MODULE 6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS OF MODERN LABORATORY DESIGN - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

MODULE 6

PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS OF MODERN LABORATORY DESIGN

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS 6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS 6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS 6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG1

MODULE 6 GOAL

Provide a fundamental understanding of Laboratory Plumbing and Electrical Concepts and Systems.

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG2

Module 6 Outline

• Issues
• Drivers
• Concepts
• Systems

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG3

Module 6 Issues

Some of the most common concerns of laboratory facility users are relative to Plumbing and Electrical systems, including:

• “We need access to

Purified Water at Every Sink!”

• “My lab is too dark!”
• “My lab doesn’t have

enough receptacles!”

• “My lab doesn’t have

enough connectivity!”

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG4

Module 6 Drivers ‐ Plumbing

• Water Supply
• Purified Water
• Wastewater and Floor Drains
• Emergency Fixtures
• Piped Gas Services

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG5

Module 6 Plumbing Concepts/Systems – Water Supply

Use “Industrial” or “Non‐potable” water for Laboratories

• Set a separate RPZ backflow preventer

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG6

Module 6 Plumbing Concepts/Systems – Purified Water

• ASTM
• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
• CAP/NCCLS
• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
• USP
• Semiconductor

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG7

Module 6 Plumbing Concepts/Systems – Purified Water

What kind of purified water do I need?

Pharmaceutical I I I‐II I I‐II I I I Academic Research II‐III I I‐II I‐II I‐II I I I Micro‐electronics I I‐II Clinical I‐II II I I‐II II I I Environmental I‐II I‐II II‐III II II II Mass Spectrometry HPLC Common Applications and Purified Water Types Buffer Preparation Sample Preparation Glassware Wash/Rinse Cell Culture Diagnostics Molecular Biology

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG8

Module 6 Plumbing Concepts/Systems – Wastewater/Drains

Wastewater treatment is rarely required

• Chemical and waste management plans are required
• Chemicals should not be dumped in drains
• Perchloric acid hood is an exception

‐ Wastewater requires PH adjustment

• Review the lab processes carefully
• Do not put floor drains in the lab

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG9

Module 6 Plumbing Concepts/Systems – Emergency Fixtures

OSHA Requires Eyewash and Safety Shower if corrosives are used

• ANSI Z358.1‐2009
• Location and clearance requirements
• Regular testing required
• Use only ANSI approved fixtures
• “Tepid” water required
• 10 seconds to reach
• Path not hindered with obstructions
• Many styles and types available

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 PG10

Module 6 Plumbing Concepts/Systems – Piped Gas Services

Individual Cylinders, Manifolded or Bulk?

• What gases are needed?
• How much will be used?
• How critical is uninterrupted supply?
• Location of use points
• OSHA requires tank restraints
• Distributed versus point of use
• Piping material

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Facility Power Distribution Systems

Electrical Distribution System Considerations

• Size of Facility
• Configuration of Facility
• Composition of Facility
• Code Compliance
• Design Standards
• HVAC Systems/Equipment
• Service Voltage (480Y/277V or 208Y/120V)
• Voltage Drop
• Type of Equipment
• Future Growth

Module 6 PG11

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Facility Power Distribution Systems

Determination of Facility Service Voltage 480Y/277V, 3‐Phase, 4‐Wire Service:

• Over 1200 Amps at 208V
• Larger Facility with Larger

Equipment Loads

• Reduced Electrical Losses due to

Voltage Drop

• Voltage Flexibility for Laboratory

Equipment 208Y/120V, 3‐Phase, 4‐Wire Service:

• 1200 Amps or Less at 208V
• Distribution Panel vs Switchboard
• Small Facility/Reduced Electrical

Losses (12,000 gsf; 30W/gsf)

• No Dry Type Transformers
• Consider Future Expansions

Module 6 PG12

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Loads

Lighting (2.5 ‐ 3.5) (2.5 ‐ 3.5) (2.5 ‐ 3.5) Receptacles (4.5 ‐ 20) (2 ‐ 4) 3 HVAC (9 ‐ 10) (9 ‐ 10) (2 ‐ 4) Laboratory Equipment (4 ‐ 8) (4 ‐ 8) Elevators (1 ‐ 1.5) (1 ‐ 1.5) (0.5 ‐ 1) Miscellaneous (1 ‐ 2) (1 ‐ 2) 1 Total (22 ‐ 45) (19.5 ‐ 29) (9 ‐ 12.5)

