INTRODUCTION TO URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN PRESENTATION TO ARC - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

PRESENTATION TO ARC SEMINAR 05 MAY 2018

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN

BScURP (University of Botswana) MCRP (University of Capetown) Strategic Planning (University of Stellenbosch)

• ftjob@gmail.com

TOWN PLAN ANNER

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

• 1. Introduction
• 2. History of Urban Planning
• 3. Urban Planning in Botswana
• 4. Alternative Planning Approach
• 5. Discussion Questions
• 6. Conclusion - Desired Local Level Design Qualities

JOBE OFETOTSE

INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION

• To introduce the practice of town planning
• The intention being to expose participants to some of the influences which shape our cities and towns

and the responses required to manage these

• At the end of the presentation; participants should be able to do the following;
• 1. Understand the origins of modern town planning
• 2. Understand some of the qualities and principles which inform the making of positive urban places
• 3. Be able to distinguish between good and bad planning
• 4. And finally better appreciate the practice of town planning and hopefully contribute to a more

integrative approach to the building of our cities

INTRODUCTION

Urban Planning Physical Planning Urban & Regional Planning Town & Country Planning Spatial Planning Town Planning

What is it?

WHY DO WE PLAN? The planning and design of settlements is important for a number of reasons;

• To give direction to public spending and decision making
• To ensure efficient use of resources
• To mobilize unutilized or under utilized resources
• To coordinate & integrate the public & private investments in settlements to maximize their impact
• To protect nature and prevent ecological breakdowns
• To protect the reasonable rights of individuals & to establish appropriate institutional, procedural &
• ther mechanisms to promote positive settlement development

INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF TOWN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING

• The industrial revolution and the post war period in the 19th and 20th century is largely recognized as an

important period in terms of the debates on how settlements should be planned

• The demand for labour in the newly industrialized cities of Europe, the UK and North America led to a

mass movement of people from the countryside to seek employment

• The cities however were not prepared for this unprecedented movement of people and rapid growth as

most of them lacked the most basic services to deal with the influx

• The result was the formation of chaotic, overcrowded and polluted cities

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• Ebenezer Howard’s ideas on the garden city and Robert Owen’s New Lanark model settlement came to

represent at the end of the century, the distillation & most complete expression of this radical utopian socialism

• In other countries, where this idea of planning also emerged as a response to the problems of the

industrial city, other ideas which underpinned the ideal physical environment prevailed

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• Ebenezer Howard’s ideas on the garden city and Robert

Owen’s New Lanark model settlement came to represent at the end of the century, the distillation & most complete expression of this radical utopian socialism

• In other countries, where this idea of planning also

emerged as a response to the problems of the industrial city, other ideas which underpinned the ideal physical environment prevailed

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

Ebe Ebenezer Ho Howard

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• Ebenezer Howard’s ideas on the garden city and Robert Owen’s New Lanark model settlement came to

represent at the end of the century, the distillation & most complete expression of this radical utopian socialism

• In other countries, where this idea of planning also emerged as a response to the problems of the

industrial city, other ideas which underpinned the ideal physical environment prevailed

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• In France, the ideas of architect-planner, Le Corbusier, in

the 1920s and 1930s established the ideal of the modernist city

• Le Corbusier’s argument was that instead of the city with

gardens of the kind which Howard had proposed, his was to be a city in a garden

• Le Corbusier held that the ideal city was neat, ordered

and highly controlled.

• Slums, narrow streets and mixed use areas should be

demolished and replaced with tower blocks with open space flowing between them and land uses separated into mono functional zones

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

Le Le Cor Corbusie ier

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• Implicit in both the proposals of Howard’s garden cities and Le Corbusier’s imaginary sketch of the radiant city

was the utopian suggestion that town planning should create entirely new kind of urban settlement

• Although clearly there was a debate as to whether this should be Howard’s garden city or Le Corbusier’s

radiant city

• Howard’s ideas, underlay Abercrombie’s 1944 plan for Greater London, with his proposal for a ring of relatively

“self contained” and “socially balanced” new towns circling London’s green belt

• By contrast, in the post war redevelopment schemes of many inner city areas, it was Le Corbusier’s vision of

the modern city of tower blocks which arose from the rubble in the late 1950s and 1960s

• This ostentatious approach to town planning comes through in Lewis Keeble’s influential book, Principles and

Practice of Town and Country Planning

• Across the Atlantic in the United States, early 20th century visions of the ideal city were different again

