Land Geological Volcano Earthquake Land subsidence - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Disasters related to Land Geological Volcano Earthquake Land subsidence Landslide Snow avalanche Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural
GNR 639
GNR 639
Country Volcano
USA Cold Bay Volcano (Alaska), Novarupta (Alaska), Mount St. Helens (Washington), Mount Baker (Washington), Mount Rainier (Washington), Mount Hood (Oregon), Mount Shasta (California), Kilauea (Hawaii), Mauna Kea (Hawaii), Mauna Loa (Hawaii), Japan Mount Fuji (Honshu) Antarctica Mount Erebus (Ross Island,) Italy Etna (Sicily), Mount Vesuvius (Bay of Naples) Iceland Krafla, Hekla, Surtsey Grenada Kick-'em-Jenny Russia Kluchevskaya (Kamchatka) Indonesia Krakatoa (Rakata), Tambora (Sumbawa) Peru El Misti (Arequipa) Philippines Mount Pinatubo (Luzon Island) Mexico Mexico-Puebla state line Greece Santorini (Santorini islands) Spain Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands,) New Zealand White Island (Bay of Plenty) Soufriere Hills volcano, (Montserrat) India Barrren Island
Distribution of Volcanoes in different countries
1586 Kelut, Indonesia – caused 10.000 deaths 1631 Vesuvius, Italy – caused 3.500 deaths 1772 Papandayan, Indonesia – caused 3.000 deaths 1783 Asama, Japan – caused 1.377 deaths 1783 Laki, Iceland – 9.350 deaths, most due to starvation 1792 Mount Unzen, Japan – caused tsunami and 14.300 deaths 1815 Tambora, Indonesia – 92.000 deaths, caused by starvation and disease 1882 Galunggung, Indonesia – caused 4.000 deaths 1883 Krakatau, Indonesia – caused tsunami and 36.417 deaths 1902 Mount Pelée, West Indies – devastation of St. Pierre and 40.000 deaths 1919 Kelut, Indonesia – caused 5.110 deaths 1951 Lamington, Papua New Guinea – caused 3.000 deaths 1963 Aguna, Indonesia – caused 1.184 deaths 1982 El Chichon, Mexico – caused 2.000 deaths 1985 Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia – deadly mudflow, 25.000 deaths 1991 Mount Unzen, Japan 1994 Rabaul, Papua New Guinea 1997 Soufrière Hills, Montserrat, West-Indies 2004 Manam, Indonesia – 10.000 people evacuated, most still living in temporary camps
Eruption Start Date Country / Location Volcano
2011 Iceland Grímsvötn 2011 Chile Puyehue-Cordón Caulle 2011 Chile Planchón-Peteroa 2011 Costa Rica Turrialba 2011 Nicaragua Telica 2011 Russia Kliuchevskoi 2011 Russia Bezymianny 2011 Japan Aso 2011 Japan Kirishima 2011 Indonesia Karangetang Api Siau) 2011 Indonesia Lokon-Empung 2011 Eritrea Nabro Dec 15 2010 Nicaragua San Cristóbal Nov 26 2010 Indonesia Tengger Caldera Nov 22 2010 Ecuador Tungurahua Nov 11 2010 Russia Kizimen Nov 6 2010 Philippines Bulusan Oct 25 2010 Indonesia Krakatau Sep 17 2010 India Barren Island Aug 25 2010 Italy Etna Aug 10 2010 Papua New Guinea Manam May 26 2010 Papua New Guinea Ulawun Dec 11 2009 Nicaragua Concepción 2009 Nov 22 Chile Villarrica
2009 Nov Costa Rica Poás 2008 Oct 26 Colombia Huila, Nevado del 2008 Sep 19 Solomon Is Tinakula 2008 Jul 27 Ecuador Reventador 2008 May 23 Vanuatu Ambrym 2008 Apr 5 Indonesia Ibu 2005 Apr 15 United Kingdom Soufrière Hills 2005 Jan 9 México Popocatépetl 2004 Oct 23 Japan Suwanose-jim 2002 May 17 DR Congo Nyiragongo 2002 Jan 4 Guatemala Fuego 2001 Nov 15 Russia Karymsky 2000 Sep 16 Papua New Guinea Bagana 1999 Aug 15 Russia Shiveluch 1997 Nov 22 México Colima 1972 Dec East Antarctica Erebus 1967 Aug 31 Indonesia Semeru 1967 (in or before) Ethiopia Erta Ale 1955 Oct 13 Japan Sakura-jima 1934 Aug 8 Ecuador Sangay 1934 Feb 2 Italy Stromboli 1933 Aug 13 Indonesia Dukono 1922 Jun 22 Guatemala Santa María 1774 (in or before) Vanuatu Yasur
(Source courtesy: usgs.gov)
(Source courtesy: learner.org)
(Source courtesy: spring8.or.jp)
(Source courtesy: hiddeninearth.blogspot)
(Courtesy: nbcnews.com)
(Source courtesy: scribal.com)
Eruption of Kavachi Volcano, an undersea volcano located off the coast of the Solomon Islands.
