in Urban Context Dr. Hau Chi Hang, Billy Dr. Pang Chun Chiu The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Eco-Landscape Design in Urban Context

• Dr. Hau Chi Hang, Billy
• Dr. Pang Chun Chiu

The University of Hong Kong

Introduction

Habitat fragmentation, isolation and degradation are world-wide issue for developed countries and cities. Huge effort is spent by governments for restoring ecosystem functions, including those in urban areas. Pledged to introduce the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to HK, the Government aims to promote urban biodiversity as one of the key action areas in protecting Hong Kong’s biodiversity

http://www.lgnsw.org.au/files/imce-uploads/35/high_country_urban_biodiversity.pdf

Some of the objectives:

• Improve the ecological health of urban riparian lands and

bush lands including ecologically endangered communities; reduce weeds; increase in area and quality

• f native vegetation; erosion remediation; and improve

habitat linkages at landscape scale.

• Increase long-term participation in urban ecosystem

rehabilitation specifically targeting community volunteerism and investment from private and government sources.

Case studies: New South Wales, Australia

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/sustainability/sustainability/biodiversecity-st.-louis.aspx

Case studies: Missouri, USA

Case studies: Hong Kong

 CLP Creates Hong Kong’s Largest Sky Woodland to Promote Green Rooftops

Source: https://www.clpgroup.com/en/Media-Resources- site/Current%20Releases/20150914_en.pdf

 The rooftops of the two substation blocks cover area of 520 m2.  80 trees of 32 native species were planted since May 2013.  The woodland was reported to attract an abundance of birds and insects.

Case studies: Hong Kong

 Zero Carbon Building (ZCB) is an urban native woodland initiated by Construction Industry Council.

Source: http://www.cic.hk/eng/main/zcb/ZCB_e xperience/urban_native_woodland/

 The woodland covers an area

• f 2,000 m2, 13% of the ZCB

site area.  220 trees of 40 native species were planted.  The species are chosen based

• n four criteria:

(1) Species diversity; (2) Diversity of tree form; (3) Food and shelter for wildlife; (4) Ornamental value.

An ecological approach to upgrade DSD’s facilities

 The Drainage Services Department (DSD) has hundreds

• f facilities e.g. STP, pump houses, all over Hong Kong

for providing drainage services to the public.  These facilities vary in size and age, and are mostly geographically close to natural hillsides.  A strategic urban biodiversity rehabilitation plan for DSD’s facilities and a practical design and management guideline on enhancing ecological value in landscaping for DSD’s facilities have been proposed.

• 1. Evaluate the potential ecological value of

infrastructure sites for eco-landscape design

• 2. Recommend design and management

approach on sites identified as suitable for eco-landscape design

• 3. Conduct site trials in selected DSD’s facilities
• 4. Conduct baseline ecological study to confirm

the effectiveness of eco-landscape design

An ecological approach to upgrade DSD’s facilities: Project Design

Selection of Sites for Eco-Landscape Design

Two main principles are recommended for selecting facilities for applying eco-landscape design:

• A. Establishment of a series of ecological

stepping stones;

• B. Upgrading facilities with the greatest

potential for benefiting wildlife.

A. Establishment of a series of ecological stepping stones

B. Upgrading facilities with the greatest potential for benefiting wildlife

Five criteria was used for evaluating the potential

• f applying the Eco-Landscape Design:
• 1. Habitat connectivity to the

natural habitats

• 2. Site area
• 3. Site age
• 4. Coverage of greenery area of

the facilities

• 5. Existing vegetation in the

facilities

First stage assessment Second stage assessment

B. Upgrading facilities with the greatest potential for benefiting wildlife

First stage assessment

• Desktop review of the surrounding

environment and site properties of facilities.

• A total of over 70 facilities were evaluated.

Criteria Evaluation items Categories Score (1) Habitat connectivity (i) Distance to the nearest natural vegetation (a) Right next to a natural woodland 3 (b) Right next to a natural shrubland 2 (c) There is a natural woodland or shrubland within 1 km 1 (ii) Surrounding habitat complexity (a) Right next to streams / rivers/ woodlands / shrublands / wetlands and/ or coast 3 (a) There are green or blue corridors e.g. landscaped slopes or river channels, linking to streams / woodlands / shrublands / wetlands within 1 km 2 (c) Right next to urban forests in parks, gardens or large man-made green slopes 1 (iii) Degree of anthropogenic disturbance (a) Facilities are entirely surrounded by concretes and isolated from natural or urban vegetation

• 1

(2) Site area (a) Site area ≥ 2700 m2 3 (d) Site area ≥ 540 and < 2700 m2 (f) Site area < 540 m2

• 3

(3) Site age (a) Age ≥ 20 years 3 (b) Age ≥ 10 and < 20 years 2 (c) Age < 10 years 1 (4) Coverage of greenery area (a) Greenery area coverage > 40 % 4 (b) Greenery area coverage ≥ 20 and < 40% 2 (c) Greenery area coverage < 20%

First stage assessment Criteria

B. Upgrading facilities with the greatest potential for benefiting wildlife

Second stage assessment

• On-site inspection was carried out to assess the

existing vegetation of the DSD’s facilities.

