NE W A PPRO A CH ES I N C O TTO N C R O S S LI N K I N G G R E E N - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

may include DMDHEU, diisocyanates, perfluorinated acids, fluoropolymers, paraffin-based DWRs

NE W A PPRO A CH ES I N C O TTO N C R O S S LI N K I N G

G R E E N E R S O L U T I O N S 2 0 1 3

J O E C H A R B O N N E T J E N L AW R E N C E L E A H R U B I N S A R A T E P F E R

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H B A S E L IN E

WRINKLES ARE CREATED BY DISORDERLY HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN WATER AND COTTON DMDHEU CROSSLINKS COTTON FIBERS IN ORDERED, WRINKLE FREE PATTERN VARIETY OF NAMES: PERMANENT PRESS, WRINKLE-FREE, EASY CARE, NEVER-IRON CONTRIBUTES TO FREE FORMALDEHYDE IN FABRICS

C U R R E N T T E C H N O L O G Y: W R I N K LE R E S I S TA N C E

DMDHEU

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H B A S E L IN E

WATER REPELLENCY ACHIEVED THROUGH CROSSLINKING TO A DURABLE WATER REPELLENT [DWR]

C U R R E N T T E C H N O L O G Y: WAT E R R E P E L L E N C Y

LEVI’S COMMUTER JEANS CROSSLINK A PARAFFIN-BASED DWR, ECOREPEL, WITH DIISOCYANATES

H E A LT H I M PA C T S

FORMALDEHYDE DIISOCYANATES EXPOSURE ROUTES

• INHALATION OF FUMES
• ABSORPTION THROUGH SKIN

SEVERE HEALTH ISSUES

• NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE
• ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
• NASAL CANCER
• NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER
• LEUKEMIA
• SKIN SENSITIZER
• RESPIRATORY SENSITIZER

EXPOSURE ROUTES

• MAY BE APPLIED IN GARMENT FORM
• INCREASES EXPOSURE

SEVERE HEALTH ISSUES

• SKIN, EYE, AND RESPIRATORY IRRITANT
• RESPIRATORY SENSITIZER
• PRODUCES ASTHMA
• POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

G O A L S

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

TO DETERMINE WHAT BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED OPPORTUNITIES EXIST FOR LEVI STRAUSS & CO. TO MODIFY CURRENT CROSSLINKING TECHNOLOGIES USED TO IMPART WRINKLE-RESISTANCE AND WATER-REPELLENCY.

G O A L S

TO EVALUATE SOLUTIONS’ HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS RELATIVE TO CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES.

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

W H AT I S B I O M IM I C R Y ?

BIOMIMICRY IS LEARNING FROM AND THEN EMULATING NATURAL FORMS, PROCESSES, AND ECOSYSTEMS TO CREATE MORE SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

COVALENT INTERACTIONS

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

COORDINATION WITH METALS

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

STRUCTURAL FEATURES

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS Oke, et al, 2008. 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES R A N A S M U R F I N

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS Oke, et al, 2008. 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES COVALENT INTERACTIONS DISULFIDE BONDS R A N A S M U R F I N

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS Oke, et al, 2008. 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES COVALENT INTERACTIONS DISULFIDE BONDS R A N A S M U R F I N NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS HYDROGEN BONDS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS Oke, et al, 2008. 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES COVALENT INTERACTIONS DISULFIDE BONDS R A N A S M U R F I N ANCILLARY METALS COORDINATION COMPLEXES NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS HYDROGEN BONDS