(Source courtesy: nasa)
(Source courtesy: smore.com) (Source courtesy: blomberg.com)
(Source courtesy: the-earth-story.com)
Source courtesy:theboldcorsicanflame.wordpress
Source courtesy:intechopen.com
Sour
p://w /www ww.enc nchantedle dlearning ing.com/subj bjects/volc
ifs/v /volc lcanod
iagram.GIF
VENT- the vent is the opening from which lava flows. Dust, ash, and rock particles can also be thrown out
Crater- It is a funnel shaped pit. It is formed when the material explodes out of the vent Volcanic cone- is the pile of lava, dust, ashes, and rock around the vent. It can be found in different shapes
(Source courtesy: ranker.com)
(Source courtesy: houstonchronicle.com)
(Source courtesy: goeddelphotograph.com) Source courtesy:pmel.noaa.gov
(Source courtesy: news.softpedia.com)
Precursor to
GNR 639
Source courtesy:volcano.si.edu Source courtesy: poleshift.mog.com
GNR 639
GNR 639
Source courtesy: volcano.si.edu
But, volcanoes cause fewer fatalities than earthquakes, hurricanes and famine.
Courtesy of www.swisseduc.ch
Type Characteristics
Icelandic Fissure eruption that quietly release large volumes of free flowing (fluid) basaltic magma which is poor in gas and which flows as sheets over large areas and builds up
Hawaiian Fissure, caldera and pit crater eruptions; mobile lavas with some gas in thin, fluid flows; quiet to moderately active eruptions; occasional rapid emission of gassy lava in fountains; only minor amounts of ash; builds up lava domes. Strombolian Stratoconds (summit craters);moderate, rhythmic to nearly continuous explosions, resulting from spasmodic gas escape; clots of lava ejected, as bombs and scoria; periodic, thicker outpourings of moderately fluid lava; light-colored clouds(mostly steam) reach upwards only moderate heights. Vulcanian Stratocones (central vents);viscous lavas in short, thick flows; lavas crust over in vent between eruptions, allowing gas to build up below surface; eruptions increase in violence and are interspersed with longer quiescent periods until lava crust is broken up, clearing vent and ejecting bombs, pumice and ash; lava flows out of summit after main explosive eruption; dark, covoluted and cauliflower-shaped ash-laden clouds, rising to moderate heights more or less vertically, depositing ash along flanks of volcano(In Pseudo-vulcanean eruptions phreatic steam clouds vent fragmental matter explosively.) Surtseyan Violently explosive, Phreato-magmatic eruption, ejecting fragmental material and glassy Tephra. Vesuvian More paroxysmal than preceding types; extremely violent expulsion of gas-charged magma from stratocone vent; eruption occurs after long interval of of quiescence or mild activity; vent tends to be emptied to considerable depth; lava ejects in explosive spray (glowing above vent) with repeated clouds that reach great heights and deposit ash. Plinian More violent form of Vesuvian eruption; sometimes associated with caldera collapse; last major phase is uprush of gas that carries clouds rapidly upward in vertical columns that are narrow at their bases but are kilometers high and expand outward at upper altitudes; wide dispersal of tephra, including pumice; cloud is generally low in
Pelean Results from high viscosity lavas, delayed explosiveness; conduit of stratovolcano usually blocked by dome or plug; gas (some lava)escaped from flank openings or by destruction or uplift of plug; gas, ash and blocks move down slope in one or more blasts as nuees' ardentes or other forms of Pyroclastic flow, producing directed deposits. Bandaian Collapse of part of volcanic edifice, producing massive landslide or rock avalanche. Katmaian Voluminous production of ignimbrites(welded tuff deposits)
Volcanic eruption types ( Source: Macdonald 1972)
Volcanic Explosivity Index Explosivity Qualitative description Classification Tropospheric injection Stratospheric injection