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• Architect Frank Lloyd Wright’s counter to the problems of

industrializing New York took the form of low density, dispersed cities with each family on its own small farm (car based suburban model)

• Other elements of the American urban idealism were

drawn from Europe; Le Corbusier’s modernist inspired skyscraper development and the City Beautiful Movement drew on the boulevards and promenades of the great European capitals

• Because many of the urban planners of this period were

architects, many common architectural practices were thus incorporated into urban planning

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

Fr Frank Llo Lloyd Wrig ight

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• In particular, planners adopted four principles from architecture that constituted the “design approach”

which dominated planning during the first half of the twentieth century ;-

• Comprehensive design, aesthetic considerations (beautiful cities produce good citizens), hierarchy

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• Given that town pla

lannin ing was vie iewed as as essentia ially an an exercis ise in in the physical desig ign, it it seemed self lf evident to to to town pla planners at at this tim ime that their pr prim ime tas ask was as the pr productio ion of

• f pla

plans

• It

It als lso seemed self lf evident that these pla lans should be be as as detaile led as as possible le so so as as to to guide future de develo lopment an and sho should de define as as pr precisely ly as as fea easib ible, sit sites for

• r part

particular use uses

• In

In the UK, the first generatio ion of

• f develo

lopment plans lo local authoritie ies were requir ired to to produce under the 1947 1947 Town an and Cou Country ry Pl Plannin ing Act ct al also ad adopted this ap approach

• Wats

tson (2007 2007) summariz izes the key assumptio ions that were common to to the master pla lans which carrie ied the ur urban vi visio ions of

• f the tim

ime as as foll

• llows;
• 1. That planners possessed particular design expertise, much like architects, but that once the design

was complete it was then up to other professionals to implement it;

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING… Key assumptions………

• 2. That through the design of physical space it would be possible to shape the nature of societies which
• ccupied it (neighbourhood model)
• 3. That it was possible to envisage a future ideal state for each city and to achieve this through the

plan, and that thereafter no further change would occur

• 4. That it was possible to predict both the scale and nature of population and economic growth over

the long term and plan for this

• 5. That cities were amenable to manipulation in terms of these plans; that local governments as the

implementers of plans had sufficient control over the use of each parcel of land to ensure that the plan would eventually be realized

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING… Key assumptions………

• 6. That the plans should be comprehensive. The modernist assumption here is that planners can

envisage new and better urban worlds and plan for them

• 7. That planners were custodians of the public good which they entrusted to promote through their

plans

• The cl

close pa partner of

• f the mas

aster pla plan was as the de develo lopment control system & zon

• nin

ing sch scheme

• If

If the master plan was the creative and forw rward looking vis isio ion of

• f the city

ty, then the zoning scheme was the pr prim imary ry leg egal to tool through whic ich it it wou

• uld

ld be be imple lemented

• The concept of
• f land use

use zoning orig iginated in in Germany and was adopted with great enthusiasm across ss USA an and Eur Europe in in the ear early ly part part of

• f the 20

20th th ce century ry

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN TOWN PLANNING…

• In

In the USA, the zoning scheme was especially ly welcomed as as it it was seen seen as as necessary to to contr trol the influx of

• f

im immig igrant businesses es into the city center thus helping to to secure greater safety and security ty in in in investment for the loc

• cal bu

busin inessmen

• Land use

use zoning usuall lly carrie ied with it it a partic icula lar vie iew of

• f urban form, in

in keeping with the vis isio ions of

• f the early

pla planners, s, an and was as en enth thusiasti tically ado adopted by by mid iddle le an and com

• mmercial cla

classe ses

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

From left to right; Howard’s influential diagram on the garden city concept, Le Corbusier’s radiant city, Frank Lloyd Right’s broad acre city

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

From left to right; Howard’s influential diagram on the garden city concept, Le Corbusier’s radiant city, Frank Lloyd Right’s broad acre city

HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

FROM 1966 TO 2018

• At the tim

ime of

• f independence in 1966

1966, Bot Botswana did did no not t ha have cl clearly ly stated long ter term ur urban de develo lopment po polic licies s an and leg egisla latio ion par partly be because over er 95% 95% of

• f the po

popula lation liv ived in rur rural l ar areas

• Urb

Urbanization in n Bot Botswana is s bas basically ly a a pos post colo lonial l ph phenomenon

