

and

t Lrr urrllst

so on.l4aybe that coufd. lead. to more empathy with nature! Another key word in connection with the structural aspect is self-r"fi.n"[11rLrat this means is a form of presentation that d-oes not depend on inputs from the outside, but is autonomous ' in oners ovm

hands. As a norm this should not be taken in too

absolutist

nanner. It tlrilitates

against diffusion

f scientific

ida:q inl-lrranna:nd

vnh:noo

rmnnc idinmq:nd qn ^n. il- r:rrrld J-an,i

rqsaD t llirJugf,rvs 4-,u e^vr Lurrbu stiu pv virt f u vJ4!q ucf ru

to make science sonething too homespr.m. But it also militates ae"a inst excessiya rrn'iversal ism-

a. trme
f

rrnirrprsalism that in nra.ciir:e

n-lv means

the d.ominance

f
ne cul-ture.

nne st-r-rletrrro-

vL.fU'vLVvv4Jv,

ne part
f

the worfd

ver

the rest

f

the world, setting up defense mecha.nisms a.saino{ fl-r'ic frma ^f invasion. For that reason all kind_s

nf mnrraman1Lc nnnL^^ j _.i__ t^^,, ^rLer

l a.ngnta.ces

ihan TndO_Errrnna:n wl rrruvElrYltuD uru!/iLa-!LL)!6 riuw v urrv! ra.r6ru6!r vlr@tL Jlruv-!uuPc4

I a.nprra.oes e:.n he carriers

f

scienr:e A.Te i mnortanJ, . nprti r:rrl a.rl rr 'i I thew go bevond shnwirs ih:t thorr ean dnrron,rrl lw we'l lrtthe kinds

uY4e!rJ

f things in the European languages do well, but more particularly

*'no* *1.a"- noh 'l^ nl:har thinoo

p-

in *'na a-nmnl

nnnqtrrs'l:'ino

vlta u uff YJ wall uu v uif u! urrrarbu

aD

Irr utLY g^@lrt}/Ju uvrLu urou u!rf6

SLIDE 24

.)- Chinese with f ndoJ\-rropean languages above. And this applies enrr:l 'l rr r^rel I io non-l i nrnl i sti e [-nrms nf nrosenfu tion: their

y!vuerrve

vafue as self-contained-, self-reliant forms of presentation even for intricate scientific discourse should- be articufated. This is c'losclrr rel-ated. to the distribution

ccn^a{ ^f caniql Ierrelnnnont_ Tdea.l'lv Sneakinr" the fOfm Of

presentati-on should not flavour one gr:oup in the population at the erpense of others. And yet there is no d.oubt Lhat the typical scientific form of discourse uses a languagc of the ndddle-agcd- rather than of the very your.lg and the very o1d, of males rather

th:n nf

ompl cs - Lnd

eerta.i nl w o1- th-o uni vprsi trr eiuca Led rather than

f

those who have not had access to tertiary ed-ucation. Tn shnri i-f. isr a la.nslta:,e

f

ihe international MAMII (middle-aced / zrr \

male with university educabion) trib\e'.-1Both children, women and non-intellectuals will tend towards more emotive lanppage, fess linear, less e)cpressive

f causaf and ded-uctive reasoning,

more geared towards holistic urderstanding, intuition. ff.in ad-dition tn l-his -r:less in rteneral - ra.eial and ethniCal_ belon.cninrryress-

v lrr bvr

urban vs. rural scttings, not to mention the whole worfd. system with all its social dimensions are taken into consideration, it becomes rather clear how biassed the conventional- forms of presen- tation are. This has a bearing

n the last

aspect

f social

rlorralnnman*. nrnfl11gNiOn. We have mentiOned- above the significance

Y=-L-

f forms of presentation

so cl-ear that people can, at least to some extent, evaluate whether the policy implication

f this
r

that scientific finding is more in the direction

f production
f good.s or

bad-s, services

r

disselvices. One might be morc

cnan.i f i e. nna n^--r :