Non-explosive Effusive Hawaiian Negligible None 1 Small Gentle Hawaiian Strombolian Minor None 2 Moderate Explosive Strombolian Moderate None 3 moderate- large Severe Strombolian, vulacanian Great Possible 4 large Violent Vulcanian, Plinian Great Definite 5 Very large Cataclysmic Plinian, Ultraplinian Great Significant 6 Very large Paroxysmal Ultraplinian Great Significant 7 Very large Colossal Ultraplinian Great Significant 8 Very large Terrific Ultraplinian Great significant
Source courtesy: dailymail.co.uk
Volcanic process Characteristics and mitigation Lava flows Lava flows generally move slowly, along paths determined by topography and do not normally threatens life. It cause destruction through burial and burning, and this may end all existing land use, preventing it being re-established for many centuries. Mitigation measures include: general & specific prediction; damming and/or diversion and slowing the flow using water-cooling. Domes Domes are formed when magma is too viscous and immobile to flow very far. Pyroclastic flows may be generated by collapse. Pyroclastic falls Pyroclastic falls range in size from ash (less than 2 mm), lapilli (2mm*(69 mm) to blocks/bombs (greater than 64 mm). Falls present a number of hazards. Near to the volcano, failure of roofs, power lines and cables and death and injury through the impact of large size blocks and bombs, may occur. Ash can destroy vegetation, crops, block roads, and clog drains, watercourses and cause damage to equipment. In large eruptions, the dangers to aircraft may be considerable and particles can be spread over the globe and impact on climate and weather. Mitigation measures include: general and specific prediction; pre-eruption evacuation; measures to ensure that the roofs of buildings are of sufficient strength; provision of face masks and uncontaminated water; and warnings to air traffic. Lateral (directed) blasts Lateral blasts are highly destructive. Blasts kill by heat, burial and impact. Blasts are caused by decompression of magmatic gases, or explosion of high pressure hydrothermal systems. Blasts involve ballistic action from ashes, blocks and bombs, and may also include pyroclastic surges and flows. Blasts often cause the partial destruction of the volcanic edifice. Examples include: Bezymianny (Russia, 1956) and Mt. St Helens (USA, 1980). Gases Volcanic gases present hazards to the health and may damage vegetation. The effects of gases are at their most severe near to a volcano and wind directions are important in determining
evacuation if transient. Pyroclastic flows Pyroclastic flows are hot dry masses of particulate volcanic material that move along the ground surface. Maximum temperatures in pyroclastic flows range from 3303C to more than
densely populated area, then it would cause one of the greatest of human disasters. Around many volcanoes there are thin deposits that cover large areas. These are thought to be emplaced by very high velocity flows, which can surmount high mountain barriers. Even smaller flows, of which there are many historic examples (e.g. Mont PeleHe and La Soufrie`re*Caribbean 1902), constitute a very serious hazard and would cause death and destruction to all in their paths. Mitigation measures include: general and specific prediction; judicious siting of settlements and pre-evacuation. Pyroclastic surges A surge is a turbulent, low density cloud of gases and rock debris, perhaps accompanied by water and steam that moves at high speed. Two sub-types are recognized: (a) Hot surges are very dangerous and can cause death, injury, destruction of buildings, impact damage and burial. Hot surges move at great speed and may be formed by a number of processes (e.g. explosive disruption of domes, collapse of domes, collapse of eruption columns and lateral blasts); (b) Cold surges are associated with hydrovolcanic eruptions and are produced by vertical explosions and by material falling from eruption columns. Temperatures are usually below 10030 C. Normally surges are confined to within 10km of their source. Surges kill and injure, destroy structures through burial and impact. Mitigation measures are similar to those for flows. Pyroclastic flows and Pyroclastic surges may be regarded as the end members of a relatively continuous range of flow types.
