Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Neha Rustagi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Neha Rustagi - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Neha Rustagi Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative- Spring Symposium Cambridge, MA- June 3, 2019 Hydrogen is Part of an All of the Above Portfolio Very High Specific Energy Many

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Neha Rustagi

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative- Spring Symposium

Overview of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies

Cambridge, MA- June 3, 2019

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Hydrogen is Part of an All of the Above Portfolio

Clean , sustainable, versatile, and efficient energy carrier

H2 can be produced from diverse domestic sources Many applications rely on or could benefit from H2 About three times more energy by mass than gasoline. But worse in terms of volume. Very High Specific Energy

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

PEM Fuel Cells 101

Re Relies on a an electrochemi mical reacti tion

Anode s side

(an oxidation reaction):

2H 2H2 => 4 4H++ 4 4e- Cathode s side

(a reduction reaction):

O2 + 4 4H+ + 4 4e- => 2 2H2O O Net r reaction

(the "redox" reaction):

2H 2H2 + O O2 => 2 2H2O O

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Fuel Cell Shipments - Growth by Application

Fuel Cell Power Shipped (MW) fuel cell units

$2.3 Billion

Approximately

68,500

fuel cell revenue* fuel cell power

800 MW

shipped worldwide shipped worldwide

Source: DOE and E4Tech

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

2015 2016 2017 2018

Megawatts

Transport Stationary Portable

* Revenue from publicly available

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Commercial fuel cell electric cars are here

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles are Here

No petroleum, no pollution Refuels in minutes More than 360 mi driving range Over 60 mpgge

As of Dec 2017

Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell SUV Honda Clarity

in the United States

>6,800 sold or leased

Toyota Mirai

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Multiple H2 and Fuel Cell Applications in the U.S.

Backup Power Forklifts Fuel Cell Buses H2 retail stations fuel cell cars

>240MW >20,000 >6,800 >40

*Excludes recent announcement from CA to invest $235M in electric vehicles

U.S. Snapshot

>30

States with Growing Interest $180M*

The total amount states

have invested in H2

infrastructure in the past decade*

More than

CA HI, OH, SC, NY, CT, MA, CO, UT, TX, MI, and others with interest

  • 200 stations planned
  • 40 public stations open
  • $150M invested
  • $235M announced in 2018
  • Over $27M invested
  • 12-25 stations planned in the NE

Latest News: 200 stations by 2025 in CA

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Vehicles Well-to-Wheels Emissions- Examples

187 252 216 230 280 254 329 366 343 360

160 210 260 310 360 410 Grams of CO2e per Mile

Low, Medium & High Emissions/Mile for 2015 Technology

Honda Civic Nissan Versa Chevy Cruze Diesel Honda Civic CNG Toyota Prius Chevy Volt Nissan Leaf Chevy Spark Toyota Mirai (NG) Toyota Mirai (33% Renewable)

Source: Program Record 16004 (https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16004_life-cycle_ghg_oil_use_cars.pdf)

Joint VTO-FCTO Analysis Example

Current gasoline ICEV: ~450

Extended-Range Electric Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid Electric Battery Electric Fuel Cell Electric IC ICE HEV HEV ER ERE BE BEV FC FCE IC ICE FC FCE BE BEV ER ERE HEV HEV

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Life-Cycle Petroleum Use- Examples

178 226 109 113 1340 2353 98 3664 3324 3523

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Btu of Petroleum Energy per Mile

Low, Medium & High Petroleum Energy/Mile for 2015 Technology

Honda Civic Nissan Versa Chevy Cruze Diesel Honda Civic CNG Toyota Prius Chevy Volt Nissan Leaf Chevy Spark Toyota Mirai (NG) Toyota Mirai (33% Renewable)

Extended-Range Electric Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid Electric Battery Electric Fuel Cell Electric ICE HEV ERE BEV FCE

Source: Program Record 16004 (https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/16004_life-cycle_ghg_oil_use_cars.pdf)

Current gasoline ICEV: 4300

Joint VTO-FCTO Analysis Example

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Potential Opportunities for Larger Vehicles/Long Range

FCEVs : Lower cost for large size classes and longer driving range

Two-seaters Minicompacts Subcompacts Compacts Midsize Cars Large Cars Small Station Wagons Pass Van SUV Small Pickup 50 mi. 100 mi. 150 mi. 200 mi. 250 mi. 350 mi. 300 mi.