+L^ + +L-^ nr.l -n:rrr

tq ek n f scignce is to

D!UUAf IU r JflE UWU] U DaJ Ull@ U Ufls Pf LtaLJ Ua-A Va

nrodrree the irme

f

knowledse cond--Lcive to the satisfaction

f

hrrmpn needs- a.l'loast'ind'i rectlw

nl'r^ ^^n^h'r
'i^-':+--

"^.''r.r 1^^ lhe

rrw:@rl MU*ut kv !V4JU flruf!EVUTJ . I llE DcVVffU PrrWIf UJ WU4Iq Vg L

lrme

f

Lnowl ed f ^ +L^+

-'-
^+

''l ^^: + - +r^; ^ *--^ Of SatiSfaCtiOn

uJ!s v L Nrfvwf,e+6u vttav tL@J fIv u rs4u uv ullrD uJ Ps

direntlrr

hrrt at least

d-oes not counteract it. Since the MAMUs

I v4v \j

in coniemnorA.-r'v

qneiptr. are trstla.lIrr hrr a.nd -l arr"e better

f-[

it

SLIDE 25

2,4 -

mav not be in their interest to choose forms of nresenta.t'i on that

--_J

}JrLULrr

make the inad-equacy of lheir science along sr.rch dimensions trans-

n:rent \Tn amnol'Cl1' gif,fu no clothes

n
r iows

thi c 'hei ns nn'i nf od

v . rtu r.rJvJ vsrlr6 yurif usu

ut.

But there is an underlying assunption for such demands lo emerge,

hrr .rn mFAns rini rrcrsa.'l 'l rr va.l i d 'j p cna na qnA f i mo : that

peopfe in general refly demand of science that it gears itself more to the production for the satisfaction

f basic

need.s. Or,

+ I ^^ -+

^'^: *tat rvould be entirel w i n 'l i ne r^ii +.h the r:rrne -rf

@ U IYAD U t a1lu UllA U WV4lq UU UII VL-

-J

*L+ +!rrv ,r+ Jlr Ufrs JJyy Jf

thinking about development propound-ed- here: that people would -Like to participate in the definition

f

their

wn need.s

! '{heir definition maJ-not necessarily be the same as that

f the

"experts"

incl-udlng

the tlpe

f definition

implicit in what has been said- in this pa'oer. This concfad-es the exercise by bringing in the tenth d"imension: ansJitgjlgnEj fn a sense it can be summarized in

ne sentence:

deinstitutionalization

f science,

d-emystifi-cation, I pss sonrr:'l,i nn Of sCience frOm the rest Of SOcietrr- T'rro odi fi co

f science

will

f course

continue for a considerable time to come, so a more moderate expre;sion

f what has just

been said r^rnrrld llo tn :Tmre in favour

f highly

porous walls in that edi- /,, \ fice, with considerabfe

smosis between inside

and outside,\')/

5. Postscript:

n the status of_eqigntifi_c

languaff_ Many readers should and would- at this point have come to the conclusion that the present paper must be an

eYerc.i so in hrmn^ni-.r. ihara ic

^L^-.+

the form in which

s^glUIDY ilt ru}JuvrfuJ. Ullgl U ID d IlIq)DO6C AVVVV

research shoufd be communicatedrbut the form chosen to comnuni- cate that nessage seems to be in contradiction with the message itself.This is simply a regufar research article, some parts

f

it not necessarily the most easily accessibl.e

f its

kind. It is not only verbaf but also to a large extent linear. In short, it is within the conventional trad-ition. Should that be permitted'

SLIDE 26

t)-

shoul-d- an article

f that

form not be seen as a weed rather than as a ffower in the garden of forns

f presentation'i

That whole question i-f based- on a fund-amental mis- und-erstanding

f the content
f this

articfe which is not in favour

f eradicating

conventional scientific discourse from the face of

th-i q p:rth hirt nf qoainc'il::q ^na 2mnnc qorrarql if nnccih]a n urLro E4r urr. u,, u ur One amonE SeVeTa- .Itnlr. a\rah rrArar mcn.- I-a-mc ^'1- n-o-^nF.+;^- .i- *1,.--l Anrr fnrn n. nr4gg11_ srJ rrraru trvluF vr I/Lsrsrruo vrvrLt rff Pruraf f vrr-r v_ yrL

taticn is al-so a form of prod-ucLion, it is a toof

f creativity.