• Among the 70 facilities being evaluated from 1st

stage assessment, facilities having high or medium potential were visited for carrying out the 2nd stage assessment.

• Final score was formulated by:

Final score = 1st stage score – 2nd stage score

Criteria Evaluation items Categories Score (5) Existing vegetation (i) Total species richness (a) No. of native plant species ≥ 10 3 (b) No. of native plant species <10 (ii) Tree abundance (no. of trees with dbh ≥ 95 mm) (a) No. of trees ≥ 50 4 (b) No. of trees ≥ 20 and < 50 2 (c) No. of trees < 20 (iii) Presence of food/nectar plants in site (a) Nectar and/or fleshy fruit plants are abundant in site (more than 50% of plant species provide resources to wildlife) 2 (b) Nectar and/or fleshy fruit plants are sparse in site (Fewer than 50% of plant species provide resources) 1 (c) Absence of nectar- and/or fleshy fruit plants in site (iv) Dominance of invasive and exotic plants in site (a) Dominance of invasive plants are observable.

• 1

(b) Site is threatened by invasive plants but not dominated. (c) Absence of invasive plants 1

Second stage assessment Criteria

Evaluation Results

Plant Name Coastal Wood- land Rural Urban Site Area (m2) Final Score (P) Aberdeen PTW   4883 15 Tai Po Sewage Treatment Works  64,000 13 Sandy Bay Preliminary Treatment Works   2380 12 Cyberport PTW   409 12 Tsing Yi Preliminary Treatment Works   18,957 12 Kwai Chung Industrial Wastewater Pumping Station   6,457 11 Sham Tseng Sewage Treatment Works   10,961 10 Nam Sang Wai Sewage Pumping Station  935 10 Sai Kung Sewage Treatment Works   21,000 9 Shatin Sewage Treatment Works   271,000 8 Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Works  97,430 8 Cheung Sha Wan Sewage Pumping Station  9,440 8 Yuen Long Sewage Treatment Works  78,000 7 Siu Ho Wan Sewage Treatment Works   89,800 7 Ha Tsuen No. 1 and No. 2 Sewage Pumping Station   6,490 6 Penny's Bay Sewage Pumping Station   3,301 6 San Wai Sewage Treatment Works  10,734 6

Selected Sites for Field Planting Trials

Plant Name Site Area (m2) Final Score Site Context Aberdeen Preliminary Treatment Works 4,883 15 Coastal site Tsing Yi Preliminary Treatment Works 18,957 12 Coastal and urban site Nam Sang Wai Sewage Pumping Station & Ngau Tam Mei Main Drainage Channel Pumping Station 935 10 Rural site Kwai Chung Industrial Wastewater Pumping Station 6,457 11 Urban and woodland site Tseung Kwan O Preliminary Treatment Works & Pumping Station 17,734 9 Urban site Ha Tsuen No. 1 and No. 2 Sewage Pumping Station 6,490 6 Rural and urban site

Nam Sang Wai Sewage Pumping Station (selected for site trial)

Nam Sang Wai Sewage Pumping Station (selected for site trial)

Tsing Yi Preliminary Treatment Works (selected for site trial)

Tsing Yi Preliminary Treatment Works (selected for site trial)

Ha Tsuen No. 1 and No. 2 Sewage Pumping Station (selected for site trial)

Ha Tsuen No. 1 and No. 2 Sewage Pumping Station (selected for site trial)

Design Approaches

Planning

 Planting of groups of trees.  Establishment of “Quiet corners”.  Selection of planting areas.

(1) Coastal habitat (2) Urban area (3) Woodland habitat (4) Rural area

Planting Area Selection

Planting space A is preferred over planting space B.

Design Approaches

Hard-landscape

 Use of nest boxes for birds and bats  Water features  Log pile for insects, amphibians and reptiles Eco-pond Bird box Log pile Bat box

http://www.bats.org.uk/pages/bat_boxes.html

Design Approaches

Soft-landscape Shrubs and trees are only planted in at-grade level. Native plant species is preferred. Sufficient growing space should be allowed especially for large tree species. Year-round rewards/resources is offered to wildlife.

