Gross Anatomy of the Brain CRANIAL NERVES Optic nerve (II) - - PDF document
Gross Anatomy of the Brain CRANIAL NERVES Optic nerve (II) Diencephalon Optic chiasm Optic tract Basis Midbrain pedunculi Trochlear nerve (IV) Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Pons Facial and intermediate
Midbrain Pons Pyramid Basis pedunculi Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasm Optic tract Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial and intermediate nerves (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus nerves (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Accessory nerve (XI) Pyramidal decussation Cervical ventral roots Diencephalon
Pyramid Olive Basis pedunculi Cerebellar peduncles: Superior Middle Inferior Optic nerve (II) Lateral geniculate body Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial and intermediate nerves (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus nerves (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Cervical ventral roots Inferior colliculus Spinal accessory nerve (XI) Midbrain Pons Medulla Diencephalon
Special visceral General somatic General and special visceral General somatic Special somatic Midbrain Afferent Motor Pons Medulla Spinal cord General visceral Hypoglossal nucleus (N. XII) Dorsal motor nucleus
Accessory nucleus (N. XI) Spinal trigeminal nucleus (V, VII, IX, X) Solitary nucleus (N. VII, IX, X) Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (N. V) III VII IX X XII IX VI VIII VIII IV III V IX, X VII V V V, VII, IX, X XI Vestibular nuclei (N. VIII) Cochlear nucleus (N. VIII) Edinger-Westphal nucleus (N. III) Oculomotor nucleus (N. III) Trochlear nucleus (N. IV) Trigeminal motor nucleus (N. V) Abducens nucleus (N. VI) Facial motor nucleus (N. VII) Salivatory nucleus Nucleus ambiguus (N. IX, X) Superior (N. VII) Inferior (N. IX) Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (N. V)
Special somatic afferent (VIII) Afferent: Somatic Sulcus limitans Visceral General somatic afferent (V, VII, IX, X) General and special visceral afferent (VII, IX, X) General visceral motor (III, VII, IX, X) General somatic motor (III, IV, VI, XII) Special visceral motor (V, VII, IX, X, XI) Visceral Somatic
Edinger- Westphal nucleus (III)
Section through superior colliculus Section through inferior colliculus
Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (V) Trochlear nucleus (IV) Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (V) Oculomotor nucleus (III)
Section through middle cerebellar peduncle Section through cochlear nuclei and the trapezoid body
Vestibular nuclei (VIII) Spinal trigeminal nucleus (V) Abducens nucleus (VI) Cochlear nuclei (VIII) Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (V) Vestibular nuclei (VIII) Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (V) Motor trigeminal nucleus (V) Facial motor nucleus (VII)
Parvocellular Magnocellular ML MLF ICP PYR
A B C D
Sulcus limitans Alar plate Basal plate Special somatic afferent General visceral motor Special visceral motor General somatic motor Solitary nucleus (VII, IX, X) Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (X) Nucleus ambiguus (X) General and special visceral afferent General somatic afferent Vestibular nucleus (VIII) Spinal trigeminal nucleus (V, VII, IX, X)
Motor areas Non- motor areas Brain stem motor nuclei Basal ganglia Motor neurons Movement Spinal interneurons Cerebellum
Medial brain stem pathways Reticular and vestibular nuclei B Lateral corticospinal tract A Ventral corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Pyramidal decussation Lateral corticospinal tract 4 6 Ventral corticospinal tract Red nucleus (magnocellular part) Internal capsule Internal capsule 3,1,2 4 6
Cerebral cortex Ascending dorsal column – medial lemniscal pathway to primary sensory cortex Somatic sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Toe Lateral sulcus Internal capsule Thalamus Ventral posterior lateral nucleus Medial lemniscus Medial lemniscus Gracile nucleus Gracile fascicle Cuneate fascicle Dorsal root ganglion Medulla Spinal cord Cuneate nucleus Spinal trigeminal nucleus Sensory decussation Medulla Pons Midbrain Third ventricle Leg Trunk Forearm and hand area Face
Midbrain Sympathetic division Projections of sympathetic division Projections of parasympathetic division Parasympathetic division Superior cervical ganglion Ciliary ganglion Otic ganglion Esophagus and lungs Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine, rectum Bladder Pelvic nerve leading to pelvic ganglia Reproductive
