Indeed, coal democracy is the worst form of power generation, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

“Indeed, …

coal is the worst form of power generation,

Richard L. Axelbaum

Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU

• Dept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering

Washington University in St. Louis

democracy Government

(Winston Churchill) except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”

“Indeed, …

coal is the worst form of power generation,

Richard L. Axelbaum

Jens Professor of Environmental Engineering Science Director, CCCU

• Dept. of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering

Washington University in St. Louis

except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”

Carnot, the father of Thermodynamics and his Prediction in France, 1824

From: REFLECTIONS ON THE MOTIVE POWER OF HEAT AND ON MACHINES FITTED TO DEVELOP THAT POWER Nature in providing us with combustibles on all sides has given us the power to produce at all times and in all places heat and the impelling power which is the result of it. To develop this power to appropriate it to our uses is the object of heat engines. The study of these engines is of the greatest interest their importance is enormous their use is continually increasing and they seem destined to produce a great revolution in the civilized world. It appears that it must some day serve as a universal motor and be substituted for animal power, waterfalls and air

• currents. Over the first of these motors it has the advantage
• f economy over the two others the inestimable advantage

that it can be used at all times and places without interruption.

Hans Rosling

Hans Rosling

Hans Rosling

Hans Rosling

Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution

Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay

Growth in Population after the Industrial Revolution

On the plus side folks, we will be landing way ahead

• f schedule

touque.ca cartoonstock.com Sustainable Energy, D. MacKay

World Energy in 2010

32.6% ¡ 27.5% ¡ 21.7% ¡ 9.7% ¡ 5.7% ¡ 2.3% ¡ 0.23% ¡ 0.17% ¡ 0.05% ¡ 0% ¡ 5% ¡ 10% ¡ 15% ¡ 20% ¡ 25% ¡ 30% ¡ 35% ¡

Percentage ¡of ¡world ¡energy ¡

Source: ¡IEA ¡2012 ¡

Worldwide energy consumption

Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2008)

Worldwide Electricity Generation

Coal Production (Mt)

International Energy Agency 2011

Proposed coal-fired plants

World Resources Institute (Nov. 2012)

India – the Challenge

Over 400 new coal fired plants are being planned for India to elevate them out of poverty…

Very Rapid Growth in Wind and Solar since 2010! By 2030 Wind: 1500 TWh Solar: 250 TWh

Energy Information Agency 2012

World Renewable Electricity Generation (TWh)

But by 2030: total production will increase from 21,400 TWh to 33,000 TWh Wind: 4.5% Solar: <1%

The Moving Target

World Electricity Generation

International Energy Agency 2011

Sources: ACI, MSHA

• Rapid increases in CO2

emissions in Asia

• China is now the largest

emitter of CO2

• The developing world

has surpassed the OECD nations in total emissions.

• Global solutions are

needed to address climate change.

CO2 Emission Trends

(in giga-tonnes of CO2)

The Carbon Dioxide Issue

Non-OECD China OECD United States

The Four Requirements for World Energy

: The energy portfolio must not lead to global conflicts

– Energy distribution across borders is destabilizing – Nuclear proliferation must be avoided

:

– The future cost of electricity and fuels must be similar to existing

cost structure

– The energy portfolio must not destabilize economies

:

– Steady production, no blackouts, brownouts – Energy must be available on demand

:

– Control greenhouse gas emissions – Develop clean, long-term sources of energy

Energy Solution: A portfolio of options

Conflict-free (Avoid the have-and-have-nots of oil) Affordable Reliable Environmental Sustainable

Natural gas in invaluable for:

• Heating
• Cooking
• Hot water
• Industrial processes
• Peak power generation

And fracking has unleashed enormous reserves of natural gas, but… Challenges in understanding energy… Natural Gas

Yes, it will burn, but aren’t there better uses for natural gas? And what about:

• CO2 emissions and fugitive methane emissions?
• the possibility that environmental issues/earthquakes

associated with fracking could rapidly curtail supply?

Using natural gas in base-load power plants is like…

n If you were offered a choice, which would you choose? n What if…

n

the ten bills were scattered in this room, and

n

the pennies were scattered around Missouri Ten $100 bills or a Million Pennies?

Challenges in understanding energy, cont.

n ENERGY DENSITY: “A Bird in Hand is worth two in the Bush”

Challenges in understanding energy, cont.

n Estimate how much these gloves are worth n How much would you pay for them in June? n “Timing is Everything”

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from coal

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from solar

*Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Ideal Conditions: Power from wind

*Based on Results from NREL’s HOMER

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Average Conditions: Power from coal

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Average Conditions: Power from solar

*Based on results from NREL’s HOMER

Land Area Needed for 5 MW continuous: Average Conditions: Power from wind

*Based on results from NREL’s HOMER

Mountain-Top Coal Mining

Orjan F. Ellingvag / Corbis

AES Laurel Mountain consists of 61 GE 1.6 MW wind turbine generators mounted

• n 80-meter towers deployed along a 13-mile stretch of Laurel Mountain in West
• Virginia. An average of about 35 MW.