• As

s of

• f 1960

1960, , on

• nly

ly fou

• ur

r se settlements, s, Lob Lobatse, , Kas asane, , Gh Ghanzi an and Fr Francistown wer ere rec ecognized as as to towns by y the 1955 1955 Township ip Procla lamatio ion Act ct

• It

It was as only

• nly after the dis

discovery an and exp xploitatio ion of

• f dia

diamonds, , copper an and nic nickel in the late 1960 1960s that ur urbanization act actually gain ained mom

• mentum in

n Bot Botswana

• In

In te terms of

• f the pla

planning an and de development of

• f se

settlements, s, the government in 1972 1972, , es establis ished the Dep Department ch charged wit ith the res esponsib ibility of

• f urb

urban pla planning

• In

In 1977 1977 (R (Revised 2013 2013) the fi first t pla planning law was as ena enacted

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

FROM 1966 TO 2018 …

• The Act

ct was as pr prepared for

• r the government by

y a a Brit British bas based to town pla planning con

• nsultant an

and is s ba base sed on

• n the

194 1947 Brit British Town Pl Planning Act ct

• The pr

provisio ions of

• f the Act

ct ar are e no notably si simil ilar to to the pr provis isions s of

• f the Brit

British Town Pl Planning Act ct of

• f 1947

1947

• The 1977

1977 Act ct th thus se set the stage for

• r th

the introductio ion of

• f the cl

classic ic mas aster pla planning ap approach in Bots Botswana that dom dominated pla plannin ing in th the cit citie ies of

• f the gl

global nor north in the pos post war ar per period

• In

In the mas aster pla plan ap approach pla plans wer ere sup supposed to to be be as as de detailed as as poss possible to to gu guid ide fu futu ture de development an and to to de defin ine as as pr precisely as as fea easible le, si sites s for

• r pa

partic icula lar use uses

• This utopia

ian com

• mprehensiv

iveness s can dir directly be be rela elated to to the influences s of

• f the ut

utopian soc socia iali lists s in ear early ly Brit Britis ish pla planning

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

FROM 1966 TO 2018 …

• In

In ad addition to to th this is, , com

• mprehensiv

ive pl planning was as see seen as as a a mea eans s through whic hich th the allo allocatio ion of

• f lan

and to to spe specific use uses could be be ac achie ieved be because in ear early ly UK K pla plannin ing mix ixed use use was as see seen as as very ery pr problematic

• The sec

second do document dea dealing with th ur urban de development in Bot Botswana spe specifically ly in ter terms s of

• f de

detailed layout pla planning is s th the Urb Urban De Development St Standards s (UD (UDS) of

• f 1992

1992

• The standards dea

deal l wit ith the ar arrangement an and en engin ineering infrastr tructure of

• f an

an ar area an and the sit site de details s suc such as as roa

• ads,

, pu publi lic facil ilitie ies s an and ut util ilities, s, ope

• pen spa

spaces s an and the si sizes s of

• f dif

different land use uses with thin the se settlement including ope

• pen spa

spaces

• An

n important part part of

• f this

is doc document whic hich rela elates dir directly to to mod

• dernist pla

planning is s its ts ado adoption of

• f the

ne neig ighbourhood un unit con

• ncept

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

FROM 1966 TO 2018 …

• The neighbourhood unit concept was directly derived from Howard’s idea of the Garden city. In Howard’s
• rig
• riginal

l dia diagram, , he he div divid ided the to town in into wha hat he he calle lled war ards of

• f ar

around 500 5000 peo people

• The sec

second asp aspect of

• f these standards wit

ith mod

• dernist

t roo

• ots

ts is s the ado adoption of

• f the hi

hierarchical or

• rganization of
• f

the roa

• ad system
• Acc

ccording to to the ori

• riginal concept,

, the main ain traffic rou

• utes,

s, ar arterial rou

• utes,

, sho should be be fr free ee fr from

• m dir

direct acc access and fr frontage by y de develo lopments

• While

le sec secondary ry colle llector rou

• utes sho

should spe specificall lly ser serve as as connectors be betw tween loc

• cal

l ac access rou

• utes

s an and the main ain art arteria ial l rou

• utes an

and these se sho should ld al also

• ha

have min inimum dir direct ac access

• The main

ain ar argument be behind the hie hierarchical or

• rganization was

as intended to to faci acilitate sm smoo

• oth traffic movement

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

FROM 1966 TO 2018 …

• A

A third doc document nec necessary ry to to aid aid the ac achievement of

• f the des

desired fu future en end state of

• f the city

city is s the De Development Co Control Co Code

• It

It is s a a se set t of

• f pla

planning reg egulatio ions de devise sed to to control the pla planning an and de development of