Year 2040: FCEV minus BEV-X Total Cost of Ownership Green shows where FCEVs are more cost effective

Source: DOE Market Segmentation Study, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X18300056

Potential for lower cost driving with fuel cells

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

>2,000 fuel cell buses planned for deployment worldwide

Real World Applications – In the U.S.

Long-Range, Heavy Duty Applications Emerging

Fuel cell delivery and parcel trucks starting deliveries in CA and NY >14,000 heavy duty fuel cell trucks

  • rdered in the U.S. to date
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 Hydrogen Fuel from Natural Gas 100% Renewable Hydrogen Fuel Diesel

Criteria Pollutant Emissions (kg/year)

NOx Hydrocarbons PM10

14.2 1.4

Real World Applications – In the U.S.

Other Emerging Applications for Fuel Cells

Fuel cell ferry being developed in CA. World’s first hydrogen fuel cell train in

  • peration in Germany.

1. Source: Sandia National Laboratories, https://glosten.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/SAND2018- 4664_Zero-V_Feasibility_Report_8.5x11_Spreads_FINALDRAFT_compress.pdf. Funded by U.S. Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. 2. Assuming liquid hydrogen distribution 3. Assuming ferry is designed compliant with EPA Tier 4 emission requirements.

Example C Case S Study o

  • f W

f Well-to to-wa waves Emissions o

  • f F

f Ferries P Powered b by Hydrogen vs

  • vs. D

. Diesel i in C California1

2 2 3

0.5

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

DOE Cost Status and Targets for R&D

Production, Delivery & Dispensing Onboard Storage

(700-bar compressed system)

$30/kW

<$4/gge $8/kWh

Ultimate Targets High-Volume Projection Low-Volume Estimate

$45/kW $230/kW+

$16/gge+ $13/gge $14/kWh $21/kWh

$50/kW

100K/yr 500K/yr 500K/yr

$16/kWh

100K/yr

$10/gge*

to

$5/gge**

System

Fuel Cell R&D Hydrogen R&D

$180/kW*

Notes: Graphs not drawn to scale and are for illustration purposes only.

†Based on commercially available FCEVs *Based on state of the art technology

gge: gallon of gasoline equivalent

†Range assumes current production from NG and delivery and dispensing. *Highest possible cost at high vol., assumes H2 from electrolysis at $5/gge and delivery via pipelines and liquid tankers at $5/gge ** Lowest possible cost at high vol., assumes H2 from SMR at $2/gge and delivery via tube trailer at $3/gge

$75/kW

Durability adjusted (preliminary)

~

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Conventional Storage

H2@Scale: Enabling Affordable, Reliable, Clean, and Secure Energy across Sectors

More information at: www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/h2-scale

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Hydrogen can Enable Grid-Scale Energy Storage

1. Source: Hydrogen Council

Potential for Global H2 Demand 10-fold increase by 20501

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

* MMT: Million metric tonnes § CPI: Chemical Processing Industry not including metals, ammonia, methanol, or biofuels

Light duty vehicle calculation basis: 190,000,000 light-duty FCEVs from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/18264/transitions-to-alternative-vehicles-and-fuels * Definition: The maximum scale is the estimated hydrogen demand constrained by the services for which society currently uses energy, real-world geography, and system performance, but not by economics.

Application Maximum Scale# (MMT* H2 / year)

Refineries & CPI§ 8 Metals 12 Ammonia 4 Synthetic Fuels and Chemicals 14 Biofuels 4 Natural Gas Supplementation 10 Light Duty (FCEVs) 57 Other Transport (Med/Heavy-Duty FCEVs) 29 Electricity Storage 28 Total 166

H2@Scale Analysis: Estimated Maximum Scale for Hydrogen

Maximum growth potential of hydrogen by 2050 is 16X.

