Memory-enhancing techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Memory-enhancing techniques for Investigative Interviewing: The Cognitive Interview

National Defender Investigator Association September 4, 2008 Austin, TX

• Dr. Ronald Fisher

Department of Psychology Florida International University Miami, FL 33181 Tel: 305 919 5853 Email: fisherr@fiu.edu

Outline of Training

Social Dynamics Memory + Cognition Communication Sequence of the Cognitive Interview Practical Issues Identification tests Analysis of Homicide Interview

Central Themes

Witness-centered Witness to be active participant

Central Themes

The Witness is the central character in the interview, because she has event-related

• information. Therefore, the interview

process revolves around the Witness’s knowledge. The witness should play an active role in the interview. The witness, not the interviewer, should do most of the mental work.

Central Themes: Questionless Interview

Goal: to conduct an interview without asking questions

Questionless Interview: Why it works

Asking questions places heavy demands on the interviewer Asking questions disrupts the witness’s thought processes Idiosyncratic information cannot be generated from questions, but only from active witness Informational analysis: witness has the information; interviewer is curious Analogy of reservoir: irrigating a field

Barriers to Overcome

Motivational: uncooperative or hostile witness Emotional: unpleasant experience to be recalled Cognitive: witness does not know her social role (to generate information)

Motivational Barrier

Reasonable, understandable; interviewer should be able to identify with the witness’s problem Underlying problem: witness thinks about

• nly her personal problem, and does not

go beyond personal influence to larger implications.

Overcoming Motivational Barrier

Deal with the problem directly Develop rapport, understanding, self- disclosure Non-judgmental, non-threatening environment

Overcoming Motivational Barrier

Adversarial vs. cooperative environment Goal: To elicit the witness’s active participation to solve the crime

Emotional Barrier

Event is unpleasant to recall Re-traumatizing the victim

Sketch artists’ experience with rape victims

FLETC report—what victims want Developing rapport; active listening Demonstrations/excerpts Interviewers do not spend enough time developing rapport

Cognitive Barrier

Witness does not know the “rules of the game”; no prior experience Relevant experience (tv) is inappropriate To change witness’s incorrect beliefs

Cognitive Barrier

Explicit instructions of expected witness’s social role: To generate information actively, without waiting for questions Demos/excerpts

q Witness Participation: Open-ended Questions

Ask open-ended questions Demonstrations of poor technique:

closed questions

q Witness Participation: Open-ended vs. Closed Questions

Open-ended as primary tool to collect information Sequence of open-ended and closed questions: open + closed Strategic use of closed questions

q Witness Participation: Avoid Interruptions

Demonstration Analysis of interruptions Why do interviewers interrupt?

q Witness Participation: Pause after witness speaks

Why does the witness stop speaking? Demonstration

Memory & Cognition

Theoretical analysis: Are all experiences stored/retrievable?

Cue-dependent vs. trace-dependent forgetting Hypnosis as a memory enhancer: Does it work?

Retrieval-Enhancing Techniques

Encoding specificity principle (context reinstatement) Implementing the encoding specificity principle

Limited Mental Resources

Demo: walking & cognition Limited resources Sources of distraction

For witness: physical + psychological For interviewers: multiple tasks

Questionless interview minimizes mental distractions (NTSB agent experience)

Increasing Cognitive Resources

Promoting focused concentration (close eyes)

Requires rapport Alternative if witness is uncomfortable to close eyes …

Increasing Cognitive Resources

Extending functional time of interview

Pre-interview questionnaire Post-interview recollections

Self-administered interview

Witness-Compatible Questioning

Goal: To probe each witness in the most efficient method Memory records vary in accessibility within an interview. Goal: to probe each item when most accessible for specific witness. E.g., ask about robber’s face only when witness is describing face, not when describing other objects or events.

p g Variation within an interview

Interviewer to think as if “inside the witness’s head.” Sources to inform interviewer of currently accessible memory records.

Principle of Multiple Retrieval

More retrieval attempts yield more recollections

Additional retrieval opportunities yield new information (reminiscence) Multiple retrieval attempts within an interview, e.g., close eyes, sketch Multiple interviews (across interviews), e.g., pre- & post-interview retrieval; several interviews

Principle of Varied Retrieval

Reminiscence is more likely the more different two retrievals are.