• f land use

use act activities s in pla planning ar areas

• The code pr

provides for

• r the min

inim imum com

• mpulso

sory ry requir irements s nee needed to to ac accommodate infrastr tructure, fi fire fi fightin ing an and res escue, , par parking, g, loa

• adin

ing an and un unloading, ha handli ling, g, sto torage, coll

• llectio

ion an and di disposal of

• f refuse,

, ope

• pen

spa space, poll pollution control, acc access ss, mob

• bility an

and com

• mfort
• An

n important part part of

• f this

is doc document that has has lin inks wit ith modernis ist thin inking rela elates s to to low de density resid esidential l de develo lopment

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

FROM 1966 TO 2018 …

• The introduction of
• f modernis

ist ide deas s an and spa spatial constructs in n Bot Botswana was as no not t on

• nly

ly res estr tric icted to to leg egisla lation an and pol policy doc documents

• At the tim

ime whe hen se settlement pla planning was as introduced in the country, , local l pla planners wer ere ei eith ther r inexperie ienced

• r
• r ha

had lit ittle train ining in the fi field, , thus the government reli elied on

• n expatria

iate pla planners an and consultants s for

• r the

pla planning of

• f se

settlements

• This is

s evid vident in that som some of

• f the se

settl tlements pl planned bo both th be before an and aft fter r the introduction of

• f pl

planning po polic licies s an and leg egisla latio ion, use used spa spatial form

• rms

s si simil ilar to to those that orig

• riginated in the gl

global l nor north

• Sec

Secondly, mod

• dernist pla

planning infiltrated ur urban pla planning in the later year ears through the trainin ing of

• f local pla

planners in the form

• rmer colo

lonial po powers s spe specifically ly the UK UK in the case se of

• f Bot

Botswana

From left to right, Tlokweng, Gaborone and Palapye Master Plans

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

Low density urban form in Gaborone resulting from DCC

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

CRITICISMS OF MODERNIST URBAN PLANNING

• Fi

Firstly ly it t is s bas based on

• n a

a be belie lief that com

• mprehensiv

ive pla plans, whic ich en encompass every ry squ square meter of

• f land, ar

are e bo both th ne necess ssary ry an and des desirable

• It

It is s no now widely rec ecognized that th this is is s nei neither pos possib ible nor nor des desirable le an and that the inevitable out

• utcome of
• f these

ap approaches s is s ste terilit ity (sa (sameness)

• Pos
• sit

itiv ive se settlements s ar are e com

• mplex an

and complexity can only

• nly res

esult whe here there is s consid iderable fr freedom of

• f

pr process: the pr process s allo allows s for

• r the ingenuity an

and cr creativit ity of

• f many peo

people le to to inform out

• utcomes
• It

It is s recogniz ized that wha hat is s req equired is s a a mor

• re part

partial ap approach: the de development of

• f spa

spatial fr fram ameworks whic hich gi give strong dir direction with thout de determin ining al all l asp aspects s of

• f fin

final form

• rm
• Sec

Secondly, the foc

• cus of
• f mod
• dernis

ist ur urban pla plans is s land use

• use. Ho

However, sp spatial l pla planning has has very ery lit ittle control l over land use.

• use. It

It can pr prevent thin ings s fr from

• m ha

happening bu but cannot mak ake them ha happen

URBAN PLANNING IN BOTSWANA

CRITICISMS OF MODERNIST URBAN PLANNING

• Thirdly,

, the mod

• dernist

t ap approach is s esse essentially qu quantitative. . Proj

• jectio

ions of

• f gr

growth ar are e mad ade an and spa space pr programmes pr prepared on

• n the bas

basis is of

• f threshold

ld an and ran

• ange. Pl

Planning is s then mor

• re or
• r les

ess s rati tional dis distr tribution

• f
• f the part

parts or

• r el

elements

• The pr

proble lems s wit ith this ap approach ar are e two fold

• ld;

1.

• 1. Fi

Firstly ly, pr proj

• jectio

ion is s a a no notoriously ly inaccurate scie

• science. Whe

hen pr projections s ar are wrong, g, the ine nevitable le ou

• utcome is

s lar arge amo amounts of

• f res

esid idual or

• r leftover spa

space wait aiting for

• r events to

to occ

• ccur

2.