Adrenal medulla Bronchi Heart Eye Lacrimal and salivary glands Pterygopalatine and submaxillary ganglion III VII IX X Superior mesenteric ganglion Sypathetic chain Inferior mesenteric ganglion Middle cervical ganglion Inferior cervical ganglion Celiac ganglion Pons Medulla Piloerector muscle Artery Sweat glands Cervical Cranial nerves Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Liver
Cerebellum Spinal cord H A BS LC T PT Th RF
B A
DT CT EC F S HF CTX A7 CC CTX AO OB C A5
A6 / locus ceruleus
Prefrontal cortex Cerebellum Anterior cingulate cortex Lateral septum Hippocampus Caudate and putamen Pyriform cortex Retina A17 B A A16 Thalamus A15 A13 A11 A14 A12 Median eminence Central nucleus (amygdala) Entorhinal cortex Corpus callosum Habenula A10 A8 A9 Striatum Locus ceruleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Nucleus accumbens Pituitary Olfactory bulb Spinal cord
External capsule Cingulate bundle Cerebral cortex Cerebellum B9 H Th HF CD B8 B7 B6 B4 B2 B1 B3 B5 Medial forebrain bundle Serotonergic innervation
Cholinergic system OB DBv MaPo A LH Th VTA IPN PPT LDT RF Ha Hi Caudate and putamen BM Fornix
B Histaminergic innervation Cingulate cortex Cerebral cortex Hypothalamus Amygdala Septum Thalamus Tuberomammillary nucleus Tuberomammillary nucleus A
Ca2+ PIP2 D3 (D2, D 3, D 4) (D1, D 5) D3 DAG PKC Presynaptic dopaminergic neuron Cortical or mesolimbic target neuron IP3 Gi Gs AC + – cAMP ATP
Tyrosine Antipsychotic Can produce psychotic symptoms Tyrosine Increase of synthesis (L-DOPA) 1a 2 5 Interference with vesicular storage (reserpine, tetrabenazine) Inhibition of reuptake (cocaine, amphetamine, benztropine) DOPA Dopamine D3 D2 D2 COMT MAO Inhibition of synthesis (α-methyltyrosine) 1b 6 Inhibition of breakdown (pargyline) Vesicular monoamine transporter Dopamine transporter Blocking of DA receptors and autoreceptors (antipsychotics: perphenazine, haloperidol) 3 4 Stimulation of release of DA at nerve terminal (amphetamine, tyramide) Autoreceptor
A Midsagittal section B Coronal section Frontal cortex Nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) Mesolimbic and mesocortical system Mesolimbic system: ? involved in the positive symptoms
Mesocortical system: ? involved in the negative symptoms
Midbrain Neocortex Ventral tegmental area Hippocampal formation Hippocampal formation Ventral tegmental area Limbic forebrain
A Pathways B Targets Neocortex Nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum) Midbrain Neocortex Caudate nucleus and putamen Globus pallidus Pons Thalamus Limbic forebrain Hypothalamus Amygdala Striatum Hippocampus To hippocampus To spinal cord Deep cerebellar nuclei Rostral raphe nuclei Caudal raphe nuclei Cerebellar cortex Olfactory and entorhinal cortices Hypothalamus Raphe nuclei Medial forebrain bundle Thalamus Cingulum Cingulate gyrus
A Serotonergic neurons Tryptophan Inhibition of synthesis (p-chlorophenylalanine, p-propyldopacetamide) 1 2 3b 4 5 Interference with vesicular storage (reserpine, tetrabenazine) Inhibition of enzyme that oxidizes 5-HT (iproniazid, clorgyline) MAO inhibitors MAO inhibitors Tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Depressant Antidepressant 5-OH-Tryptophan 5-HT 5-HT 5-HIAA MAO 5-HT 5-HT 5-HT receptor Inhibition of reuptake (imipramine, amitryptyline, fluoxetine, sertraline) Stimulation of 5-HT receptors as partial agonist (lysergic acid diethylamide) 3a Stimulation of autoreceptor agonist 8-Hydroxy-diproplamino- tetraline (8-OH-DPAT) B Noradrenergic neurons Tyrosine hydroxylase Inhibition of synthesis (α-methyltyrosine) 1a 2 4a 5 6 Interference with vesicular storage (reserpine, tetrabenazine) Inhibition of reuptake (desipramine) DOPA Dopamine NE COMT NM Deaminated products Receptor Inhibition of synthesis (FLA 63) 1b Inactivation inhibitor Tricyclics 7 Inhibition of enzyme that oxidizes NE (pargyline) Inhibition of enzyme that inactivates NE (tropolone) Stimulation of receptors (clonidine) 4b Blocking of receptors (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine) 3 Stimulation of release of NE at nerve terminals (amphetamine) NE MAO
Appleton & Lange Hippocampus Parabrachial nucleus Cerebral cortex Dorsal and median raphe nuclei Thalamus Basal forebrain (cholinergic system) Tuberomammillary nucleus ILT RT Pedunculopontine nucleus Locus ceruleus Melanin concentrating hormone and orexin system
A
0.2 mV 1 s
B
EEG Slow-wave sleep Na+ Ca2+ Waking Bursts Single spikes Bursts Single spikes Thalamic firing extracellular Thalamic firing intracellular 100 ms 0.5 s
A
B C D E
A B C 1 min D E
Periaqueductal gray matter Parabrachial nucleus Dorsal motor vagal nucleus Nucleus of the solitary tract Cortex Amygdala Hypothalamus Nucleus ambiguus Ventrolateral medulla Heart