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

CROSSLINKING IN NATURE IS VERY COMPLEX

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

BIOLOGICAL CROSSLINKING TEXTILE CROSSLINKING

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

CROSSLINKING IN NATURE IS VERY COMPLEX

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

MULTIPLE BONDING STRUCTURES

• COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• COORDINATION WITH METALS
• STRUCTURAL FEATURES

BIOLOGICAL CROSSLINKING TEXTILE CROSSLINKING

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

CROSSLINKING IN NATURE IS VERY COMPLEX

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

MULTIPLE BONDING STRUCTURES

• COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• COORDINATION WITH METALS
• STRUCTURAL FEATURES

MULTIPLE BONDING STRUCTURES

• COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS +

STRUCTURAL FEATURES

BIOLOGICAL CROSSLINKING TEXTILE CROSSLINKING

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

CROSSLINKING IN NATURE IS VERY COMPLEX

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

MULTIPLE BONDING STRUCTURES

• COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• COORDINATION WITH METALS
• STRUCTURAL FEATURES

MULTIPLE BONDING STRUCTURES

• COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS +

STRUCTURAL FEATURES

BIOLOGICAL CROSSLINKING TEXTILE CROSSLINKING

MULTIPLE BONDING POINTS

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

CROSSLINKING IN NATURE IS VERY COMPLEX

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

MULTIPLE BONDING STRUCTURES

• COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• COORDINATION WITH METALS
• STRUCTURAL FEATURES

MULTIPLE BONDING STRUCTURES

• COVALENT INTERACTIONS
• NON-COVALENT INTERACTIONS +

STRUCTURAL FEATURES

BIOLOGICAL CROSSLINKING TEXTILE CROSSLINKING

MULTIPLE BONDING POINTS

• TWO BONDING POINTS

MULTIPLE BONDING POINTS

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

BIOMIMETIC CROSSLINKING TRADITIONAL CROSSLINKING

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

BIOMIMETIC CROSSLINKING TRADITIONAL CROSSLINKING +

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

BIOMIMETIC CROSSLINKING TRADITIONAL CROSSLINKING

[1] BIND TO CELLULOSE

+ +

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

BIOMIMETIC CROSSLINKING TRADITIONAL CROSSLINKING +

!"# !"#

+

[2] PERFORM CROSSLINK WRINKLE RESISTANCE WATER REPELLENCY [1] BIND TO CELLULOSE

+ +

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

BIOMIMETIC CROSSLINKING TRADITIONAL CROSSLINKING +

!"# !"#

+

[2] PERFORM CROSSLINK WRINKLE RESISTANCE WATER REPELLENCY [1] BIND TO CELLULOSE

+ +

12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NONCOVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES 12 EXAMPLES COMMON THEMES MULTIPLE BONDING TYPES COVALENT + NON-COVALENT CROSSLINKING + BONDS WITH CELLULOSE SOLUTIONS STRATEGIES

T R A N S L AT I N G B I O L O G Y T O T E X T I L E S

BIOMIMETIC CROSSLINKING TRADITIONAL CROSSLINKING +

!"# !"#

+

[2] PERFORM CROSSLINK WRINKLE RESISTANCE WATER REPELLENCY [1] BIND TO CELLULOSE

+ +

polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic acid carboxymethyl cellulose

DYEING/PRINTING YARN FORMATION RAW COTTON FIBER PREPARATION SPINNING WEAVING FABRIC FORMATION WARPING SIZING WET PROCESSING PREPARATION FINISHING

may include DMDHEU, diisocyanates, perfluorinated acids, fluoropolymers, paraffin-based DWRs

FINISHING CUTTING SEWING CURING FINISHED GOODS

for Levi’s: DWR properties imparted here [garment form]

P R O C E S S

may include DMDHEU, diisocyanates, perfluorinated acids, fluoropolymers, paraffin-based DWRs for Levi’s: DWR properties imparted here [garment form] METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

SH SH

PROTEIN

DISULFIDE BONDS STABILIZE PROTEIN STRUCTURE BY CROSSLINKING PEPTIDE CHAINS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C R O S S L I N K I N G : D I S U L F I D E B O N D S

OXIDANT, CATALYST OXIDANT, OXIDANT, CATALYST CATALYST

CYSTEINE

SH SH SH

PROTEIN

DISULFIDE BONDS STABILIZE PROTEIN STRUCTURE BY CROSSLINKING PEPTIDE CHAINS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C R O S S L I N K I N G : D I S U L F I D E B O N D S