Preliminary Results

Economic potential for hydrogen is estimated to be 15-50 MMT/yr in 2050

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

FCTO R&D Established that Hydrogen Can Support Grid Services

200 h hours o

  • f t

testing e established t that e electrolysis ( (commercial h hydrogen production t technology) m meets p performance r requirements o

  • f g

grid s services.

50 100 150 200 250

31-Jan 10-Feb 20-Feb 1-Mar 11-Mar 21-Mar 31-Mar

Electrolyzers h have b been tested f for a ability t to p provide grid s services:

Ramp Up, Ramp Down Load Steps Utility Demand Response Random Variations

Test H Hours

FCTO-supported INL/NREL R&D project on dynamic electrolyzer performance

2018

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Example of Electrolyzer Following Real-World Solar Generation Profiles Electrolyzers used to follow simulated solar generation under varying levels of cloud cover and penetration.

1. Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory; https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review19/ta015_hovsapian_2019_o.pdf

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

  • 200
  • 150
  • 100
  • 50

50 100 150 200 2000 4000 6000 8000

$/MWh Hours

Value Proposition of Nuclear Hybrid Energy Systems

Up t to 8 80% o

  • f t

the y year

Localized marginal price of electricity

<

Cost of generating electricity at nuclear plant

  • 1. Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2019

The challenge in some regions:

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Historic and Future Nuclear Plant Closures in the U.S. (MW)1 Cost to operate plant Price of Power

Co-production of hydrogen can create a value stream for nuclear plants to supplement revenue from power generation.

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Lab High-Temperature Electrolysis Test Facility

Capability to simulate grid conditions (e.g. perturbations in frequency and voltage) to test response of high-temperature electrolyzers (HTE)

25 kW HTE Test Facility within the INL Energy Systems Laboratory

  • Demonstrating HTE

module response rates to support grid stability

  • Conducting HTE

stack degradation test with real-time measurement of stack performance

  • Characterizing HTE

performance under dynamic grid conditions

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Strategy: Partnerships to Enable H2@Scale

Demonstration, Deployment & Commercialization Early- Stage R&D

Department of Energy

  • Fuel Cells R&D
  • H2 Fuel R&D

Other Federal Agencies Private Sector Industry, Other Agencies, States Partnerships

FCHEA (H2USA), CaFCP, OFCC, CT, HI, CO, NJ, etc.

H2@Scale Consortium

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Recent & Ongoing H2@Scale CRADA Projects

HYDROGEN QUANTITATIVE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND OPERATION R&D

  • Air Liquide
  • California Energy Commission
  • Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology
  • PDC Machines
  • Quong & Associates, Inc.

HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION COMPONENT R&D

  • California Go-Biz Office
  • Frontier Energy
  • HyET
  • Honda
  • NanoSonic
  • RIX
  • Tatsuno
  • Shell
  • Chiyoda

ADVANCED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CONCEPTS R&D

  • Honda
  • C4-MCP, Inc.
  • GinerELX
  • GTA, Inc.

HYDROGEN INTEGRATION WITH ENERGY GENERATION R&D

  • Electric Power Research Institute
  • Exelon
  • Southern Company / Terrestrial Energy
  • Pacific Gas & Electric
  • TerraPower
  • Southern / Xcel
  • University of California- Irvine

Over 20 Recent CRADA Projects

(Recently Completed, Underway, or Upcoming)

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Learn more at: energy.gov/eere/fuelcells

Help Us to Spread the Information

Celebrate National Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Day

October 8 or 10/8

(Held on its very own atomic- weight-day)

Give an “Increase your H2IQ” presentation in your community

Learn more:

Download for free at: energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/downloads/ increase-your-h2iq-training-resource

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

Introducing the Center for Hydrogen Safety

Leverages new partnership to promote collaboration on H2 safety

https://www.aiche.org/CHS

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES OFFICE

energy.gov/eere/fuelcells

Thank You