Process Characteristics and mitigation Lahars and Floods Flooding is often associated with volcanoes with crater lakes, and in situations where eruptions occur beneath snow and ice. When concentrations of sediment increase then a Lahar may be generated. Lahar to include all sediment/water mixtures, e.g. mudflows, debris flows etc, then these may be generated in a number of ways. (a) Rapid melting of snow and ice. (b) By an avalanche, induced by an eruption, depositing material into a stream or lake. (c) By a lava or pyroclastic flow moving into a stream or lake. (d) By a volcanic earthquake inducing slope failure and initiating mass movement. (e) By heavy rains on a volcano. (f) Sub-glacial eruptions. (g). Breaching of a crater lake. Lahars have in the past caused substantial damage and catastrophic loss of life Lahars may travel distances of up to 300km from their sources at speeds of around 100kmh-1 and are concentrated in and follow existing valleys and topographical depressions. Mitigation measures include: planning and evacuation based on general and specific prediction, judicious siting of settlements and sediment dams. Collapse Structural collapse of volcanoes to form calderas and major sector collapses are rare, but examples are known (e.g. San volcano (Japan, 1888) and Tenerife, at least 9 sector collapses and 3 caldera collapses are recognized). Tsunami may also be initiated if collapse takes place near to the sea. Collapses represent a high potential hazard, but one with a long recurrence interval. Debris avalanches are generated by the collapse of part of a volcanic edifice, e.g. Unzen (Japan, 1792). Run-out distances of studied avalanches range from less than 10km to over 50 km. Mitigation measures include: general and specific prediction and pre-eruption evacuation. Deformation and earthquakes Some volcanoes inflate before eruptions as magma is stored e.g. before the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens an elliptical area moved outwards at 2m/day for nearly six
The major hazards are seismic effects on buildings and evacuation is often required. Tsunami Volcano induced tsunami have not been a major cause of death in the twentieth century, but in earlier centuries their effects were catastrophic. Examples include: Unzen Volcano (Japan 1792); Krakatau (Sunda Straits between Sumatra and Java 1883) and Tambora (Indonesia 1815). Volcanoes in coastal locations may induce tsunami through a variety of processes which include: (a) violent explosion (e.g. Krakatau); (b) a landslide into the sea (e.g. Unzen) and (c) sector collapse. All volcanoes near to the sea have the capacity to generate tsumanis. Mitigation measures include those listed for collapse and tsunamis warning networks. Other hazards Include: starvation; epidemic disease; contamination of water and land; drowning; transport accidents; exposure; cardiac arrests and the breakdown of law and order. Most
( source Courtesy:worldlywise.pbwise.com)
Source courtesy: global-greenhouse-warming.com
Source courtesy: wready..org
Eruptive event Consequences Health impact Preventative measures Explosions Lateral blast, rock fragments air shock waves Trauma; skin burns, Lacerations from broken windows Evacuation minimization
Hot ash release Nuees' ardentes ash flows and falls, Llightning Skin and lung burns, Asphyxiation, Electrocution Evacuation Melting ice, snow
accompanying eruption Mudflows, floods Engulfing, Drowning Evacuation, Diversion barriers Lava Lava flow, Forest fires Engulfing and burns (rare) Evacuation, Diversion barriers Gas emissions: CO, CO2, HF, HS, SO2 Pooling in low-lying areas and inhalation Asphyxiation, Constriction of the airways Evacuation, Breathing apparatus for geologists Radon Radiation exposure Lung cancer Evacuation Earthquakes Building damage trauma Evacuation, anti-seismic construction
and are known as 'A' waves.
plumbing system (water hammer). 'B' waves are also known as resonance waves and long period resonance events.
rock below the surface
sulphur dioxide emissions and harmonic tremors is a high probability sign of an impending event.
(Source courtesy: Indiana.edu)
(Source courtesy:iris.edu)
(Source courtesy:pnsn.org)
(Source courtesy: geochemicalperspectivesletters.org)
Cloud sensing: monitor the unusually cold eruption clouds from volcanoes using two different thermal wavelengths to enhance the visibility of eruption clouds and discriminate them from meteorological clouds. Gas sensing: Sulphur dioxide are measured by TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) Thermal sensing: The presence of significant thermal signatures indicate new heating of the ground before an eruption, represent an eruption in progress or the presence of a very recent volcanic deposit, including lava flows or pyroclastic flows. Deformation sensing: Satellite-borne spatial radar data detect long-term geometric changes in the volcanic edifice, such as uplift and depression. InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar), DEMs generated from radar imagery are subtracted from each other to yield a differential image, displaying rates of topographic change. Forest Monitoring: location of eruptive fractures could be predicted, months to years before the eruptions, by the monitoring of forest growth. Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM) is used to analyze ground tremors that could result in a lahar(mud flow), providing an earlier warning
(Source courtesy: nasa earth observatory) Landsat satellite image and an elevation model from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) to provide a view of Nyiragongo Volcano and the city of Goma Democratic Republic
(Source courtesy: geowarn.ethz.ch)
Satellite image showing the Chaitan Volcanic eruption, Chile
(Source courtesy: asterweb.jpl.nasa) Thermal imaging of volcano
Source courtesy: scielo.org.mx
63
Source courtesy: volcano.si.edu)
(Source courtesy: volcano.si.edu)
Source courtesy: caloes.ca.gov