Normal Power Load Calculations (Preliminary Demand)

Laboratory (VA/sq ft) Animal (VA/sq ft) Other (VA/sq ft)

Lighting (2.5 ‐ 3.5) (2.5 ‐ 3.5) (2.5 ‐ 3.5) Receptacles (2.5 ‐ 3.5) (2.5 ‐ 3.5) (2 ‐ 4) HVAC (8 ‐ 12) (8 ‐ 12) (4 ‐ 8) Laboratory Equipment (5 ‐ 10) (4 ‐ 8) Elevators (1 ‐ 1.5) (1 ‐ 1.5) (0.5 ‐ 1) Miscellaneous (1 ‐ 2) (1 ‐ 2) (1 ‐ 2) Total (20 ‐ 32.5) (19 ‐ 30.5) (10 ‐ 18.5)

Normal Power Load Calculations (Preliminary Demand)

Laboratory (W/sq ft) Animal (W/sq ft) Other (W/sq ft) According to Tim According to the NIH – Design Requirements Manual

Note: Power Factor is the ratio of true power (W) to apparent power (VA); VA = W/PF; The Watt rating determines the actual power purchased from the utility company and the heat loading generated by the equipment. The VA rating is used for sizing wiring and circuit breakers.

Module 6 PG13

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Building 5 Building 6 Building 7 Building 8 Building 9 Building 10 Building 11 Building 12 Building 13 Building 14 Building 16 Building 29 Building 30 Building 31 Building 32 Building 36 Building 38 Building 39 Building 43 Building 48 Building 56 Building 57 Building 59 Building 60 Building 63 Building 66 Building 69 Building 72 Building 73 Building 74

5.6 6.1 8.2 4.8 7 4.1 12 14.5 9.6 8.2 4.2 6.5 13.9 3.8 8.1 9.4 9.6 8.8 8.2 10 6.1 2.1 6.8 5.5 7.1 5.4 6.7 7 5.1 2.9

Total Elect Dem (W/GSF) for Various Labs

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Loads

Labs21 Best Practice Guide ‐ Right‐Sizing Laboratory Equipment Loads

W/gsf Facility ID

Module 6 PG14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Building D5 Building A1 Building A3 Building D4 Building D6 Building D1 Building D3 Building F2 Building D2 Building B1 Building D7 Building C3 Building C2 Building A2 Building F1 Building C1 Building A4

1.14 1.68 1.83 1.85 2 3.22 3.32 3.52 3.92 4.09 5.87 6.03 6.11 8.64 9 9 9.9

Maximum of Int Ave W/SF (Demand) ‐ Plu/Equip Loads ‐ Biology Labs

Labs21 Technical Bulletin ‐ Measured Peak Equipment Loads in Laboratories

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Loads

W/gsf Building/Space ID

Module 6 PG15

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Building A8 ‐ Chem Building A7 ‐ Chem Building A5 ‐ Chem Building A6 ‐ Chem Building A9 ‐ Equip Building C4 ‐ Equip Building A10 ‐ Equip Building C5 ‐ Equip

1.77 2.16 3.13 3.69 6.02 7.86 16.73 18.62

Maximum of Int Ave W/SF (Demand) ‐ Plug/Equip Loads ‐ Chem Labs and Equip Rms

Labs21 Technical Bulletin ‐ Measured Peak Equipment Loads in Laboratories

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

W/gsf Building/Space ID

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Loads

Module 6 PG16

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

WW/SF or VA/SF/gsf University of California ‐ Davis

10 20 30 40 50 60 Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Lab 4 Lab 5 Lab 6 Lab 7 Design W/SF ‐ Peak Plug Load Assumed for Electrical Design Design Heat W/SF ‐ Peak Plug Load Assumption for Mechanical Design Max VA/SF ‐ Measured Peak Instantaneous Apparent Power Max Ave W/SF ‐ Maximum