• 2. Sec

Secondly, in effect, , pla planning occ

• ccurs fr

from

• m bo

bottom-up: there is s a a gr great dea deal of

• f pla

planning abo about the part parts or

• r

el elements, , bu but no noth thing gi gives s dir directio ion to to the who hole le

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

NORMATIVE BASED PLANNING APPROACH

• A

A judgment abo about what consti titutes s a a wor

• rth

thwhil ile en environment is s a a valu alue judgment an and no not t one

• ne of
• f pu

pure te technical fact

• This thinking moves away fr

from

• m the main

ainly static ic, , pr prescriptive pla planning system bas based on

• n rule

rules an and reg egulations

• It

It recogniz izes s that there is s al always s mor

• re than one
• ne way

y of

• f mak

aking pla places an and that the cr creative skil skills br brought to to bea bear on

• n a

a pr project ar are e an an esse essential dim dimension of

• f its

ts qu quality

• Appropriate pla

plannin ing sho should therefore be be un underpinned by y two se sets ts of

• f valu

lues:

• On

One is s peo people ce centered; the main ain pu purpose se of

• f pla

plannin ing is s to to fos

• ster pos

positiv ive hu human de develo lopment an and to to improve the qu qualit ity of

• f lif

ife of

• f all

all peo people; the ot

• ther is

s bas based on

• n an,

an,

• Awar

areness of

• f na

nature whic hich pr provides the se setting an and bas basic ic reso esources for

• r hu

human lif ife

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

NORMATIVE BASED PLANNING APPROACH…

• An

n ap appropriate ba bala lance is s therefore req equired in or

• rder to

to ens ensure that na natu tural l an and hu human ec ecosystems coexist har harmoniously ly

• This ap

approach ha has s bee been ap appropria iately ly te termed nor normative bas based pla plannin ing an and it t recogniz izes the valu lue-laden na nature of

• f the ur

urban pla plannin ing pr profess ssion A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING SETTLEMENTS

• A

A fr framework for

• r mak

akin ing pos posit itive se settle lements is s un underpin inned by y the abo above two

• concerns (pe

(people & na nature)

• There ar

are three important com

• mponents of
• f this

is fr fram amework whic hich sho should ld be be taken as as the starting poi points s in an any se settlement mak aking pr process

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

A Framework for Making Settlements…

• The fi

first t rela elates to to the impor

• rtance of
• f pe

pedestria ian movement. The rea eali lity of

• f the maj

ajority of

• f urb

urban dw dwell llers is s that th they ar are res estr tricted to to two mod

• des of
• f movement. At the mos
• st

t bas basic ic level, , they travel on

• n foo
• ot,

t, for

• r lon
• nger

trip ips they de depend on

• n pu

public ic transport

• Thus in cr

creating se settle lements whic hich ac accommodate this is maj ajority, , movement on

• n foo
• ot

t sho should be be taken as as the starting poi point in the mak akin ing of

• f se

settlements s suc such that ad additional mea eans rep eprese sented by y car ar owne nership be become a a bo bonus, s, increasing op

• pti

tions s for

• r peo

people le

• The sec

second starting poi point is s the importance of

• f thinking spa

spatially ly. . In In pe pedestrian sc scale led en environments the pu public spa spatial en envir ironment sho should be be vi viewed as as the hig highest t level of

• f soc

socia ial l infrastr tructure

• In

In these en environments a a gr great de deal l of

• f act

activ ivit ity occ

• ccurs in

n the pu publi lic spa spaces, s, with th the res esult lt that the qu quality of

• f the

pu public ic sp spatial en environment pr profoundly ly affects the qu quality of

• f lif

ife

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING SETTLEMENTS…

• spa

spatially, , in this context, , req equires that al all l pu public ic spa spaces, , part particularly streets, s, be be vi viewed as as pu publi lic spa space

• The third component rela

elates to to the nee need to to pla plan part partiall lly. . It It is s important to to seek seek continually to to take the min inimum act actions nec necessary ry to to cr create rea eal l op

• pportunit

ities for

• r cr

creativ ive res esponse se

• These op
• ppor
• rtunities ar

are bes best rele eleased whe hen the pu publi lic sp spatia ial l structure is s pos posit itively mad ade

• It

It is s the fr framework of

• f pu

publi lic act actions s whic ich gi gives s or

• rder to

to the who hole le an and pr provid ides the log

• gic an

and constr traint to to whic ich mult ltip iple priv private de decis ision mak akers can res espond

• Se

Settle lements mad ade wit ithin this s bas basic fr fram amewor

• rk exhibit cer

certain interrela lated per performance qu qualitie ies:  they generate opportunities,  they are convenient to live in,

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING SETTLEMENTS… they provide a range of choices to their inhabitants, they provide equality of access, they promote the efficient use of resources, they have a high sense of place, they are integrated and above all, they are sustainable settlements

• The mea

eans by y whic hich these qu qualit ities ar are e ac achieved lies in the way y th the se settlement is s or

• rganized or
• r structured.