And that touches

n the third

semi-otic aspect: that

f srmtax.

A iorm has its

wn built-in

rules as have paintings, bal1et, music, dramal these rules

nce sufficiently

internal-ized have a certain carrying porrer, they help us, they make reafity

paque in certain

d-irections b.rt hir"hlw t-a.nsna.rent in others her:alse thew ma.ke the users

f that

rorm of nrnd'rction blind in certain directions an,l rrisinnanr in

thers.

For that reason the arglunent j-s certainly not against con- ventional scj-entific discourse but against seeing that as the only fnrm nf nresent:,f,ion for science in general a.nd social Science i1

ylvula]-lllvlulallq

particular. This point should be made strongly as a cornter to

the ranress'irro. anti-;ntell-eCtUaf fOrCeS that na.'a'lca ha frrrnd , _ , aII-:I-rIIIer_LeClIUar I OI',Ce:' LIIaT Inar among jntelfectuafs, particularly when they are

ertrrosed. to

disciplines

r

srh ier:t,s nf whi ch thew ar"e i srlor--+

-.i

..r ^ ^^ + .-el-l_ know how to

Du uJuu u,) vr wrrrur I utt-J

ar-=rr61rvL@rr

u ,aiiu uv rru u w

hanclle their

wn ignoranJJS/fney

have a right to demand other forms

nf nrasani.: ti nn orri

f

wh'i ch nonuf ari::ation (verbaLization with si.nn-l e

},VyurulUjlLf.|-I,tU

words, more couched in the form of daily discourse) is cne. \,{hether

nnnrrlzriq.e l-inn iq nnqqihla w-ifhnrrl. rnrlrr:r'i zz1'ian donandq nn lho crrhior:t mn f.ior. f 1-. m:rr

arl:

i nlrr hp :r'.orrod i:hri. if nn rnrl eri z:i'

DuuJevu Lrouusr.

v.-sel,

vu u^6k!u uriou ++ rtv

fon,

meaning reduction in the depth and width

f

scientific insight is i --,^-r ,,^,r +1^^- +r^e nonril a.r wersi on should immed"ia j.e'l rr ho srrhs ti frrted-

lrrv ur v su , uffsr L uirs yvIJ4rar v sr Drvf r arrvuru frlurrgula ugfJ uY

4uD

u! uu

for the "academic" version

nothing

is added by clinging to the matter. But if this is the case it may be a sign that

ne is d-ealing

with bad science instead

f gcod" science:
ne characteristic
f the
la. l.ter he'inc nree'isp'l rr that

Lorms a.nd f,heorens Innf ^rlita thc same as words and sentences ! ) ftave a carrying power beyond the most imme- drate rnlerpretation. They call Io atLcntion

ther

parts

f the

SLIDE 27

zo-

scientific edifice, towers, basements

- -.

This is

f

course

'r^-

rn'^ ^? -^-ufar discourse: nrecisel .r hoc:rrstr it is

imnrpniqa

4!DU Uf4s 9r yWj' s ru rD l[Prculb-

the ra.n.qe

f

con-

+- +; ^h^
L^

uorrr ri ch :nd qrrssoql-'i rro Rrrf

ur-v r alrbu UMA Uf UIID

rIaJ

UC p

OO_L

within the sr,mtax of scientific d-iscourse it is more clear r,rhat i-s

hoino nellad rrn^Il aS a COnteXt fOr What One iS d-isclssinrn

l

focps-

D!ff6 vr rvv

sing

n.