• f 15 Minute Averages

Labs21 Best Practice Guide ‐ Metrics and Benchmarks for Energy Efficiency in Laboratories

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Loads

Module 6 PG17

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

According to the NIH ‐ Design Requirements Manual

• Using average VA/sf values for each load type

According to Tim

• Using average W/sf values for each load type
• 100,000 GSF Science Facility
• 11’ x 36’ Planning Module
• 55% Net to Gross Ratio
• 55,000 NSF
• 70% Lab/Lab Support (38,500 NSF/70,000

GSF)

• 97 Single Lab Modules
• 30% Office/Conference/Support Spaces

(16,500 NSF/30,000 GSF)

Example Facility

Lighting 210 90 Receptacles 840 90 HVAC 665 90 Laboratory Equipment 420 Elevators 87.5 22.5 Miscellaneous 105 30 Total 2327.5 322.5

Normal Power Load Calculations (Demand)

Laboratory (kW) Other (kW) Lighting 210 90 Receptacles 210 90 HVAC 700 180 Laboratory Equipment 525 Elevators 70 15 Miscellaneous 105 30 Total 1820 405

Normal Power Load Calculations (Demand)

Laboratory (kW) Other (kW)

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Loads

Module 6 PG18

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Preliminary Facility Electrical Load

• Estimated Max Demand: 2,650kW
• Spare Capacity (25% of Dem): 662.5kW
• Total Load: 3,312.5kW

Preliminary Facility Electrical Service

• At 480Y/277V, 3‐Phase:

(3,312.5 x 1,000)/(480 x 1.732) = 3,984.3A

• Service Size: 3,984.3 x 1.25 = 4,980.4A:

5,000 Amp Service Preliminary Facility Electrical Service

• At 480Y/277V, 3‐Phase:

(2,781 x 1,000)/(480 x 1.732) = 3,345A

• Service Size: 3,345 x 1.25 = 4,181.3A:

4,000 Amp Service Preliminary Facility Electrical Load

• Estimated Max Demand: 2,225kW
• Spare Capacity (25% of Dem): 556kW
• Total Load: 2,781kW

Minimum $25,000 premium for 5,000 Amp Service

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Loads

Module 6 PG19

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Service Transformer Considerations

• Transformer Location and Type
• Interior versus Exterior
• Dry Type versus Liquid Filled

Module 6 PG20

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Interior Dry‐Type Substation Considerations

• Minimal Impact on Site
• Requires Larger Service Entrance Electrical

Room

• Brings Medium Voltage into Facility
• Requires Additional Clearances for

Equipment

• Requires Additional Ventilation
• Complicates Future Replacement
• Could Compromise Facility Operation upon

Failure or Replacement

Module 6 PG21

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Exterior Pad Mount Transformer Considerations

• Big “Green Box” on Site
• Cost Impact Based on Location Relative to Service

Entrance Equipment

• Requires Smaller Service Entrance Electrical Room
• Keeps Medium Voltage Out of Facility
• Requires External Clearances for Maintenance and

Safety

• Requires Less Ventilation in Electrical Room
• Allows for Future Replacement
• Minimizes Impact on Facility Operation during

Replacement

“Beauty, like supreme dominion is but supported by opinion.”

Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richards Almanac, 1741

Module 6 PG22

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Service Entrance Considerations

• Transformer Location is Often Dictated by Site Considerations
• Transformer Location Should Allow for Ease of Service and Replacement
• Transformer Should be Located Away From Windows, Doors and Exit Pathways
• Transformer and Service Entrance Equipment Should be Located Adjacent to

Each Other

Cost for 2,500 Amp Service Entrance Cabling could be as much as $1,000 Per Linear Foot (Concrete Encased Ductbank)

Se r vic e T r ansfor me r Se r vic e E ntr anc e E le c tr ic al R

• om

Module 6 PG23

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Electrical Room Considerations

• Locate Service Entrance Electrical

Room on Exterior Wall for Protection of Service Entrance Cabling

• Stack Main Electrical Rooms on

each Floor if Possible

• Locate Sub‐Panel Rooms to

Minimize Voltage Drop for 20A, 120V Branch Circuits

Maximum circuit length of approx. 100’ for 8A load (3% VD using #12 AWG)