OXIDANT, CATALYST OXIDANT, OXIDANT, CATALYST CATALYST

CYSTEINE

SH SH S S

PROTEIN

DISULFIDE BONDS STABILIZE PROTEIN STRUCTURE BY CROSSLINKING PEPTIDE CHAINS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C R O S S L I N K I N G : D I S U L F I D E B O N D S

OXIDANT, CATALYST OXIDANT, OXIDANT, CATALYST CATALYST

CYSTEINE

SH SH SH HS

PROTEIN

DISULFIDE BONDS STABILIZE PROTEIN STRUCTURE BY CROSSLINKING PEPTIDE CHAINS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C R O S S L I N K I N G : D I S U L F I D E B O N D S

OXIDANT, CATALYST ATTACH THIOL GROUPS TO CELLULOSE FIBER OXIDANT, OXIDANT, CATALYST CATALYST

CYSTEINE

SH SH S S

PROTEIN

DISULFIDE BONDS STABILIZE PROTEIN STRUCTURE BY CROSSLINKING PEPTIDE CHAINS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C R O S S L I N K I N G : D I S U L F I D E B O N D S

OXIDANT, CATALYST ATTACH THIOL GROUPS TO CELLULOSE FIBER OXIDIZE TO FORM DISULFIDE BOND

CYSTEINE

INSPIRED BY THE SLUG, ARION SUBFUSCUS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C R O S S L I N K I N G : I M I N E + A M I N E B O N D S

REDUCTIVE AMINATION PRODUCES A MORE STABLE BOND ATTACH CARBONYL GROUPS CROSSLINK WITH DIAMINE REDUCTIVE AMINATION PRODUCES A MORE STABLE BOND ATTACH CARBONYL GROUPS CROSSLINK WITH DIAMINE IMINE BOND CONTRIBUTES TO STIFFNESS OF MUCUS SECRETIONS

CARBONYL AMINE AMINE IMINE CARBONYL IMINE

INSPIRED BY THE SLUG, ARION SUBFUSCUS METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C R O S S L I N K I N G : I M I N E + A M I N E B O N D S

REDUCTIVE AMINATION PRODUCES A MORE STABLE BOND ATTACH CARBONYL GROUPS CROSSLINK WITH DIAMINE IMINE BOND CONTRIBUTES TO STIFFNESS OF MUCUS SECRETIONS

CARBONYL AMINE AMINE IMINE CARBONYL IMINE

SUCCINIC ACID POLY[CARBOXYLIC ACIDS] ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN NATURE METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

L I N K I N G T O C O T T O N : P O LY [ C A R B O X Y L I C A C I D S ]

TARTARIC ACID MALIC ACID CITRIC ACID POLY[CARBOXYLIC ACIDS] HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BIND TO CELLULOSE THROUGH CYCLIC ANHYDRIDE INTERMEDIATE POLY[CARBOXYLIC ACIDS] HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BIND TO CELLULOSE THROUGH CYCLIC ANHYDRIDE INTERMEDIATE

SUCCINIC ACID POLY[CARBOXYLIC ACIDS] ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN NATURE METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

L I N K I N G T O C O T T O N : P O LY [ C A R B O X Y L I C A C I D S ]

TARTARIC ACID MALIC ACID CITRIC ACID POLY[CARBOXYLIC ACIDS] HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BIND TO CELLULOSE THROUGH CYCLIC ANHYDRIDE INTERMEDIATE

FUNCTIONALIZE CELLULOSE

• BETTER CROSSLINKING HANDLES
• COATING PROCESS
• COAT FIBER OR FABRIC WITH NON-

COVALENTLY BOUND POLYMER FOR BETTER CROSSLINKING USE OF POLYMERS

• CURRENTLY COAT FIBERS AND BLEND

POLYESTERS WOOD CELL WALL

• HIGH NUMBER OF HYDROGEN BONDS
• STRUCTURAL INTEGRATION

BIOLOGICAL ORIGINS INDUSTRY PRECEDENT MOTIVATION

L I N K I N G T O C O T T O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

• LS & CO. OFTEN USES PET

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE, THE MOST COMMON POLYESTER IN TEXTILES