Mountain-Top Wind Plants

My Fear…

n that in the name of the environment we will

inadvertently do things that are ultimately devastating to the environment that we hold so dear.

Coal Land Use

Source: ACI, Frank Clemente at Penn State

The red dot (6 square miles) depicts the size of the area mined in the PRB each year, which supplies over 40% of America’s coal (20% of the US power)

The Clean Water Analogy

Unfiltered Missouri River water Clean drinking water

But what about Carbon Dioxide?

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Image from: http://www.martinfrost.ws/

U.S. CO2 Storage Sites

US: 1,800-20,000 Gt sequestration potential* 6 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007 Global: additional 8,000 Gt ** 27 Gt of CO2 emitted in 2007

(* DOE CO2 Atlas, **2010 Dooley et al., 2006)

(Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

http://cdiac.ornl.gov)

Present U.S. CO2 Sequestration Activities

• 1. Report: DOE/NETL-402/1312/02-07-08

CO2 stored by EOR: (natural and anthropogenic) ~ 51 MMt/yr CO2 avoided by using wind and solar for electricity instead of coal ~ 50 MMt/yr

compare to

Currently more than 3,500 miles of CO2 pipeline in place In perspective…

Stabilization Wedge

Natural Resources Defense Council

CO2 ¡

coal ¡ biomass ¡

CO2 ¡ solar ¡

storage ¡ bioreactor ¡ liquid ¡ fuels ¡ wind ¡

steam ¡

turbine ¡

O2

• xy-­‑fuel ¡combustor ¡

Conceptual Drawing of a Future Power Plant

Next Generation Technologies

Net Efficiency:

n

SPOC process increases the efficiency up to 6 percentage points over conventional oxy- combustion.

n

Efficiency higher than Current US Average.

a b c

a DOE/NETL #2010/1411 & EIA; b DOE/NETL

#2010/1405; c DOE/NETL #2012/1557

Economic Performance Summary

NETL Baseline Case 11 (no CCS) NETL Case 12 w/ post combust. capture SPOC Case A SPOC Case B Coal Illinois #6 Illinois #6 PRB PRB Steam Conditions Supercritical Supercritical Supercritical A-USC Heat Rate (Btu/kWhr) 8,686 12,002 9,555 8,819 First Year COE ($/MWhr) 80.95 137.28 101.38 102.80 % increase in COE 70% 25% 27%

• 2011 cost basis
• CO2 purity meets specifications for enhanced oil recover (EOR)
• COE does not include revenue from sale of CO2, or costs for geologic

storage.

Reflecting on key take home points

• Nuclear - Let’s not trade one potential catastrophe for

another

• Natural gas - Invaluable… let’s not squander it
• Solar and Wind –
• Low energy density - pennies versus dollars
• Timing is everything - price of gloves in summer
• The developing world has mouths to feed NOW.
• Energy demand is a rapidly moving target
• Energy and Climate Change are global problems and

will require global solutions

• The are no quick, simple or proven solutions
• A portfolio of technologies will be needed, including

coal with CCS

• Let’s stop fighting and get to work!

Key Points to Keep in Mind when Riding the Energy Rollercoaster

n Coal delivered the promise that Carnot anticipated. n Energy needs are growing rapidly, particularly in the

developing country.

n Any replacement of existing resources has to not just

replace existing capacity but also supply an enormous amount of new capacity.

n Coal is arguably the most geopolitically stabilizing energy

source there is.

n If used correctly, coal can be a clean, secure, reliable

source of energy for hundreds of years.

Consortium for Clean Coal Utilization

Sponsors

Peabody Energy Arch Coal Ameren

Approach

• Research projects are being supported at Washington

University in collaboration with Partner Universities around the world.

• State-of-the-art clean coal facilities have been established.
• A motivated work force is being educated to address the

challenges associated with clean utilization of coal in the 21st century. Founded in January of 2009, the Consortium is dedicated to addressing the scientific and technological challenges of ensuring that coal can be used in a clean and sustainable manner.

Advanced Coal & Energy Research Facility

ACERF:

n

1 MWth capacity

n

Configured for oxy-combustion

n

Full suite of emissions monitoring

Additional Facilities:

• Drop tube furnace
• 30kW lab-scale test furnace
• Fuel/ash characterization