. The concept of

• f structure is

s therefore ce central l to to se settlement mak aking

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING SETTLEMENTS…

• The structure of
• f a

a se settl tlement as as use used her here refers to to the mak aking of

• f that part

part of

• f the se

settle lement whic ich is s sha shared by y al all l inhabitants s as as opp

• pposed to

to the priv private rea ealm lms of

• f individual ho

households s an and bu busin inesses

• In

In investment ter terms, this usu usually eq equates with th pu publi lic investment in n the spa spatial structure, , to to whic ich priv private investment an and de decis ision mak aking res esponds SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE AND ITS ELEMENTS

• There ar

are fou

• ur key

y el elements of

• f the se

settlement structure whic ich contribute to to the ways in whic hich pe people per perceive, un understand an and rea eact to to the se settl tlement

• These can be

be conceptuali lized as as those se qu qualitie ies of

• f a

a pla place whic hich gi give it t an an immedia iate identity, one

• ne whic

ich is s qu quickly ly pe perceived or

• r gr

gras asped by y its ts user users

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE AND ITS ELEMENTS

• There ar

are fou

• ur key

y el elements of

• f the se

settlement structure whic ich contribute to to the ways in whic hich pe people per perceive, un understand an and rea eact to to the se settl tlement

• The fou
• ur key el

elements s ar are: spa space, , connectio ion, pu public insti titutions s an and pla place

• Spa

Space is s one

• ne of
• f the mos
• st

t important structuring el elements of

• f se

settle lements. . In In this reg egard it t sho should no not t be be vi viewed as as jus ust t one

• ne el

element of

• f a

a se settlement pr programme suc such as as pu public ope

• pen spa

space bu but sho should ld be be ap approached as as part part

• f
• f thinking abo

about the who hole

• Due

Due to to the div diversit ity of

• f pla

places with thin the se settl tlement, som some part parts will ll be be mor

• re pu

public ic, ot

• thers mor
• re priv

private whil hile

• t
• thers ar

are mor

• re ne

neutral l ser serving br broader, mor

• re div

diverse se sets of

• f cit

citiz izens an and act activ ivitie ies

• It

It is s ap apparent therefore that there is s structural or

• rder in

n se settlements.

• s. This

is or

• rder lie

ies at t the he heart of

• f the concept
• f
• f structure

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE AND ITS ELEMENTS

• Con

Connection - the roa

• ads,

s, rail ail lin ines, pe pedestrian an and bic bicycle rou

• utes compris

ise the lin inkage system of

• f the se

settlement

• It

It is s pr prim imaril ily wit ithin in this s ne netw twork of

• f movement spa

spaces that pu publi lic lif ife wit ithin in the se settlement takes pla place

• Thus its

ts mak akin ing sho should ld be be informed no not t only

• nly by

y te technocratic consid iderations s bu but al also so by y hu human an and en environmental consid iderations

• The ab

abili ility of

• f the movement system to

to de define pa patterns of

• f acc

access ssibili lity bo both th with thin the se settlement an and be betw tween se settlements s mak akes it an an important structuring el element

• Pub

ubli lic ins nsti titutions ar are bo both th movement gen enerators an and the com

• mmunity mee

eetin ing pla places s wit ithin in the se settle lement

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE AND ITS ELEMENTS

• As

s suc such they sho should form

• rm the ce

central foc

• cus in mak

akin ing se settlements wit ith a a well ll de defin ined structure

• Pl

Place - the na natu tural an and cu cultural l dis disti tinguishin ing features of

• f a

a pla place ar are important el elements s in the structuring of

• f

se settlements

• Thus th

the concept of

• f pla

place implie ies s em embracing an and consciously ly see seekin ing to to pr promote un uniq iqueness as as op

• pposed to

to standardization

TYPES OF SPATIAL PLANS

• In

In pu pursuance of

• f the abo

above ap approach, every ry municipality mus ust ha have fou

• ur integrated types of
• f spa

spatial pl plans A SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK (SDF)

• An

An SDF SDF consti titutes the fu futu ture spa spatia ial pla plan for

• r the municipalit

ity.