There is virtue to both, hence one shoul-d make use of both. Any demand on a researcher that everybhing he says shou}d be und.erstandabl-e to the colnmon man is precisely the same as dernand-ing of an artist that everything he prod-uces shoul-d be meaningful to the cornmon rnan. With a rule such as that both scien- tists

and. artists

worrld be d.eprived. cf their major tools and raison

d"r6tre. But the rule canbe changed to read: a scienti-st shouldalso

I rrr

as much as possible to explain vihat he is getting at in some ofher language, more accessible to peopfe in general and an artj_st should

do tho S2mo- nrrF nocaqq:r.ilrr .in

-^-]^--l

1^-*-^ a6 Tn nflroF r.r^?i uu urrq D@IIE t JLUu 'rr a Vg-L'Ud"r

Laf t$'UaE-.

,,-,*S,

they should make themsefves accountable, not isolate themselves in social encfaves with tribal languages

nfy comprehensible

to the initlated. Just as important as it is for scientists

and. artists

to defend their

i,rn languages

and toofs and devel-op them even furLhcr,

naccihl .' infa m,11g adVanCed feVels

f

incomnrehonsih-ilitrr .if iS

fvvgru ruffgilDlvIL!uJ t IU f

for both

f them to make themselves

accountable by having at their d"isposal alternative, additionaf , compfementary fcrms of presentation. And that is the conclusion

f this

exerci-se. It is

a nlor fnr l-ho ^nfighment Of fOfrn.

1. nrpoorl-eii^n

aq a n:-nt nl- de-

}Jr uu\ f f us urvfr ar 4 ya! u uf

institutior,;,1lzation, demystification

f science,

not a plea for qualitative deterioration

f science.

Jusb to the contrary. The plea has as an und,erpinning the intuition, indicated abovc, that a richer ra.nsre of forms of nresenteti nn will also enricl sr:ionr:c and nnssi blw

*..b"

r! !v-r JvrErrvc alju .|JvoDf vf !)

even shake some of its foundations, given the complacency with which a very limited range of verbaf forms of presentation have been accep- ted" as the form of presentation.

SLIDE 28

l

x The present papen was prepared For the sui:project meeting [oF the Gtlals, Fr^i:cesses and lndicatrs

F DeveLopment

Project]

n Forms
f

Eresentatinn^in Geneva 6-E June 198O: the Apoendix Fr:r the meetincr F enruany 'lY/3

rE, may

senve as an lntro.:rtJc'E).on to t,r1e pronlematrque. t1] The science

f

signs. Charies Morris, in his classical paper For the Encyclope4ia

F Llnified

Sqi"encq, divides it into semantics

I what th Fyntex I trre rr l *=6.ffi

i:i"ning the signs] and pnegmetics Ithe consequences

f

usinq that particrlJ-ar si.gn language] " The def initions r-epresent my simplif ied, pragmatic, understanciing aF Morris.

f21

Y ears w ith

5ee Johan Ga.l"tunq. ttrr4 5tructural Theory

f

Latentr , Jq-rrlF-I _ol fnternational Studies. reFerences to much

'- past and current work on Imperialism" Ten 1991 , imperi a] ism.

i3] loth Andre Gunder Frank and Samir Amin have been pursuing this important canceptr ds well as Frbbel, Heinnichsn Kreye in tlie neue internationaLe Ar9eitsterllung, Rowohlt n Fl amburg, rclrc:ro

1T-

t4] Fon dr elai:cration

F tfre

distinction actor vs strLrctLlre

rient-

ed analysis, see

lohan

Galtung, "Two perspectives

n

societytt, ch.2.1 in The True Worlds, The Free Press, New York, 198n0 pp.41-44. i5l The drama was Tom Stopoardts t6] In the tl-reory

i

imperialism as conceived

F

in 'rA Structural Theory

f

Imperialism"Iwritten in 197D] there are Four positions in the structune r:f imperialism: a Denter cc:r1p1r-ylregion] and a Peni- phery country [regionJ, and in each

