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Human Rights in the era of Information and Communication Technology May 31, 2017 Cesare Bartolini, Gabriele Lenzini Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg Outline 1 Human rights 2 Human

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Human Rights in the era of Information and Communication Technology

May 31, 2017 Cesare Bartolini, Gabriele Lenzini

Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg

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Outline

1 Human rights 2 Human rights here and now 3 Impact of new technologies

Cesare Bartolini, Gabriele Lenzini (SnT)Human Rights in the era of Information and Communication Technology May 31, 2017 1 / 35

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Outline

1 Human rights 2 Human rights here and now 3 Impact of new technologies

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What are human rights?

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What are human rights?

Nobody knows.

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Some examples

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Some examples

◮ Religious freedom

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Some examples

◮ Religious freedom ◮ Carrying a weapon

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Some examples

◮ Religious freedom ◮ Carrying a weapon ◮ PATRIOT Act

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Right to life

◮ What is the meaning of life? ◮ When does it start? ◮ When does it end? ◮ Can it be terminated? ◮ Can other rights balance it?

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Where do I find human rights?

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Where do I find human rights?

In the laws.

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Sources

◮ Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France, 1789) ◮ Bill of Rights (USA, 1789) ◮ Geneva Convensions (apply times of war–we ignore these) ◮ European Convention on Human Rights (Council of Europe, 1950) ◮ Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU, 2009)

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Sources

◮ Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France, 1789) ◮ Bill of Rights (USA, 1789) ◮ Geneva Convensions (apply times of war–we ignore these) ◮ European Convention on Human Rights (Council of Europe, 1950) ◮ Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (EU, 2009)

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Outline

1 Human rights 2 Human rights here and now 3 Impact of new technologies

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Human rights in the ECHR

◮ Life (but death penalty is accepted) ◮ No torture ◮ No slavery ◮ No forced labour ◮ Liberty and security (not much emphasis on security) ◮ Fair trial ◮ Presumption of innocence (might contain a mistake) ◮ Principle of legality

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Human rights in the ECHR (cont’d)

◮ Privacy and family life ◮ Freedom of thought and conscience ◮ Freedom of religion ◮ Freedom of expression ◮ Freedom of assembly and association ◮ Marriage ◮ Effective remedies ◮ Non-discrimination

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Inderogable rights

◮ Life ◮ No torture ◮ No slavery ◮ Principle of legality

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Extra rights in the Charter

◮ Human dignity ◮ No death penalty ◮ Physical and mental integrity (informed consent, no eugenics, no

clonation)

◮ Protection of personal data ◮ Freedom of information ◮ Freedom of arts ◮ Freedom of scientific research

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Extra rights in the Charter (cont’d)

◮ Education (free compulsory education) ◮ Seek work and conduct a business ◮ Property ◮ Asylum ◮ Protection in case of expulsion or extradiction ◮ Equality (before law, gender, disabilities) ◮ Fair working conditions

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Extra rights in the Charter (cont’d a bit more)

◮ Health care ◮ Environmental protection ◮ Consumer protection ◮ Vote and be voted ◮ Good administration ◮ Freedom of movement and residence ◮ Proportionality and ne bis in idem

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Other rights in the USA

◮ Weapons (USA) ◮ No search ◮ Trial by jury (USA)

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Difference from contractual rights

◮ Strictly personal ◮ Duties of States ◮ Not subject to contractual regulation ◮ Cannot be renounced abstractly ◮ Can be renounced concretely

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Difference from contractual rights

◮ Strictly personal ◮ Duties of States ◮ Not subject to contractual regulation ◮ Cannot be renounced abstractly ◮ Can be renounced concretely

Example: fair trial

I cannot renounce the right to own property, but I can forfeit a specific property.

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Outline

1 Human rights 2 Human rights here and now 3 Impact of new technologies

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Right to a fair trial

◮ Trial must not be overly lengthy ◮ IT management of courts ◮ Easier judicial searches ◮ ODR

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Right to a fair trial

◮ Trial must not be overly lengthy ◮ IT management of courts ◮ Easier judicial searches ◮ ODR

Drawbacks

◮ New technologies are not implemented efficiently ◮ Drastic increase of litigation actually increases length

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Right to security

◮ New means to ensure security ◮ Security with less victims

◮ Tasers. . .

◮ Security without risking human lives

◮ Dallas shooting

◮ AI and threat detection

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Right to security

◮ New means to ensure security ◮ Security with less victims

◮ Tasers. . .

◮ Security without risking human lives

◮ Dallas shooting

◮ AI and threat detection

Drawbacks

◮ Leaving security to AI is very uncertain ◮ Technologies can fall into the wrong hands

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Right to privacy

Not affected by new technologies.