Se r vic e E ntr anc e E le c tr ic al R

• om in Base me nt Be low

Sub-Pane l E le c tr ic al R

• oms – E

ac h F loor

Module 6 PG24

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Laboratory Panelboard Considerations

Module 6 PG25

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

System Coordination

Image from Schneider Electric – Guide to Power System Selective Coordination 600V and Below

Normal Systems “NEC 240.12 Electrical System Coordination. Where an

• rderly shut down is required to minimize the hazard(s) to

personnel and equipment, a system of coordination based

• n the following two conditions shall be permitted:

(1) Coordinated short circuit protection (2) Overload indication based

• n

monitoring systems or devices” Emergency Systems “NEC 700.27 Coordination. Emergency system(s)

• vercurrent devices shall be selectively coordinated with

all supply side overcurrent devices.” “NEC 701.27 Coordination. Legally required standby system(s)

• vercurrent

devices shall be selectively coordinated with all supply side overcurrent devices.” “NEC 708.54 Coordination. Critical operations power system(s)

• vercurrent

devices shall be selectively coordinated with all supply side overcurrent devices.”

NEC – National Electrical Code NEC Article 240 – Overcurrent Protection NEC Article 700 – Emergency Systems NEC Article 701 – Legally Required Standby Systems NEC Article 708 – Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS)

Module 6 PG26

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Electrical Room Considerations

• In Many Cases, Separate Electrical Rooms

are Required for Normal and Emergency Systems:

• “NFPA 110, Section 7.2.2 Level 1 EPSS

equipment shall not be installed in the same room with the normal service equipment, where the service equipment is rated over 150 volts to ground and equal to or greater than 1000 amperes.”

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA )110 – Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems Normal Emer

Module 6 PG27

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Electrical Room Considerations

• Some Electrical Rooms Require Two Doors
• “NEC Section 110.26 (C) (2) Large Equipment. For Equipment rated 1,200

amperes or more and over 1.8 m (6 ft) wide…there shall be one entrance to and egress from the required working space…at each end of the working space.”

Door 2 Door 1 NEC Article 110 – Requirements for Electrical Installations

Module 6 PG28

Door 2 Door 1

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Electrical Room Considerations

• Some Electrical Room Doors have Special

Requirements

• “NEC Section 110.26 (C) (3) Personnel
• Doors. Where equipment rated 1,200 A
• r more…and there is a personnel

door(s) intended for entrance to and egress from working space…the door(s) shall open in the direction of egress and be equipped with panic bars…”

NEC Article 110 – Requirements for Electrical Installations

Module 6 PG29

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Emergency Electrical Distribution System Considerations

• Code Considerations
• Type of Facility
• Design Standards
• Emergency versus Standby Requirements
• HVAC Systems/Equipment
• Service Voltage (480Y/277V or 208Y/120V)
• Location of Equipment
• Voltage Drop
• Type of Equipment/Fuel Source
• Future Growth

Module 6 PG30

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Electrical Distribution Systems

Emergency Electrical Distribution Preliminary Sizing and Costs

• According to the NIH:

.002 to .0079 kW/GSF

• According to Tim:

.005 to .010 kW/GSF

• Estimated Cost/kW:

$350 to $450

• 750 kW Diesel Generator System
• Sound Attenuating Type, Weather Housing
• 1,500 Gallon Dual Wall Sub‐base Fuel Tank
• Remote Annunciator and Starting Batteries
• Bypass Isolation Type Switches (2)
• Estimated Installed Cost: $282,750 ($377/kW)

Module 6 PG31

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Laboratory Power Distribution Options

Typical Considerations

• Voltage and Phase (120V, 208V, 240V?, single or three phase)
• Electrical Load (amps, volt‐amps, watts)
• Normal or Standby Power

Module 6 PG32

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Laboratory Power Distribution Options

Typical Considerations

• Type of Connection (cord and plug, hard‐

wired)

Module 6 PG33

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Laboratory Power Distribution Options

Receptacles per Circuit

• Maximum Load on a single 20A, 120V Branch Circuit:
• 16 amps or 1,920 VA

(based on continuous loads as defined by NEC)

• Load per receptacle:
• 180 VA minimum (NEC Article 220)
• Maximum Number of Receptacles per 20A Circuit:
• 1,920 VA per circuit/180 VA per receptacle

= 10.667 receptacles per circuit (NEVER DO THIS IN A LABORATORY!!!!)