F

them a center group [class] and a periphery grclup Iclassl. In economic imperiaiign rhis would be the international capitalists in the center, the working class in the industrial ized countni.es I the urorld lai:or- aristocracy, in

then

words] , tne national ,--ourceo j.sie in a Third wr:rld country ancj its pnoleteriat, to a large extent living in the villagest er

scil-

lating between town and village. 17) See Johan Galtung, "Is tfie Legal Perspective Str-ucture-1'L ind?", in Akkerman, van Krieken and Fannenborct, eCs., Declaretions

n Prin-

ciples: a Quest fol Universal Feace, SijthofF, Leyden, 1977 r pp.

es7-309 "

tel $uggested by Susy Heinte. i9] This is a lrasic theme in the exce}lent book by Fransisco Guti* e?rez, fI Lengqaje ToteL, €ditor-ia1 Humanitas, Suenos Aires, 1974. t tO3 Dhemistry is a good example

F tie

importence

f

thinking in terms

f

potential reaJ.ity: the artiFicial, synthetic compounCs, This is a key theme in "Empinj.cism, Criticism, Constructivism: Three As* pects

F Scierrtj"f

ic Activity" n chapter ? in MFthodology and l.deology, Ejlens, Copenhagent 1977r PP, 41-711 also see "In Defense

F Episte-

moloqical Eclecticislf,", GPID Papens, Geneva, 1980. t11] The vension refured to was printeci in t 1a] This is wl'ut people love looking at in technical museums, etc.; the ciynan ism being well worth some coins that are the price asked For the transition From static to dynamic modes

f

presentation. ttal A conceptualization that gc:es beyond the empitdcal is needed. llr,rt that conceptualization should give some answer to a rather basic question: c:ut

f

a1l- possihle eombinations why are

nly

these, and not thoser eilpinicalJ-y present? And that is already a theorv.

ILO

( I a1 I am indebted tc ivircea Mal for thouclhts alonq these lines.

SLIDE 29

tlS3 For instance, in his Famous preface to I ChqnE. t I e i :]ee Nakamura, Ha j ime, The l{ays

f

Thinklng SrF Hastqrn PeopIes, The East-West Center Fress, Honolulu, CtZl Imagine da Vinci's !Slg.!:- as a photo to think

F rhe

tricks the photographer would have had to make use

f

to produce the same diFfuseness For the background. ttei This is a kev point in Johan DaltunqrilCuJ"tLrne, $tructure end Intellectual Styles: An Cssay Dompari"ng Ssxonic, Teutonic, GalIic and f.l ipponic Approach€s", Socral Sciences Jnf ormation, 1981 : pp. whene a key point is that tfreories divide whereas data may unite meaning that theories divide people into schools whereas data may con- stitute at i.east a hasis f on discussion. I te1 This rjoes nc]t mean any denigration

f

a ounely scientif ic con- text

F science

For s:ience's

wn

saken

nly

that a context

F human

and sociel development should also be considered. taO3 This is

ne

point

F depanture

for the Goals, Processes and fndicators

f

ilevelopment Project. LZll See Johan 6altung, rtTowards a GPTD Modelr Some ilasic Consider- ationsfr, GPID Pqperg, 1980. tea; J am indebted to |4ihailo Markovi6 fnr thoughts alono these lines. F r a oenenal development

F needs

theory, see Jcrhan Galtung, ttThe ?asic Needs ,Approachtt in Lederer, Katrin e,: al ", ecis., Human Needs, A Contribution to the Cunrent_fjeqatg, fiahn, Kbn.igst;ein, 198O. taSl ::;ee tfre articl"e referred to in Footnote 10 above.