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Ok, seriously

◮ Massive data collection ◮ Profiling ◮ Advertising ◮ Drones

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Ok, seriously

◮ Massive data collection ◮ Profiling ◮ Advertising ◮ Drones ◮ Ubiquitous computing ◮ Social networks ◮ Instant diffusion ◮ Security breaches

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Ok, seriously

◮ Massive data collection ◮ Profiling ◮ Advertising ◮ Drones ◮ Ubiquitous computing ◮ Social networks ◮ Instant diffusion ◮ Security breaches

Drawbacks

◮ Severe consequences in case of violation of privacy ◮ Profiling is extremely dangerous ◮ Advertising is annoying and can’t be stopped (for now)

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Freedom of thought/expression

◮ Communication technologies

◮ Mass media, Twitter-like tools

◮ Easy diffusion of messages ◮ Political messages

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Freedom of thought/expression

◮ Communication technologies

◮ Mass media, Twitter-like tools

◮ Easy diffusion of messages ◮ Political messages

Drawbacks

◮ Easier to influence people and form "belief groups" ◮ Censorship ◮ "The web never forgets"

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Freedom of assembly/association

◮ Technology helps a lot in communicating or organizing activities ◮ Easier political activity

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Freedom of assembly/association

◮ Technology helps a lot in communicating or organizing activities ◮ Easier political activity

Drawbacks

◮ Extreme political messages ◮ Terrorism ◮ Fake news

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Human dignity

◮ Social networks ◮ Notice and take down (E-Commerce Directive) ◮ Not very efficient

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Human dignity

◮ Social networks ◮ Notice and take down (E-Commerce Directive) ◮ Not very efficient

Drawbacks

◮ Slander

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Health

◮ New medical technologies ◮ Replication of human tissues ◮ Medical assistance on the spot ◮ Remote surgeries ◮ AI-aided diagnoses (e.g., Deep Patient)

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Health

◮ New medical technologies ◮ Replication of human tissues ◮ Medical assistance on the spot ◮ Remote surgeries ◮ AI-aided diagnoses (e.g., Deep Patient)

Drawbacks

◮ Hard to identify the reasons in Deep Learning ◮ Social consequences

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Protection of personal data

◮ Recent right, born because of computers ◮ Not privacy ◮ Plenty of data collections, both voluntary and unrequested ◮ Avoiding abuse

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Protection of personal data

◮ Recent right, born because of computers ◮ Not privacy ◮ Plenty of data collections, both voluntary and unrequested ◮ Avoiding abuse

Drawbacks

◮ Major economic interests ◮ Non-homogeneous legislation ◮ Impossible to track everything ◮ Hard to implement effective measures

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Freedom of information

◮ Very easy access to information

◮ Newspapers, blogs, independent sources

◮ Generally information is free of charge

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Freedom of information

◮ Very easy access to information

◮ Newspapers, blogs, independent sources

◮ Generally information is free of charge

Drawbacks

◮ Hard to sort relevant information (informative flood) ◮ Fake news ◮ Mass media control

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Freedom of scientific research

◮ Access to documents ◮ Powerful problem-solving tools (four colors) ◮ Easy dissemination ◮ Mobility

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Freedom of scientific research

◮ Access to documents ◮ Powerful problem-solving tools (four colors) ◮ Easy dissemination ◮ Mobility

Drawbacks

◮ Junk conferences ($$$) ◮ Junk research ◮ Eduroam doesn’t work

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Education

◮ New educational tools

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Education

◮ New educational tools

Drawbacks

◮ Impact is unclear yet

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Work and business

◮ Automation ◮ Efficiency ◮ Safety

◮ Better measures ◮ Dangerous activities done by robots

◮ General life improvements

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Work and business

◮ Automation ◮ Efficiency ◮ Safety

◮ Better measures ◮ Dangerous activities done by robots

◮ General life improvements

Drawbacks

◮ Many jobs are being replaced (EU) ◮ Welfare problems ◮ Security risks

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Property

◮ Financial technologies ◮ Faster transactions ◮ Online stores ◮ IP ◮ Real estate ◮ Automation (Amazon)

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Property

◮ Financial technologies ◮ Faster transactions ◮ Online stores ◮ IP ◮ Real estate ◮ Automation (Amazon)

Drawbacks

◮ Security risks ◮ IP violations ◮ Frauds ◮ Need for consumer protection

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Environmental protection

◮ "Green" technologies ◮ Energetic efficiency

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Environmental protection

◮ "Green" technologies ◮ Energetic efficiency

Drawbacks

◮ Global warming ◮ Weak protection by major industrial countries

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Politics and administration

◮ Interaction between PAs ◮ Efficient administrative policies (Luxembourg and OTP) ◮ Cheaper elections ◮ Easier visibility (Trump + Twitter)

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Politics and administration

◮ Interaction between PAs ◮ Efficient administrative policies (Luxembourg and OTP) ◮ Cheaper elections ◮ Easier visibility (Trump + Twitter)

Drawbacks

◮ Not-so-efficient ◮ Easier to hack databases or alter votes ◮ Strength of the message > content

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Freedom of movement and residence

◮ Better transportation means ◮ Cheap travel ◮ Efficient tracking means (e.g., identifying citizens after disaster)

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Freedom of movement and residence

◮ Better transportation means ◮ Cheap travel ◮ Efficient tracking means (e.g., identifying citizens after disaster)

Drawbacks

◮ Safety issues (e.g., airports) ◮ Administrative difficulties

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