• Tim’s Rule of thumb:
• No more than 4 receptacles per circuit,

preferably a maximum of 3

Module 6 PG34

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Laboratory Distribution Options

Multiple Options

• Surface Mounted Raceway Systems
• Pedestal (tombstone) Devices
• Flush Wall Mounted Devices
• Miscellaneous Systems (Bus Duct, Floor

Outlets, etc.)

• Overhead Service Carrier Systems

Module 6 PG35

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Laboratory Distribution Options

• Dual Channel Surface Mounted

Raceways Above Benches and in Equipment Alcoves

• Cost: $18.76/NSF of Lab Space
• Dual Channel Surface Mounted

Raceways Above Peninsula Benches and Wall Devices in all other Areas

• Cost: $16.71/NSF of Lab Space

Module 6 PG36

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Laboratory Distribution Options

• Dual Channel Surface Mounted

Raceways Above Benches and in Equipment Alcoves

• Cost: $18.76/NSF of Lab Space
• Dual Channel Surface Mounted

Raceways Above Peninsula Benches and Wall Devices in all other Areas

• Cost: $16.71/NSF of Lab Space

Module 6 PG37

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Flexibility

Planning for Flexibility

• Dedicated neutral and equipment

ground conductors for all lab equipment circuits

• Circuit labels on all device plates
• Minimum ¾” diameter conduit size

for laboratory circuits

• Premium cost: $0.87/NSF of

laboratory space

• 2‐gang outlet boxes with extension

rings, blank covers and 1” empty conduits to corridor ceiling space

• Premium cost: $1.95/NSF of

laboratory space

Module 6 PG38

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Laboratory Distribution and Flexibility Options

3/4" conduit $0.87 $33,495 $0.33 Empty boxes $1.95 $75,075 $0.75 1 $18.76 $722,260 $7.22 2 $16.71 $643,335 $6.43 3 $16.25 $625,625 $6.26 4 $19.99 $769,615 $7.70 Total Cost for Lab/Lab Support Power Distibution Cost/GSF Option # Cost/NSF of Labs/Lab Support

• 100,000 GSF Science Facility
• 11’ x 36’ Planning Module
• 55% Net to Gross Ratio
• 55,000 NSF
• 70% Lab/Lab Support (38,500 NSF/70,000

GSF)

• 97 Single Lab Modules
• 30% Office/Conference/Support Spaces

(16,500 NSF/30,000 GSF)

Example Facility

Module 6 PG39

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Technology Systems and Equipment

Considerations

• Wireless versus wired connectivity
• Connectivity everywhere
• Presentation capabilities/intuitive
• peration
• Access control and video surveillance
• Room scheduling
• Impact on personnel/facilities
• Staying current

Module 6 PG40

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Illumination

Direct Illumination

• Good for low floor to floor heights
• Good for extreme environments
• Good source of horizontal illumination
• Relatively efficient (illumination versus energy)
• Causes shadowing
• Causes direct glare
• Causes indirect glare
• Causes veiling reflections
• Psychological impact on perceived

illumination levels

Module 6 PG41

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Illumination

Indirect Illumination

• Good source of horizontal and vertical illumination
• Reduces shadowing
• Reduces issues associated with direct glare
• Reduces issues associated with indirect glare
• Reduces issues associated with veiling reflections
• Requires increased ceiling heights/floor to floor

heights versus direct systems

• Typically not as efficient as direct or direct/indirect

systems

• Not good for extreme environments
• Psychological impact on occupants due to
• bscuration of light source

*Peerless Lighting Headquarters

Module 6 PG42

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Illumination

Direct/Indirect Illumination

• Good source of horizontal and vertical

illumination

• Reduces shadowing
• Reduces issues associated with direct glare
• Reduces issues associated with indirect glare
• Reduces issues associated with veiling reflections
• Typically more efficient than indirect systems
• Requires increased ceiling heights/floor to

floor heights versus direct systems

• Not good for extreme environments
• Positive psychological impact on occupants due to

illumination of all room surfaces

Module 6 PG43

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Illumination Levels

Quality versus Quantity

Notes:

• 1. 1 FC = 10.76 Lux
• 2. NIH DRM states that “Care shall be exercised in modeling

laboratories for illumination calculations as shelving shall be assumed as fully loaded…Task lighting shall not be considered in lighting calculations.”

