Mi Microcontr troller r Archi hitectur tures and nd Ge - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Mi Microcontr troller r Archi hitectur tures and nd Ge - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Mi Microcontr troller r Archi hitectur tures and nd Ge General al-Pu Purpose I/O 01204322 Embedded System Chaipo Chaiporn J n Jaik aikae aeo De Department of f Computer Engineering Kasetsart Unive versity Revised 2019-12-26 Ou

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Mi Microcontr troller r Archi hitectur tures and nd Ge General al-Pu Purpose I/O

Chaipo Chaiporn J n Jaik aikae aeo De Department of f Computer Engineering Kasetsart Unive versity

01204322 Embedded System

Revised 2019-12-26

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Ou Outline

  • Microprocessors, microcontrollers, and system on chip
  • STM32 microcontrollers
  • General-purpose I/O
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CP CPU/MP MPU vs.

  • s. MCU

MCU vs.

  • s. SoC
  • CPU/MPU
  • Central Processing Unit / Micro Processing Unit
  • MCU
  • Microcontroller Unit
  • SoC
  • System on Chip

SoC MCU CPU

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Ce Central Processi ssing Unit (CP CPU)

  • Typically contains
  • CU (Control Unit)
  • ALU (Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
  • Registers & caches
  • MMU (Memory Management Unit)

and FPU (Floating-Point Unit)

  • Large pin count (>100s) to connect to external address

and data buses

  • Requires external components to operate
  • Oscillator
  • ROM/RAM/flash
  • I/O controllers and devices: HDD, real-time clock, etc.

intel.com

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Mi Microcontroller r (MCU MCU)

  • Has common computing components built in:
  • CPU
  • ROM/RAM/flash
  • Basic peripherals: timers, analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
  • Basic I/O: general-purpose I/O (GPIO), UART, I2C, SPI
  • Possible with low pin count – only a few pins for I/O
  • Huge varieties available

microchip.com ti.com

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Sy System on Chip/Module (SoC/SoM SoM)

  • Combines MCU with application-

specific components on a single chip

  • r a single module
  • For examples:
  • Hardware multimedia encoder/decoder
  • Graphic controller: LCD display, HDMI
  • Network controller: Ethernet, Wi-Fi,

Bluetooth

  • USB controller
  • Digital-to-analog converter (DAC)

espressif.com st.com

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SLIDE 7

ST STM32 Mi Microcontrollers

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ST STM32 Microcontroller Families

https://www.st.com/en/microcontrollers-microprocessors/stm32-32-bit-arm-cortex-mcus.html ARM Cortex-M0/M0+ ARM Cortex-M3 ARM Cortex-M33 ARM Cortex-M4 ARM Cortex-M7

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ARM ARM Cortex-M M Instru ruction Sets

https://community.arm.com/cfs-file/__key/communityserver-blogs-components-weblogfiles/00-00-00-21-42/2021.ISA.png

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https://www.slideshare.net/element14/study-on-32bit-cortex-m3-powered-mcu-stm32f101

Ex Examp mple: STM TM32F1 F10x Block ck Diagr gram

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Cl Clock k Sources

  • Internal RC oscillator
  • 1% - 3% error, depending on temperature
  • External crystal oscillator
  • Typical accuracy around 20 ppm (0.002%)
  • Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is used for frequency multiplier

PLL Demo

https://th.rs-online.com/web/p/crystal- units/8149507/

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Me Memory

  • ROM (Read-Only Memory)
  • Stores bootloader code developed by ST
  • Flash
  • Stores application code
  • SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
  • Stores run-time application’s data
  • Does not retain value during power loss
  • EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Read-Only Memory)
  • Stores application’s configurations
  • Only available in some models; others may use EEPROM emulation

Image by PublicDomainPictures from Pixabay

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Gener General al-Pu Purpose I/O (GPIO)

  • Can be configured as either input or output
  • Output
  • States: push-pull, or open drain + pull-up / pull-down
  • Data can be obtained from data register
  • r from another peripheral
  • Input
  • States: floating, pull-up / pull-down, analog
  • Data can be directed to input data register
  • r to another peripheral

GPIO Pin

AN4899: STM32 GPIO configuration for hardware settings and low-power consumption

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In Inter errup upt C Controller er

