Mesa College Bio 230 Human Anatomy Fall 2010 Tim Plagge, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mesa College Bio 230 Human Anatomy

Fall 2010 Tim Plagge, Instructor

Course Objectives

• Upon successful completion of this course you

should:

Know and be able to identify relevant tissues and microscopic structures of the human body Know and be able to identify the relevant gross anatomical structures of the human body Understand the inter‐relationships between the different systems of the body & how the structures of the systems relate to the functioning

• f the systems.

What I expect from you:

1. to be ready for class at the scheduled start time, 2. read the assigned material prior to class, this allows for more discussion & less blah, blah, blah…., 3. to be prepared for quizzes, 4. to fully utilize the lab time we have as well as open labs… if you are planning on attending open labs, please consider being an open lab volunteer, 5. to handle and treat the lab materials care, the models are very expensive to replace.

Examinations & Quizzes

– There will be 5 lecture exams and 6 lab practical exams. – Each lecture exam will be 50 points. – Each lab exam will be 50 points. – I will hand out lab guides and exercises. They are designed to help you in lab as well as lecture. – Practical exams will be on models, as well as preserved specimens & cadavers (if available). – Quizzes will be unannounced and will be worth 5 points each. They will start at 6:00 promptly, and there are no make‐ups for quizzes.

Lab protocol

• You should not:

Wear open toed shoes in lab Have long hair that is not pulled back (so it doesn’t hang into specimens you may be working with) Eat or drink in lab Dissect the cadavers when they are out… that is another classes job.

You should:

Bring your book and any

hand outs that were given

• r emailed to you

Be prepared to use the

entire lab time

Bring gloves, or better yet,

keep a few pair in your book bag.

Some FAQ’s

• 1. What are your tests like?

Sample Lecture Exam Question

Level One (knowledge) Question

1. Intercalated discs are found in what tissue?

a. intervertebral cartilage b. cardiac muscle c. duodeno‐jujenum junction d.

• sseous tissue

Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions.

Sample Lecture Exam Question

Level 6 Question (evaluation)

1. The best tissue for increasing the stability of a diarthritic joint would be?

a.

• sseous tissue

b. dense irregular tissue c. dense irregular tissue d. hyaline cartilage Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions.

Some Sample Lab Exam Items

• 1. This tissue would be best identified as _____.

• 2. Does spelling count?

• 3. Why?

• 4. I’m done… what should I do?

The Human Body: An Orientation

Today’s Topics. . .

– Overview of Anatomy – Structural Organization – System Overview – Microscopic and Anatomical Study Techniques – Gross Anatomy – Terminology – Planes & Sections, Regions & Quadrants – The Body Plan & Body Cavities

How The Body is Studied . . .

• Anatomical Study

– the examination of the structures from

• Microscopic to gross anatomical

structures

• Using different “tools” such as:

– Microscopy (light & electron), CT scans, MRI, X‐rays, dissection . . . more later

• Physiological Study

– the study of how the body functions

• Also uses “tools” such as:

– PET scans, ECG, sphygmomanometer . . .

An Overview of Anatomy

• Divisions of anatomy

– Developmental anatomy – Embryology – Pathological anatomy (pathology) – Radiographic anatomy – Functional morphology Menu

An Overview of Anatomy

• Anatomical terminology – based on ancient

Greek or Latin

– Provides standard nomenclature worldwide

Microscopic Anatomy

• Preparing human tissue for microscopy

– Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned – Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures

• Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules
• Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules

– Specimen is then imaged

Microscopic Anatomy

• Microscopy – examining small

structures through a microscope

– Light microscopy – illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification) – Electron microscopy – uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)

• May be SEM or TEM

– SEM (scanning electron microscopy) – TEM (transmission electron microscopy)

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques

• X ray –

electromagnetic waves of very short length

– Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques

• Variations of X ray

– Fluoroscope – x rays emitted through the specimen and images are viewed on a fluorescent screen – Cineradiography – uses X‐ray cinema film to record organ movements

Advanced X‐Ray Techniques

• Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) –

takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference

– Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section

Advanced X‐Ray Techniques

• Digital subtraction angiography imaging

(DSA) – provides an unobstructed view of small arteries, used to find blockages, aneurisms . . .