• 3. Lux: a unit of illuminance equal to 1 lumen per square

meter.

• 4. FC: a unit of illuminance equal to 1 lumen per square

foot.

Illumination Level Guidelines

Spac e T ype : NIH De sign Re quir e me nt s Manual (DRM) Se c t ion 10-8 L ight ing L e ve ls Char t in lux (F C) L abor at

• r

y/ L abor at

• r

y Suppor t 800-1075 (75-100)

Note s Cate gor y <25 25 - 65 >65 Gauge Cate gor y <25 25 - 65 >65 Gauge

E

h @ 3'; E v @4'6" AFF

R 250 (25) 500 (50) 1000 (100) Avg P 150 (15) 300 (30) 600 (60) Avg E

h @ 3'; E v @4'6" AFF

T 500 (50) 1000 (100) 2000 (200) Avg R 250 (25) 500 (50) 1000 (100) Avg De mo nstra tio n Are a

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) Table 24.2: Educational Facilities Illuminance Recommendations

Visual Age s of Obse r ve r s (ye ar s) whe r e at le ast half ar e Re c omme nde d Maintaine d Illuminanc e T ar ge ts in lux (FC) Hor izontal (E

h) T

ar ge ts Ve r tic al (E

v) T

ar ge ts Visual Age s of Obse r ve r s (ye ar s) whe r e at le ast half ar e Applic ations and T asks

Sc ie nc e L a b Be nc h

Notes:

• 1. Table 4.1; Visual Performance Description for Categories P and R:
• Common, relatively small‐scale, more cognitive or fast‐performance visual tasks.
• 2. Table 4.1; Visual Performance Description for Category T:
• Small‐scale, cognitive tasks

The Lighting Handbook; 10th Edition; Reference and Application

Module 6 PG44

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Drivers – Lighting Power Densities

Quality versus Quantity

ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 ‐ 2010 ‐ Lighting Power Density Comparisons

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

Lighting Power Density (W/SF‐ Building Area Method)

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

Lighting Power Density (W/SF Space by Space Method)

1.28 1.11 1.23 0.63 0.95 0.75 0.66 0.69 Stairs/Vertical Circulation Lab Storage/Shared Resources Mechanical/Electrical/Telecom Toilets/Locker Rooms Corridors/Horizontal Circulation

Space Type:

Laboratory/Laboratory Support Office Enclosed Conference/Meeting/Multi‐purpose * Based on School/University

Module 6 PG45

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Typical 3‐Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft.

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Module 6 PG46

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Typical 3‐Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11’ x 33’) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules)

Lighting Option 1 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts Module 6 PG47

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Lighting Option 1 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

• 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted

direct/indirect fixtures with T5HO lamps and electronic ballasts

• Six – 12’‐0” long fixtures; 36 lamps
• Total first cost:

$4,797 ($4.41/SF)

• Fixtures:

$4,597

• Lamps:

$200

• Total Watts = 2,160
• Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.98W/SF

(exceeds allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF)

• Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at

Benchtop = 96.17 FC (meets NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria)

• First year energy cost: $648.00
• Assumes 12 hours per day (time of day scheduling); 5 days

per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH

• 30 year life cycle cost: $40,395.38

$ 4,597.00 (light fixtures) $ 30,828.87 (energy) $ 2,279.48 (lamps) $ 2,690.03 (ballasts)

Assumes group relamping every 5 years Assumes new electronic ballasts every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year

Module 6 PG48

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Typical 3‐Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11’ x 33’) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules)

Lighting Option 2 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts Module 6 PG49

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Lighting Option 2 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

Assumes group relamping every 5 years Assumes new electronic ballasts every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year