L I N K I N G T O C O T T O N : P O LY M E R W E AV E

CROSSLINK TO BLENDED POLYESTER

• BLENDED POLYESTER MAY PROVIDE

CROSSLINKING SITES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

COAT FIBERS OR FABRIC WITH MORE CROSS-LINKABLE POLYMER

THIOLATED PVA

• POLYMERS ALREADY COATED ON

FIBERS DURING SIZING

• MODIFIED SIZES OR NEW POLYMERS

MAY PROVIDE CROSSLINKING SITES METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

L I N K I N G T O C O T T O N : P O LY M E R C O AT I N G

POLY[VINYL ALCOHOL] POLY[METHACRYLIC ACID]

• ENABLES APPLICATION IN FABRIC OR

GARMENT FORM

• PREVIOUS USE IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY

FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONALITIES [EG. LEVI’S REVEL LINE, CONDUCTIVE FABRICS, ETC.]

COAT FIBERS OR FABRIC WITH MORE CROSS-LINKABLE POLYMER

L I N K I N G T O C O T T O N : I N S I T U P O LY M E R I Z AT I O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

POLY[LACTIC ACID] LACTIC ACID LACTIDE

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY CHEMICAL SUPPLY SPECIAL MANUFACTURE LIMITED AVAILABILITY WIDE AVAILABILITY DISRUPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY CHEMICAL SUPPLY SPECIAL MANUFACTURE LIMITED AVAILABILITY WIDE AVAILABILITY DISRUPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FABRIC APPLICATION NEW PROCESS MODIFY EXISTING PROCESS USES EXISTING PROCESS

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY CHEMICAL SUPPLY SPECIAL MANUFACTURE LIMITED AVAILABILITY WIDE AVAILABILITY DISRUPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FABRIC APPLICATION NEW PROCESS MODIFY EXISTING PROCESS USES EXISTING PROCESS CROSSLINKING STEP NEW EQUIPMENT NEW CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS HEAT OR AIR CURED

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY CHEMICAL SUPPLY SPECIAL MANUFACTURE LIMITED AVAILABILITY WIDE AVAILABILITY DISRUPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FABRIC APPLICATION NEW PROCESS MODIFY EXISTING PROCESS USES EXISTING PROCESS CROSSLINKING STEP NEW EQUIPMENT NEW CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS HEAT OR AIR CURED ROBUSTNESS CONTROLLABLE CROSSLINKING TOO REACTIVE OR UNREACTIVE SPECIAL CONDITIONS OR EXTRA CHEMICALS ADD CATALYST, REAGENT, HEAT

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY CHEMICAL SUPPLY SPECIAL MANUFACTURE LIMITED AVAILABILITY WIDE AVAILABILITY DISRUPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FABRIC APPLICATION NEW PROCESS MODIFY EXISTING PROCESS USES EXISTING PROCESS CROSSLINKING STEP NEW EQUIPMENT NEW CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS HEAT OR AIR CURED ROBUSTNESS CONTROLLABLE CROSSLINKING TOO REACTIVE OR UNREACTIVE SPECIAL CONDITIONS OR EXTRA CHEMICALS ADD CATALYST, REAGENT, HEAT RESILIENCE DURING MANUFACTURING LIKELY PROBLEMS POSSIBLE PROBLEMS NO FORESEEABLE PROBLEMS

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY CHEMICAL SUPPLY SPECIAL MANUFACTURE LIMITED AVAILABILITY WIDE AVAILABILITY DISRUPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FABRIC APPLICATION NEW PROCESS MODIFY EXISTING PROCESS USES EXISTING PROCESS CROSSLINKING STEP NEW EQUIPMENT NEW CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS HEAT OR AIR CURED ROBUSTNESS CONTROLLABLE CROSSLINKING TOO REACTIVE OR UNREACTIVE SPECIAL CONDITIONS OR EXTRA CHEMICALS ADD CATALYST, REAGENT, HEAT RESILIENCE DURING MANUFACTURING LIKELY PROBLEMS POSSIBLE PROBLEMS NO FORESEEABLE PROBLEMS RESILIENCE DURING CONSUMER USE LIKELY PROBLEMS POSSIBLE PROBLEMS NO FORESEEABLE PROBLEMS