Different interviewers Different kinds of mental code, e.g., different sensory modalities

Visual vs. auditory processing: specialized systems (visual-spatial; auditory-temporal) Chronological vs. backward order Personal perspective: self vs. other

Varied Retrieval and Deception

Varied retrieval may be useful to detect deceptive suspects Assumptions

• A. Liars are less flexible than truth-tellers
• B. Liars rehearse more than truth-tellers

Techniques

• A. Varied Perspective (self, other)
• B. Varied Order (chronological, reverse)

Probing Sensory Codes

Reinstate context of specific image Zero in on specific image Develop specific image (takes time) Request detailed description (separate from image development)

Memory as a Constructive Process

Use of event and non-event sources of information (cf. tennis tournament demo) Non-event sources of information:

Media Other witnesses World knowledge *** Interviewer

Instruct witness to report only events that she experienced, not from other sources

Controlling/minimizing non-event sources of information

Avoid suggestive/leading questions Open-ended questions are more likely to be neutral (not leading) than closed questions.

Memory s Natural Editing Mechanism

Omission vs. commission errors Metacognitive monitoring Avoiding the natural editing process promotes errors of commission

Social pressure to respond

Closed questions encourage guessing

Instruct witnesses not to guess or speculate

Strategic decisions: How hard to “push” witnesses to respond

Relative costs of omission vs. commission errors Availability of other sources Why does the witness withhold information?

Low confidence (metacognition) Output style

Communication

Two directions:

Interviewer to convey investigative needs to witness Witness to convey knowledge to interviewer.

Interviewer Witness

Columbo effect Explicit statement of investigative needs

Overcoming witness s tendency to withhold information:

Instruct witness to report all information (out of order or contradicts earlier statement). Instruct witness not to guess.

Eliciting detailed level of description

Explicit statement of need for detailed description Model the desired response Echo witness’s response and request for additional details

Witness Interviewer

Witness limited by verbal skills

Not fluent in English (immigrant, child, tourist ) Some concepts not easily described by words

Using Non-verbal Output

Do not artificially limit the interview by using only the verbal medium Code-compatible output: Output format to match mental representation format, e.g.,

sketches motoric output recognition tests instead of recall/description

Why sketches work

Code-compatible output for spatial information Reinstates experience context Interviewer understands better the witness’s observing conditions Principle of multiple retrieval (sketch as an additional retrieval opportunity) Provides retrieval cues

Recognition testing

Create catalogues of technical information and for concepts that are difficult to explain verbally, e.g.,

Vehicles Colors Odors, Sounds Explosions

Sequence of the Interview

Pre-interview: self-interview, background information Introduction: rapport, motivational blocks, social dynamics Open-ended narrative (infer witness’s “cognitive map”) Follow-up probing of information-rich images: reinstate context, zero in on image, develop image, request description, open-ended followed by closed

• questions. Echo and request more details. Repeat

for every image. …

Sequence of the Interview (cont’d)

Fill in gaps of information Resolve earlier ambiguities Probe for general background information Resolve contradictions Review: check notes for accuracy; request additional information …

Sequence of the Interview (cont’d)

Close: background information, maintain rapport/personal concern, extend functional life of interview Post-interview follow-up (call witness)

Sequence of the Interview (cont’d)

Be flexible to change as appropriate:

Cognitive Interview is not a recipe, but a collection of independent tools

Nuts & Bolts

Where to conduct the interview

At the scene (encoding specificity principle) Control noise/distractions, other people

When to conduct the interview

ASAP, especially for details Witness’s emotional state Logistics/accessibility Adequate time to complete

Nuts & Bolts

Number of witnesses (one at a time)

Social loafing Contamination

Practical Issues: Training

Building blocks approach (one block of techniques at a time) Spaced practice Critical feedback on performance Self-monitoring

Identification Tests

Goals:

Police: Increase identifying the criminal Defense: Decrease identifying innocent suspect

Decreasing False Identifications

Unbiased instructions: “Perpetrator may or may not be in the lineup.” Fillers do not match witness’s description

Resources

Books: Fisher & Geiselman (1992) Other sources Personal: Fisher, other cognitive psychologists

CI in a Nutshell: Major Principles

Witness – centered Questionless interview Open-ended questions primarily Funneled questioning: open closed Establish desired expectations for witness Code-compatible (non-verbal) output Pre- & post-interview data gathering

Analysis of Homicide Interview