IZA1 See f.F. Schumacher's most important book, plexed,Jonathan Capte, Loncjon t 1977 r trp. e4Ff .

A Guide for the Per- taS; How many trees was it ror

ne

Sunday edition

F

the New York Times The numlrer is l"ess siqnlFicant than the awareness. taAl A qo,Jd exampl-e is the trig character wall pc:sten, the dazi bao, leading'to gnoup rathen than individual neading Iand note*taki.g]. CaZl Tt is not

nly

that privatization costs in economic terms; the social costs

fprivatizing

the ttconslrmptionrr

f

cultune are much mclr.e important, play ing up to the genef'al pattern

F pn ivatization

in die,loungeois Way of. Life

as

described in many GPID papers" [ae1 OF course, many mor'e gacigets are needed; L:ut it aI]" somehow seems to be destined to end up

n

a TV screen. What does that !ean, this increcjibLe reduction

f

Forms

F presentation

to

ne

Form

nly,

scrme bnightness and coior contrasts

n

a screen? iaSl For a discussion

f

scientiFic languag;e see Solomon Marcus, 'rSemiotics

f

Jcientif ic Languages'', Flervue Floumai!'!e de Linguistique, 197Sr pp. 3a3-34. A h:asic problem with scientiFic languages is that the high level

F precision

is bought at the price

f

a 1ow Ievel

F

connotative richness that may give associations, sometimes Fnuitless, sometimes FruitFuI. [3C] Fon an excellent discussion

f

the whole problem

f

accoLrnta* bi I ity in develclpment practice, see IFDA Oossier No " 17 ,

SLIDE 30

* iii.

t31]

The authors

f

the latter may have thought more

f

the ciiFFer* ence in content between the capitalist character

f

the Fonmen and the socialist/marxist character

f

tfre latter than

F the

similari- ties: the competitiverEss built into both garnes, the zero-surn con- cept

f

winner,/1oser, etc, [3e] lt is like the

ld

Soviet joke

f

the three stages

F

love: between man and woman, man and tnactorr and tractor ancj trac'ton; the last stage pnesumai:ly with man and woman as

bservers.

t33] iie'e GaltunE, O' jnien, Preiswerk, Sef f-Reliance, 13ougle- C'Ouverture, London, 198CI, ior an exploration

F this

approach to development theory and pnactice. 134) Which,

f

course, are tl.rose who in general

ccupy

the key posi- tions in bureaucnacies, corpor-ations anci intel )- igentsia. t 35] Tpis is some

F

the argument in llGeneral- izeci Methodology For Sociai Flesearchrr! chapter S in I'iethodolcrgy and Iieof qgy , f j l ers , Copenhagen, 1977. In Par.il f *y- an Ananchistic lieory

F Knowleige,

Venso, London, 1gtl0

simj. lar

think- in! is expnessed dramatically: rr--i-t Folir:ws that the =erraration

f

state and church must be supplemented iry the sepanation

f

state and science, tFffiGst recent, most aggressive, and most cjogmatic neli- gious institution. Such a sepaFation may be oun

nly

chance to a- chieve a humanity we are capable

f,

but have neven Fully reali,zed"

Ip. lsJ.

[36] To request cf every artj.cle

r

elveRy bcok that it shouiC be selF-explanatory is

-o sentenr€
neseLF

t.r a l iFe in areat inteL1-ec- tual tranquility, with no need to stt^etch

ne's

understanding, to f i-rt!-it t,o Cjr'asp new concepts and ideas. In shont, a rather nEltroqres- sive view. 3ut this is quite cl iFFenent from requesting that re- seanchers should also tr-y to communicate in a simpler version, aE' lonc as thene is no il.l-usion

n

either side that the twct vensions are equivalent Iif they are the simpler

ne

should,

f

cours:e, be prefenred. As ln1 arcus says Iop.cit. rp. 324)z "The best !-iertation ie no notation f all-baek

n =ymi-rolism
nly