Looking Back: History of American Media Learn these things - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Looking Back: History of American Media

Learn these things

✣ Understand how printed press developed ✣ How the concept of freedom of press came into being ✣ Look at impact of radio, TV, and internet ✣ Recognize issues facing journalism today

1.

Printed whaaaat?

Understand how printed press developed

timeline

Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press, printing his famous Bible. It was the first major book printed using mass-produced movable type. 1690 1704 1450-ish America's first newspaper, Publick Occurrences, is published in Boston. The paper, able to fill only three of its four pages with text, suspends publication after one issue after drawing criticism from the colonial government. The first successful American newspaper, The Boston News-Letter is published.

timeline

Ben Franklin takes over The Pennsylvania Gazette, making it the boldest and best paper in the colonies. 1735 1765 1729 Freedom on the press is strengthened in the colonies when John Peter Zenger, jailed for libel by a New York governor after printing harsh criticism, is acquitted. The Stamp Act forces all papers to display an official British government seal and pay a tax that raises prices 50

• percent. After violent protest,

the act is repealed.

LIBEL: a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation; a written defamation.

timeline

The Declaration of Independence first appears publicly in The Pennsylvania Evening Post and is reprinted in 20

• ther colonial newspapers.

1783 1791 1776 The Pennsylvania Evening Post, a thrice-weekly, increases its frequency to become America’s first daily newspaper. The Bill of Rights provides that “Congress shall make no law… abridging the freedom of the speech or of the press.”

timeline

The telegraph is used for the first time to transmit news, making long-distance reporting possible. 1867 1876 1844 First practical typewriter patented. Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone; within 7 years telephone lines will connect New York and Chicago.

timeline

First photograph is printed in a newspaper in the New York Daily Graphic. 1898 1900 1880 Yellow journalism reaches its heights as Hearst and Pulitzer trump up war with Spain Satirical political cartoons become a popular way for newspapers to comment on current events.

YELLOW JOURNALISM: a sensational brand of journalism given to hoaxes, altered photographs, screaming headlines, frauds, and endless promotions of the newspapers themselves

timeline

KDKA-Pittsburg begins broadcasting the first regular radio schedule. 1960 1963 1920 Only 20,000 people owned televisions in 1945. By now, 90% of American homes have a TV. TV news comes of age covering the Kennedy assassination; 96% of homes with televisions watch an average of 32 hours of coverage.

timeline

President Nixon resigns following dogged investigation of the Watergate scandal by The Washington Post’s Woodward and Bernstein. 1990s 2007 1974 The Internet wires the planet. Laptop computers, digital cameras and modems allow reporters to file stories and photos from anywhere in the world. The iPhone is the first smartphone model designed and marketed by

• Apple. This marks the beginning of

the public being able to receive news instantly at their fingertips.

2.

Amendments are important. I heard about them in history class.

How the concept of freedom

• f press came into being

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

First Amendment

Freedom of speech includes the right:

✣ Not to speak (specifically, the right not to salute the flag).

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624 (1943).

✣ Of students to wear black armbands to school to protest a war (“Students do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate.”).

Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969).

✣ To use certain offensive words and phrases to convey political messages.

Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971).

✣ To contribute money (under certain circumstances) to political campaigns.

Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976).

✣ To advertise commercial products and professional services (with some restrictions).

Virginia Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Consumer Council, 425 U.S. 748 (1976); Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U.S. 350 (1977).

✣ To engage in symbolic speech, (e.g., burning the flag in protest).

Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989); United States v. Eichman, 496 U.S. 310 (1990).

Freedom of speech does not include the right:

✣ To incite actions that would harm others (e.g., “[S]hout[ing] ‘fire’ in a crowded theater.”).

Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).

✣ To make or distribute obscene materials.

Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).

✣ To burn draft cards as an anti-war protest.

United States v. O’Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968).

✣ To permit students to print articles in a school newspaper over the objections of the school administration.

Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, 484 U.S. 260 (1988).

✣ Of students to make an obscene speech at a school-sponsored event.

Bethel School District #43 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675 (1986).

✣ Of students to advocate illegal drug use at a school-sponsored event.

Morse v. Frederick, __ U.S. __ (2007).

3.

Court Cases

Look at impact of radio, TV, and internet

Court Cases Mini-Poster

1. West Virginia State Board of Education

• v. Barnette

2. Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser 3. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier 4. Zucker v. Panitz 5. Yeo v Town of Lexington

✣ Title of court case ✣ Date of court case ✣ Names of people involved ✣ Story behind the case ✣ Important quotes from the court ✣ Picture of people or the issues involved ✣ Symbols of the case (pictures or drawings) ✣ Works cited - NO WIKIPEDIA! (aka trash) ✣ Group member names

Example: Tinker v. Des Moines