Advanced X‐Ray Techniques

• Positron emission tomography

(PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body

• Sonography (ultrasound

imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high‐frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues

Advanced X‐Ray Techniques

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces

high‐quality images of soft tissues

– Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content (densities)

Menu

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

• Chemical Level – atoms form molecules
• Cellular level – cells and their functional

subunits

• Tissue level – a group of cells performing a

common function

• Organ level – a discrete structure made up
• f more than one tissue
• Organ system – organs working together for

a common purpose

• Organismal level– the result of all simpler

levels working in unison

Small/ Simple Large/ Complex

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

Overview of Systems & General Functions

• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic/Immune
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Integumentary System

• Forms external body covering
• Protects deeper tissues from

injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Site of cutaneous receptors

(pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System

• Protects and supports

body organs

• Provides a framework

for muscles

• Blood cells formed

within bones

• Stores fat (energy) &

minerals

Muscular System

• Allows for movement

– internal movment – movement of body

• Support
• Facial expression
• Maintains posture
• Thermogenesis

Nervous System

• Fast‐acting

control system

• Integrates all

sensory information

• Responds to

internal and external changes

Developing neuron

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete hormones

that regulate:

– Development – Growth – Reproduction – Nutrient use – Metabolism

• Works in synergy with the

nervous system

Cardiovascular System

• Blood vessels

– transport blood – regulate pressure & control volume

• Blood

– carries O2 & CO2 – also carries nutrients & wastes – carries hormones – involved in hemostasis

• Heart

– pumps blood – Creates pressure gradient for transportation and filtration

Lymphatic System/Immunity

• Picks up fluid leaked

from blood vessels

• Disposes of debris in the

lymphatic system

• Houses white blood cells

(lymphocytes)

• Mounts attack against

foreign substances in the body

Respiratory System

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
• Air exchange & gas exchange
• ccurs through walls of air sacs in

the lungs

• Protection
• Hormone production

Digestive System

• Ingestion
• Digestion: breaks down

food into absorbable units

• Absorption
• Motility
• Indigestible foodstuffs

eliminated as feces

Urinary System

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid‐base

balance

Male & Female Reproductive Systems

• Overall function is to

produce offspring

• Testes produce sperm

and male sex hormones

• Ovaries produce eggs

and female sex hormones

• Mammary glands

produce milk

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction

• Anatomical position – a common visual

reference point

– Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward – Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body – Directional terminology always refers to the body in anatomical position

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction

Menu

Gross Anatomy – Terminology

• Directional terms

– Will usually be relational (i.e. the eyes are medial to the nose . . . Or the nose is intermediate to the eyes).

• Regional terms – names of specific body areas

– Axial region – the main axis of the body – Appendicular region – the limbs

Orientation and Directional Terms

• Superior

– Toward the upper part of a structure (or body), above

• Inferior

– Toward the lower part of a structure (or body), below

• Anterior

– Toward (or at) the front of the body (or structure)

• Posterior

– Toward (or at) the back of the body (or structure).

The heart is superior to the diaphragm The mouth is inferior to the nose The trachea is anterior to the esophagus The heart is posterior to the sternum

Orientation and Directional Terms cont…

• Superficial

– Nearer or closer to the surface of the body, external

• Deep

– Away or further from the body surface, internal

The epidermis is superficial to the dermis The muscles are deep to the skin

Orientation and Directional Terms cont…

• Medial

– Toward the midline of the body or structure

• Intermediate

– Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

• Lateral

– Away from the midline of the body

• r structure
• Proximal

– Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

• Distal

– Further from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

The sternum is medial to the scapula The nose is intermediate to,

• r between, the eyes

The scapula are lateral to the vertebral column The shoulder is proximal to the elbow The ankle is distal to the knee

Regional Terms

Body Planes and Sections

• Coronal (frontal) plane

– Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

• Transverse plane

– Runs horizontally – divides body into superior and inferior parts

• Median (midsagittal)

plane

– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

• Abdominal regions

– divides abdomen into nine regions

• Abdominal quadrants

– divides abdomen into four quadrants

Abdominal Regions

Figure 1.11a, b

These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes.

The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process. The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.

The Human Body Plan

These are characteristics shared with all Vertebrates!

• Tube‐within‐a‐tube
• Bilateral symmetry
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Notochord and vertebrae
• Segmentation
• Pharyngeal pouches
• Body Cavities

Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Dorsal body cavity

– Cranial cavity – Vertebral cavity

• Ventral body cavity

– Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts

• Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by

a pleural cavity

• Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the

pericardial sac

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Ventral cavity (continued)

– Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts

• Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys,

and other organs

• Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive
• rgans, and rectum

Body Cavities

Body Cavities and Membranes

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Serous cavities – a slit‐like space lined by a

serous membrane and include:

– Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

• The membranes lining the cavities are named:

– Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity – Visceral serosa – covers visceral organs

Body Cavities and Membranes

• uter layer = parietal

serosa (membrane) space in between = body cavity inner layer = visceral serosa (membrane)

Body Cavities and Membranes

Pericardial Cavity Pleural Cavity

Body Cavities and Membranes

Abdominal Cavity

Body Cavities and Membranes

• Other cavities

– Oral cavity – Nasal cavity – Orbital cavities – Middle ear cavities – Synovial cavities