• It

It maps out a desir ired vis isio ion and growth tr trajectory and it it considers the main ele lements ts of

• f publi

lic str tructure in in rela elatio ion to to eac each ot

• ther
• The focus of
• f these frameworks should not be

be on

• n la

land use use but but on

• n the emerging capital web or
• r capital

infrastr tructure of

• f the ar

area

• While

ile the focus of

• f SDFs is

is not land use, they have profound im implicati tions on

• n la

land use, since the capital web cr creates the log

• gic to

to whic ich priv private investment res esponds

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK

MOVEMENT FRAMEWORK

GREEN FRAMEWORK

AN URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK

• SDFs identif

ify desir ired spatia ial relationships betw tween ele lements of

• f the publi

lic str

• tructure. They are prim

imaril ily tw two dim dimensio ional.

• Urban desig

ign frameworks are three dim imensio ional: they tr transla late the rela latio ionships into a th three dim imensio ional form

• rm
• Their foc
• cus is

is on

• n the cr

creation of

• f pos

positiv ive pu publi lic spa space

• In

In pos positiv ive en environments, all all pu public spa space is is see seen as as soc socia ial spa space

• When these spaces are properly

ly made, they sig ignificantly enhance the enjoyment of

• f the activitie

ies occurring wit ithin in them an and they impact pos positiv ively on

• n the dig

dignity of

• f the en

enti tire en environment

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Design of the Southern Gateway Design of the Park and New Street. Planning & Design

• f Blue-Jacket

Boulevard. Design of medium density housing Preparation of Precinct Plan Design of medium density housing Design of Public facility cluster River Ecological Study 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 15 13 16 feasibility of the redevelopment Technical Feasibility Study for integrated transportation and mixed-Use precinct. Design of the Civic spine and related spaces feasibility of the proposed Municipal complex Design of the Civic and Institutional Avenues feasibility of the College of Education Design of the Station Square and related sub- precincts Design of Public facility cluster

URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK

SECTOR PLANS

• These are more technical pla

lans rela lating to to th the elements ts of

• f public

ic str tructure e.g. tr transport, t, social facilitie ies,

• pe
• pen spa

space etc.

• They are concerned with the how of
• f achie

ieving the intentio ions and proposals ls of

• f the SDF and Urban Design

Fr Framework

• These sho

should ne never be be pu pursued in in iso sola lation fr from the integratin ing fr frameworks

• In

In pr prin inciple, sec sector pla plans sho should be be see seen as as instr truments to to imple lement the fr frameworks TOWN PLANNING SCHEMES

• Town pla

plannin ing sch schemes generally ly de defines the cadastral bo boundaries as as well ell as as the zone

• ned use

use of

• f eac

each pr property

ALTERNATIVE PLANNING APPROACH

CONCLUSION

DESIRED LOCAL LEVEL DESIGN QUALITIES

• 1. Buildings, planting, colonnades and other elements should be used to create shade and shelter from

elements and to improve structural legibility 2. While a choice of modes is important, dominance should be accorded to NMT and public transport

• 3. Public spaces, not buildings, are the glue which holds positive settlements together. They are the public

living rooms of settlements

• 4. Positive spaces are defined, partially protected from the elements, multi functional, humanly scaled,

surveiled (human eyes over space) and landscaped

• 5. The street is a particularly important form of public space. It is important to achieve qualities of “street”

as opposed to “road”

• 6. Wherever possible, informal seating should be provided in public spaces

CONCLUSION

DESIRED LOCAL LEVEL DESIGN QUALITIES

• 7. Buildings should be used structurally, for example corner buildings, T-junctions, where the building is

used to terminate vistas, street etc.

• 8. Public buildings should be used as landmarks
• 9. Respect heritage and create a sense of place
• 10. Use water as a place making element
• 11. It is essential to have clarity about the distinction between public and private space
• 12. The clustering of public facilities around public space enhances convenience
• 13. Seek to achieve a rich mix of activities, both vertical and lateral
• 14. Positive urban places are fine grained

CONCLUSION

THANK YOU

JOBE OFETOTSE

• ftjob@gmail.com