• 2 lamp high efficiency recessed fluorescent fixtures

with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

• Thirty – 4’‐0” long fixtures; 60 lamps
• Total first cost:

$6,491 ($3.81/SF)

• Fixtures:

$6,300

• Lamps:

$191

• Total Watts = 1,680
• Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.54W/SF (exceeds

allowable LPD of 0.99 or 1.28W/SF)

• Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at

Benchtop = 75.13 FC (meets lower end of NIH criteria; exceeds IES criteria)

• First year energy cost: $504.00
• Assumes 12 hours per day (time of day scheduling); 5 days

per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH

• 30 year life cycle cost: $34,998.32

$ 6,300.00 (light fixtures) $ 23,978.01 (energy) $ 2,179.72 (lamps) $ 2,540.58 (ballasts)

Module 6 PG50

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Typical 3‐Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11’ x 33’) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules)

Lighting Option 3 45W LED recessed fixtures Module 6 PG51

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Assumes new LED drivers every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year

Lighting Option 3 45W LED recessed fixtures

• 45W LED recessed fixtures
• Thirty – 4’‐0” long fixtures
• Total first cost:

$9,750 ($3.81/SF)

• Fixtures:

$9,750

• Lamps:

provided with fixture

• Total Watts = 1,350
• Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.24W/SF (exceeds

allowable LPD of 0.99; meets allowable LPD of 1.28W/SF)

• Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at

Benchtop = 88.45 FC (meets NIH criteria; meets IES criteria)

• First year energy cost: $405.00
• Assumes 12 hours per day (time of day scheduling); 5 days

per week; 50 weeks per year; $0.10/kWH

• 30 year life cycle cost: $35,743.12

$ 9,750.00 (light fixtures) $ 19,268.04 (energy) $ n/a (lamps) $ $6,725.08 (LED drivers)

Module 6 PG52

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Typical 3‐Module Laboratory Area per Module: 363 sq. ft. (11’ x 33’) Total Laboratory Area: 1,089 sq. ft. (3 modules)

Lighting Option 4 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts Module 6 PG53

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

Quality versus Quantity

Assumes group relamping every 5 years Assumes new electronic ballasts every 15 years Assumes 3% escalation per year

Lighting Option 4 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted direct/indirect fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

• 2 lamp cross section pendant mounted

direct/indirect fixtures with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts

• Six – 12’‐0” long fixtures; 36 lamps
• Total first cost:

$4,149 ($3.81/SF)

• Fixtures:

$4,035

• Lamps:

$114

• Total Watts = 1,152
• Lighting power density (LPD) = 1.06W/SF (exceeds

allowable LPD of 0.99; meets allowable LPD of 1.28W/SF)

• Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level at

Benchtop = 51.67 FC (fails to meet NIH criteria; meets IES criteria)

• First year energy cost: $345.60
• Assumes 12 hours per day; 5 days per week; 50 weeks per

year; $0.10/kWH

• 30 year life cycle cost: $23,309.24

$ 4,035.00 (light fixtures) $ 16,442.06 (energy) $ 1,307.83 (lamps) $ 1,524.35 (ballasts)

Module 6 PG54

6 PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL BASICS

Module 6 Concepts – Laboratory Illumination

1 Pendant Mounted T5HO 96.17 FC $40,395.38 $37.09 $1,428,119.49 2 Recessed T8 75.13 FC $34,998.32 $32.14 $1,237,314.34 3 Recessed LED 88.45 FC $35,743.12 $32.82 $1,263,645.66 4 Pendant Mounted T8 51.67 FC $23,309.24 $21.40 $824,064.04 Option # Total Life Cycle Cost of Lab/Lab Support Lighting Description of Option Maintained Horizontal Illumination Level 30 Year Life Cycle Cost for Three Module Lab (1,089 SF) 30 Year Life Cycle Cost per NSF of Laboratory Area

• 100,000 GSF Science Facility
• 11’ x 36’ Planning Module
• 55% Net to Gross Ratio
• 55,000 NSF
• 70% Lab/Lab Support (38,500 NSF/70,000

GSF)

• 97 Single Lab Modules
• 30% Office/Conference/Support Spaces

(16,500 NSF/30,000 GSF)

Example Facility

Module 6 PG55