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

INNOVATION ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED MAJOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED MINOR HURDLES ANTICIPATED OPTIMIZATION ONLY CHEMICAL SUPPLY SPECIAL MANUFACTURE LIMITED AVAILABILITY WIDE AVAILABILITY DISRUPTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE FABRIC APPLICATION NEW PROCESS MODIFY EXISTING PROCESS USES EXISTING PROCESS CROSSLINKING STEP NEW EQUIPMENT NEW CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS HEAT OR AIR CURED ROBUSTNESS CONTROLLABLE CROSSLINKING TOO REACTIVE OR UNREACTIVE SPECIAL CONDITIONS OR EXTRA CHEMICALS ADD CATALYST, REAGENT, HEAT RESILIENCE DURING MANUFACTURING LIKELY PROBLEMS POSSIBLE PROBLEMS NO FORESEEABLE PROBLEMS RESILIENCE DURING CONSUMER USE LIKELY PROBLEMS POSSIBLE PROBLEMS NO FORESEEABLE PROBLEMS SIDE EFFECTS EFFECTS ON FABRIC REQUIRES PROBLEM CHEMICALS POSSIBLE NEED FOR PROBLEM CHEMICALS NO FORESEEABLE PROBLEMS

T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

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T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

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T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

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T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

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T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

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T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

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4')(+&, '!!#+&'5+"6,

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T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

• +.9#4+-1,)"6-.

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T E C H N I C A L E VA L U AT I O N C O M PA R I S O N

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS !"#$%&'()"*$#+&,'&+-./ !"#$01(,21'31 4+)1(,&"'5+67 4')(+&,&"'5+67 +0+618'0+61,)"6-.

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H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

G R E E N S C R E E N A D A P T E D E VA L S C O P E D ATA C O L L E C T I O N + P R I O R I T I Z AT I O N O U T C O M E INPUTS USE DEGREDATION LISTS PRIMARY LIT MODELED DATA ANALOGS

2 1 [comprehensive] 3 3 1 2 [as needed] 3 3 benchmark score relative rank

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

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METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

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METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

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METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

MEETS GREENSCREEN BENCHMARK 1 CRITERIA FOR AT LEAST ONE ENDPOINT; MUST BE ELIMINATED.

BM 1

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

PROBABLE HIGH HAZARD FOR GROUP 1 HUMAN AND ECOTOXICITY ENDPOINTS; VERY HIGH GROUP II/II* ENDPOINTS; AVOID. MEETS GREENSCREEN BENCHMARK 1 CRITERIA FOR AT LEAST ONE ENDPOINT; MUST BE ELIMINATED.

BM 1

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

PROBABLE HIGH HAZARD FOR GROUP 1 HUMAN AND ECOTOXICITY ENDPOINTS; VERY HIGH GROUP II/II* ENDPOINTS; AVOID. POTENTIAL HAZARD FOR GRP I HUMAN AND ECOTOX ENDPOINTS; KNOWN HIGH HAZARD FOR GRP II/II* HUMAN ENDPOINTS; HIGH PHYSICAL HAZARD. MEETS GREENSCREEN BENCHMARK 1 CRITERIA FOR AT LEAST ONE ENDPOINT; MUST BE ELIMINATED.