Recommended Plant Species for the Eco-Landscape Design

Design Approaches

Maintenance

 Limited active management

• 1. Pruning;
• 2. Weed clearance;
• 3. Removal of leaf litter

 Control of invasive species (bad biodiversity!)  Mosquito control

Recommended matrix for selected sites

Coastal sites – Species mix adapted to harsh environment

Scientific name Chinese name Origin Growth form Flowering and fruiting period (J for January and so on) J F M A M J J A S O N D Desmos chinensis 假鷹爪 Native Shrub     Ficus microcarpa 榕樹 Native Tree         Sterculia lanceolata 假蘋婆 Native Tree   Sapium sebiferum 烏桕 Native Tree        Mallotus paniculatus 白楸 Native Tree       Ligustrum sinense 山指甲 Native Shrub         Cratoxylum cochinchinense 黃牛木 Native Tree    Melia azedarach 楝 Exotic Tree      Ficus pumila 薜荔 Native Climber          Solanum torvum 水茄 Exotic Shrub             Ficus subpisocarpa 筆管榕 Native Tree         Uvaria macrophylla 紫玉盤 Native Climber     

Recommended matrix for selected sites

Woodland sites – Birds’ favorite mix

Scientific name Chinese name Origin Growth form Months J F M A M J J A S O N D Ficus microcarpa 榕樹 Native Tree         Livistona chinensis 蒲葵 Exotic Tree palm      Machilus chekiangensis 浙江潤楠 Nature Tree    Ficus hirta 粗葉榕 Native Shrub             Uvaria macrophylla 紫玉盤 Native Climber      Ilex rotunda 鐵冬青 Native Tree      Desmos chinensis 假鷹爪 Native Shrub        Mallotus paniculatus 白楸 Native Tree       Psychotria asiatica 九節 Native Shrub             Litsea cubeba 木薑子 Native Tree     Aporusa dioica 銀柴 Native Tree             Rhodoleia championii 紅花荷 Native Tree       

Recommended matrix for selected sites

Rural sites – Mix with high ornamental value

Scientific name Chinese name Origin Growth form Months J F M A M J J A S O N D Desmos chinensis 假鷹爪 Native Shrub        Bauhinia x blakeana 洋紫荊 Native Tree             Sterculia lanceolata 假蘋婆 Native Tree   Uvaria macrophylla 紫玉盤 Native Climber      Machilus chekiangensis 浙江潤楠 Native Tree    Liquidambar formosana 楓香 Native Tree        Rhodoleia championii 紅花荷 Native Tree        Polyspora axillaris 大頭茶 Native Tree     Schima superba 木荷 Native Tree    Millettia nitida 亮葉崖豆藤 Native Climber        Photinia benthamiana 閩粵石楠 Native Tree          Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum 大青 Native Shrub         

Recommended matrix for selected sites

Urban sites – ecological stepping stone

Scientific name Chinese name Origin Growth form Months J F M A M J J A S O N D Desmos chinensis 假鷹爪 Native Shrub        Diospyros morrisiana 羅浮柿 Native Tree    Ficus hispida 對葉榕 Native Tree       Ligustrum sinense 山指甲 Native Shrub         Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa 血桐 Native Tree      Litsea glutinosa 潺槁樹 Native Tree     Sapium sebiferum 烏桕 Native Tree         Viburnum odoratissimum 珊瑚樹 Native Tree        Cinnamomum camphora 樟 Native Tree       Schefflera heptaphylla 鵝掌柴 Native Tree      Breynia fruticosa 黑面神 Native Shrub          Psychotria asiatica 九節 Native Shrub            

Pictures of some of the recommended tree and shrub species

Some of the targeted wildlife species

(Photo courtesy of www.hkwildlife.net)

Some of the targeted wildlife species

(Photo courtesy of www.hkwildlife.net)

Baseline Ecological Survey

To ascertain the effectiveness of the eco- landscape design Regular ecological surveys have been started before the construction work and will continue after the construction work. Point count was adopted for bird and butterfly sampling. Reference sites close to each of the selected facilities will also be chosen for identifying the surrounding wildlife assemblages. Monthly surveys are conducted in all facilities and reference sites.

Baseline Ecological Survey

Preliminary results of baseline surveys

39

Monthly baseline surveys were conducted from May to September in 5 DSD sites and 6 reference sites (Aberdeen PTW is currently under construction). Bird community: 31 species were recorded across all DSD facilities (36 in reference sites). Butterfly community: 32 species across DSD facilities (40 in reference sites).

