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Manufacturing and the Manufacturing and the Manufacturing and the Manufacturing and the Environment 2.83/2.813 Environment 2.83/2.813 Environment 2.83/2.813 Environment 2.83/2.813 Tim Gutowski, gutowski@mit.edu 2.83 / 2.813 Addresses
Tim Gutowski, gutowski@mit.edu
– energy, carbon, toxics, materials use, …
– Design, Manufacturing and Life Cycle Analysis, Thermodynamics, Material Flows
– economics, chemistry, industrial ecology, archeology, climatology,
– Jobs, Value Creation, Standard of Living
– Design Decisions control material and energy flows, Supple Chain, Services
– Environmental Footprint – “Excess” Consumption
We will lose: 116 square miles of rainforest 72 square miles to encroaching deserts, 40 to 100 species. We will add: 250,000 more people on this planet, 2,700 tons of chlorofluorocarbons, and 18,000,000 tons of carbon to the atmosphere.
after David Orr
"...development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."
UN, “Brundtland Report”
former PM of Norway, chairwomen of UN commission, “Our Common Future”
they might have an agenda to pursue in this case?
presented in support of this opinion?
issue?
Is this a reasonable assertion or does it contradict established theories?
particular position considered alternate points of view or only selected supportive evidence for their particular beliefs?
Are they financed by groups with partisan goals?
undergone impartial peer review or it is only in proprietary publication? after Carl Sagan
Sulfur and NOx emissions from smelting and fossil fuels, acid leaching and cleaning
Materials usage and waste
Land appropriated for mining, growing of bio-materials, manufacturing, waste disposal
Emissions of CFCs, HCFCs, halons, nitrous oxides e.g. cooling requirements, refrigerants, cleaning methods, use of fluorine compounds
Land use, water usage, acid deposition, thermal pollution
Electricity and direct fossil fuel usage e.g. power and heating requirements, reducing agents
Water usage and discharges e.g. cooling and cleaning use in particular
Emission of toxins, carcinogens, etc. including use of heavy metals, acids, solvents, coal burning…
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from direct and indirect energy use, land fill gases, etc.
Linkage to Manufacturing Processes Environmental Concerns
from Graedel and Allenby 2005
Quadrillion (1015)BTU’s = 1.005 EJ 1 BTU = 1055 J
DOE, 2001
1 2 3 4 5 6
Manufacturing Mining Oil and Gas Agricultural Hazardous MSW Coal Ash Medical
Billion Metric Tons of Waste Generated
Source: US Congress, OTA-BP-82 Note: A large fraction of the total weight in the industrial categories is
can be as low as 10% of the total.
Major Waste Types by Weight in the United States
2005 EPA data:
MSW~ 0.23 G t
500,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,500,000,000 2,000,000,000 2,500,000,000 3,000,000,000 3,500,000,000 4,000,000,000
Off-site/Underground Injection Land Underground Injection Water Air
Mfg. Metal Coal Elec. Chem. Petrol Bulk RCRA Mining Mining Utilities Wholesale Term Solvent Recovery
EPA, 1998
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Crust Ore Smelt Alloy Product MSW Alu Fe Cu
concentration
ref Allen & Shonnard
– e.g. Direct and indirect energy (50%)
February February February February Monday Monday Monday Monday Wednesday Wednesday Wednesday Wednesday
(Tues) 19. Sustainability?*
March March March March
31. LCA April April April April
May May May May
Books: Books: Books: Books:
1. 1. 1. 1. Freese, Freese, Freese, Freese, Barbara, 2003. Coal A Human History Coal A Human History Coal A Human History Coal A Human History, Penguin Books. 2. 2. 2. 2. Smil, Smil, Smil, Smil, Vaclav, 2006. Energy Energy Energy Energy, , , , Oneworld Oxford Publications. 3. 3. 3. 3. Hendrickson Hendrickson Hendrickson Hendrickson, Chris T., Lave, Lave, Lave, Lave, Lester B. and Matthews Matthews Matthews Matthews H. Scott, 2006. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services An Input Services An Input Services An Input Services An Input – – – – Output Approach Output Approach Output Approach Output Approach, Resources for the Future Press.
See webpage for the rest…
– system boundaries – coupled phenomena – disaggregate the problem
Mining Materials Mfg Distribution Use Disposition
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Recycle, Remanufacture, Resell, Reuse
Allen and Shonnard
Allen and Shonnard
– recycling grinding swarf…..
Recyclable process waste contaminated with trash
Human behavior plays a key role at every level
from Bert Bras
– telephone and car trips – email and paper – efficiency and conservation – consumption and happiness…..
Services & Goods Impact Person Services & Goods Population Impact × × =
RIN P0 ROUT
] [ ] [ emigration n immigratio death birth R − + − = ∆
2006
t P World
6.5 B 1965 3.2 B
dt R P dP ⋅ ∆ =
t R
⋅ ∆
n
in the discrete form…
Currently i ≈1%
Add one Germany or 2X Canada each year
Based on global estimates… We must improve our environmental performance on goods and services by 5% a year just to stay even.
F=P(1+i)n 5.4%/yr
Energy Used Production (P) or Consumption 1/efficiency (e)
2
Normalizing, and taking yearly increments, you environmentally benign when…
The Gold Standard The Gold Standard The Gold Standard The Gold Standard
– the pieces (engineering) – the big picture (more than engineering)
– Life Cycle Analysis, Exergy Analysis, Materials Flow Analysis, Economics….
– volunteer standards? – consumer choices? – make people richer? – charge for “externalities” – market failures e.g. eco-system services
– ecological taxes – efficiency standards – cap and trade programs
Production Consumption Earth