BM 1

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

PROBABLE HIGH HAZARD FOR GROUP 1 HUMAN AND ECOTOXICITY ENDPOINTS; VERY HIGH GROUP II/II* ENDPOINTS; AVOID. POTENTIAL HAZARD FOR GRP I HUMAN AND ECOTOX ENDPOINTS; KNOWN HIGH HAZARD FOR GRP II/II* HUMAN ENDPOINTS; HIGH PHYSICAL HAZARD. REASONABLE SUSPICION FOR CONCERN; MORE RESEARCH IS NECESSARY. MEETS GREENSCREEN BENCHMARK 1 CRITERIA FOR AT LEAST ONE ENDPOINT; MUST BE ELIMINATED.

BM 1

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

PROBABLE HIGH HAZARD FOR GROUP 1 HUMAN AND ECOTOXICITY ENDPOINTS; VERY HIGH GROUP II/II* ENDPOINTS; AVOID. POTENTIAL HAZARD FOR GRP I HUMAN AND ECOTOX ENDPOINTS; KNOWN HIGH HAZARD FOR GRP II/II* HUMAN ENDPOINTS; HIGH PHYSICAL HAZARD. REASONABLE SUSPICION FOR CONCERN; MORE RESEARCH IS NECESSARY. SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION BASED ON AVAILABLE DATA. MEETS GREENSCREEN BENCHMARK 1 CRITERIA FOR AT LEAST ONE ENDPOINT; MUST BE ELIMINATED.

BM 1

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

NO DATA AVAILABLE.

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

PROBABLE HIGH HAZARD FOR GROUP 1 HUMAN AND ECOTOXICITY ENDPOINTS; VERY HIGH GROUP II/II* ENDPOINTS; AVOID. POTENTIAL HAZARD FOR GRP I HUMAN AND ECOTOX ENDPOINTS; KNOWN HIGH HAZARD FOR GRP II/II* HUMAN ENDPOINTS; HIGH PHYSICAL HAZARD. REASONABLE SUSPICION FOR CONCERN; MORE RESEARCH IS NECESSARY. SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION BASED ON AVAILABLE DATA. MEETS GREENSCREEN BENCHMARK 1 CRITERIA FOR AT LEAST ONE ENDPOINT; MUST BE ELIMINATED.

BM 1

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

!"!#$%!&'()(*+&,-%.(*/!-0

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

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SINGLE CHEMICAL EVALUATION

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H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

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SINGLE CHEMICAL EVALUATION

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SINGLE CHEMICAL EVALUATION

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METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

SINGLE CHEMICAL EVALUATION

H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N F R A M E W O R K

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METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

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METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY HEALTH IMPACTS CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

SINGLE CHEMICAL EVALUATION

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SINGLE CHEMICAL EVALUATION

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H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N G R E AT E S T H I T S

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H E A LT H E VA L U AT I O N G R E AT E S T H I T S

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POLY ACIDS

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BASELINE

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C O N C L U S I O N S

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

C O N C L U S I O N S

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

TEXTILE CROSSLINKING CAN BE CONSIDERED IN TWO PARTS: LINKAGE WITH CELLULOSE AND CROSSLINKING.

C O N C L U S I O N S

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

TEXTILE CROSSLINKING CAN BE CONSIDERED IN TWO PARTS: LINKAGE WITH CELLULOSE AND CROSSLINKING. TECHNICAL AND HEALTH EVALUATION FRAMEWORKS CAN BE APPLIED TO CURRENTLY PROPOSED AND FUTURE SOLUTIONS.

C O N C L U S I O N S

METHODS CROSSLINKING STRATEGIES TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY CONTEXT CONCLUSIONS

TEXTILE CROSSLINKING CAN BE CONSIDERED IN TWO PARTS: LINKAGE WITH CELLULOSE AND CROSSLINKING. CONCLUSIONS FROM FRAMEWORKS ARE COMPLEX AND NUANCED, AND THERE IS OFTEN A TRADEOFF BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS TECHNICAL AND HEALTH EVALUATION FRAMEWORKS CAN BE APPLIED TO CURRENTLY PROPOSED AND FUTURE SOLUTIONS.

may include DMDHEU, diisocyanates, perfluorinated acids, fluoropolymers, paraffin-based DWRs

TH A N K Y O U