Preliminary results of baseline surveys

40

Bird species that were not recorded in DSD facilities but reference sites include:

 Alcedo atthis 普通翠鳥  Ardeola bacchus 池鷺  Nycticorax nycticorax 夜鷺  Centropus sinensis 褐翅鴉鵑  Chalcophaps indica 綠翅金鳩  Chloris sinica 金翅雀  Columba livia 原鴿  Cyanopica cyanus 灰喜鵲  Glaucidium cuculoides 斑頭鵂鶹  Pericrocotus speciosus 赤紅山椒鳥  Prinia inornata 純色鷦鶯

Preliminary results of baseline surveys

Preliminary results of baseline surveys

42

Butterfly species that were not recorded in DSD facilities but reference sites include:

 Athyma ranga 離斑帶蛺蝶  Charaxes bernardus 白帶螯蛺蝶  Chilades pandava 曲紋紫灰蝶  Danaus genutia 虎斑蝶  Delias pasithoe 報喜斑粉蝶  Euploea core 幻紫斑蝶  Euthalia lubentina 紅斑翠蛺蝶  Hasora badra 三斑趾弄蝶  Hestina assimilis 黑脈蛺蝶  Leptotes plinius 細灰蝶  Papilio demoleus 達摩鳳蝶  Parathyma sulpitia 殘鍔線蛺蝶  Suastus gremius 素弄蝶  Symbrenthia lilaea散紋盛蛺蝶  Tirumala limniace 青斑蝶

Preliminary results of baseline surveys

Thank you

45

Species name Chinese name DSD facilities Passer montanus 樹麻雀 157 Zosterops japonicus 暗綠繡眼鳥 97 Pycnonotus jocosus 紅耳鵯 88 Spilopelia chinensis 珠頸斑鳩 70 Pycnonotus sinensis 白頭鵯 43 Acridotheres cristatellus 八哥 40 Copsychus saularis 鵲鴝 37 Gracupica nigricollis 黑領椋鳥 21 Hirundo rustica 家燕 20 Orthotomus sutorius 長尾縫葉鶯 19 Garrulax perspicillatus 黑臉噪鶥 11 Motacilla alba 白鶺鴒 10 Parus cinereus 蒼背山雀 10 Lonchura punctulata 斑文鳥 5 Urocissa erythroryncha 紅嘴藍鵲 5 Eudynamus scolopacea 噪鵑 4 Lanius schach 棕背伯勞 3 Milvus migrans 黑鳶 3 Myophonus caeruleus 紫嘯鶇 2 Prinia flaviventris 黃腹鷦鶯 2 Acridotheres tristis 家八哥 1 Aethopyga christinae 叉尾太陽鳥 1 Amaurornis phoenicurus 白胸苦惡鳥 1 Bubulcus coromandus 牛背鷺 1 Corvus macrorhynchos 大嘴烏鴉 1 Halcyon smyrnensis 白胸翡翠 1 Lonchura striata 白腰文鳥 1 Pica pica 喜鵲 1 Streptopelia decaocto 灰斑鳩 1 Sturnia sinensis 灰背椋鳥 1 Upupa epops 戴勝 1 Species name Chinese name DSD facilities Pseudozizeeria maha 酢漿灰蝶 163 Catopsilia pomona 遷粉蝶 63 Eurema hecabe 寬邊黃粉蝶 23 Papilio polytes 玉帶鳳蝶 15 Delias pasithoe 報喜斑粉蝶 11 Papilio memnon 美鳳蝶 11 Pieris canidia 東方菜粉蝶 8 Hypolimnas bolina 幻紫斑蛺蝶 7 Euploea midamus 藍點紫斑蝶 5 Ideopsis similis 擬旖斑蝶 5 Papilio helenus 玉斑鳳蝶 5 Acytolepis puspa 鈕灰蝶 4 Ariadne ariadne 波蛺蝶 3 Elymnias hypermnestra 翠袖鋸眼蝶 3 Graphium doson 木蘭青鳳蝶 2 Hebomoia glaucippe 鶴頂粉蝶 2 Iraota timoleon 鐵木萊異灰蝶 2 Junonia atlites 波紋眼蛺蝶 2 Melanitis leda 暮眼蝶 2 Mycalesis mineus 小眉眼蝶 2 Papilio paris 巴黎翠鳳蝶 2 Papilio protenor 藍鳳蝶 2 Ypthima baldus 矍眼蝶 2 Argyreus hyperbius 斐豹蛺蝶 1 Astictopterus jama 腌翅弄蝶 1 Cupha erymanthis 黃襟蛺蝶 1 Euthalia phemius 尖翅翠蛺蝶 1 Faunis eumeus 串珠環蝶 1 Graphium sarpedon 青鳳蝶 1 Neptis hylas 中環蛺蝶 1 Phaedyma columella 柱菲蛺蝶 1 Potanthus sp. 黃室弄蝶 1