  • Hardware informs CPU about a

service request

  • Program execution is stopped and

ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) is executed

  • MCU can process other tasks or

sleep to save energy

  • Nested vectored interrupt controller

(NVIC) allows prioritization of interrupts

https://lastminuteengineers.com/handling

  • esp32-gpio-interrupts-tutorial/

Priority: IRQ2 > IRQ1

ST’s training slides on Moving from 8 to 32 bits hands-on workshop

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Ti Timers s and Watchdogs

  • Timers are hardware components that independently count clock

ticks provided as input

  • Timers may reset themselves when
  • Triggered by application code
  • Counters overflow or reach predefined values (timeout)
  • A watchdog utilizes timeout signals to put

the system in a safe state (e.g., reset)

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

https://visualgdb.com/tutorials/arm/stm32/timers/

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An Analog-to to-Di Digi gital Con

  • nverter (ADC

DC)

  • 12-bit or 16-bit resolution (depending on the model)
  • Based on SAR (successive approximation register) principle
  • Conversion is performed in several steps
  • Each step produces one bit from result to output
  • Similar to binary search

AN2834: How to get the best ADC accuracy in STM32 microcontrollers

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Po Power Management

  • Supports various low-power modes
  • E.g., for STM32L4 series

http://www.anglia-live.com/angliaCust/ldp/ang_ldpSt14.aspx

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Co Communications

  • USART – Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
  • I2C – Inter-Integrated Circuit
  • SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface
  • CAN – Controller Area Network
  • USB – Universal Serial Bus

Image by tomekwalecki from Pixabay

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De Develop

  • pment Su

Suppor

  • rt
  • On-chip debugging/testing circuit
  • JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)
  • Also known as boundary-scan
  • Daisy-chain configuration
  • Serial Wire Debug (SWD)
  • Subset of JTAG
  • Less pins are required
  • Star configuration

TDI TDO

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ST STM32’s GPIO

Materials from AN4899 Application Note: STM32 GPIO configuration for hardware settings and low-power consumption

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GP GPIO IO E Equiv quivalen alent S Schema hematic ic

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Ou Output Mod

  • des
  • Push-pull output
  • Open-drain output
  • Can only sink current
  • External pull-up is often used

Output logic: HIGH

  • “pushed” to VDD
  • can source current

Output logic: LOW

  • “pulled” to VSS
  • can sink current
  • n
  • ff
  • n
  • ff
  • n
  • ff
  • ff
  • ff

Output logic: HIGH Output logic: LOW

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Ex Example: ample: LED LED O Out utput put

Schematic Wiring

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Co Configuri ring Output Pin

  • Make PA5 a push-pull output, labeled LED
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Wr Writing Output Logic

  • Using STM32 HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
  • Turn LED on
  • Turn LED off

HAL_GPIO_WritePin(LED_GPIO_Port, LED_Pin, 1) HAL_GPIO_WritePin(LED_GPIO_Port, LED_Pin, 0)

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Input Input M Modes des

  • Each input pin can be configured to operate as floating,

pulled up, or pulled down

  • A Schmitt trigger is built into a pin to improve noise

immunity

floating pulled-up pulled-down

  • ff
  • n
  • ff
  • ff
  • ff
  • n

Schmitt Trigger Demo

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Ex Example: ample: S Swit itch Input h Input

Schematic Wiring

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Sw Switch Debouncing

  • Software solution: short delay after state change detected
  • Simple; no added cost
  • Keeps microcontroller waiting; lots of things can happen
  • Hardware solution: external capacitor + internal pull-up
  • Suitable for interrupt-driven code

input pin internal pull-up Switch Debouncing Demo

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Co Configuri ring Input Pin

  • Make PA4 a pulled-up input, labeled SW
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Re Reading Input Logic

  • Using STM32 HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
  • The following function returns the current logic level

(either 0 or 1) or SW pin

HAL_GPIO_ReadPin(SW_GPIO_Port, SW_Pin)

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Elec Electric ical Limit al Limitatio ions o ns on I/ n I/O P Pins ins

  • Voltage and current characteristics of each I/O pin
  • Voltage and current characteristics of the whole device
  • These characteristics can be found in the device’s

datasheet

  • E.g., Section 6 Electrical Characteristics of STM32’s MCU

datasheets

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Ov Overall Vol

  • ltage Characteristics

Taken from ST’s STM32F042x4 datasheet

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Input Input P Port C Cha haracter eristics

Taken from ST’s STM32F042x4 datasheet

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Ou Output Por

  • rt Characteristics

Taken from ST’s STM32F042x4 datasheet

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Co Conclusi sion

  • Microcontrollers combine essential computing

components into single chips

  • System on chip (SoC) or system on module (SoM) integrate

more specific components into chips/modules

  • STM32 microcontrollers contain several components

crucial for embedded applications

  • General-purpose I/O are the most basic microcontroller’s

components for measuring and producing digital logic