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Presentation of Pest & Disease incidences & agronomic Practices in Cinnamon

Data · July 2015

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• G. G. Jayasinghe1*, K. H. M. P. K. Ketakumbura1, K. G. G. Wijesinghe1,
• K. S. Hemachandra2 and S. Weligamage3

1Nationnal Cinnamon Research & Training Center, Dept. of Export

Agriculture, Sri Lanka

2Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

• 3Dept. of Agriculture, Sri Lanka

ggjaya2005@yahoo.co.in

 The True Cinnamon also call

Ceylon Cinnamon is indigenous to Sri Lanka.

 It is the bark of the

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, belongs to the family lauraceae.

 Cinnamon still the top foreign

exchange earner among the Export Agricultural Crops.

 It was about 50%

Export Earning by Export Agricultural Crops 2009

Cinnamon 49% Pepper 16% Clove 20% Nutmeg & Mace 5% Betel 4% Other EAC 6%

 Cinnamon seems to have originated in the central hills of Sri

Lanka where several wild species of cinnamon still occur sporadically in there.

 Cinnamon cultivation is currently concentrated along the coastal

belt along from Negambo to Matara.

 Large extent of cinnamon lands are concentrated in 5 districts due

to the suitable environmental conditions in there.

National average yield-450kg/ha Economic yield-1000kg/ha Attainable yield-1500kg/ha Research yield-2000kg/ha Need good management practices Need improved varieties Need successful crop heath based pest management programme

 To evaluate the major pest and disease incidences in cinnamon

cultivation in major cinnamon growing districts.

 To find out the relationship between pest and disease

• ccurrences and management practices and their contribution

to yield losses.

 To assess the awareness of famers on pest and diseases in

cinnamon cultivation.

 To suggest for upgrading the cinnamon crop management

package with proper agronomic practices.

Detailed survey

 5 districts : Galle, Matara, Ratnapura, Kalutara

Hambantota

 Information collection

 A questionnaire: Farmer Interview

 pre tested

 Field observations  EOs - Dept. of Export Agriculture

 Colour picture plates were provided to enumerators to

identify P & D at the field

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Extent of Cinnamon by Districts-2002

Hec.

Districts

Land extent (ha) of cinnamon

• No. selected

land for survey Galle 11075 125 Matara 8320 75 Ratnapura 3914 20 Kalutara 3287 20 Hambantota 3015 20

 Most of data collected from the survey were nominal and

ranked variables. The interpretations were made by bar charts, dot charts and radar charts etc.

 Only some relationships were subjected to regression and

correlation analysis.

Major pests & diseases in cinnamon Occasional pests & diseases in cinnamon Vertebrate pests in cinnamon Minor pests & diseases in cinnamon Wood boring moth Ichineumenoptera cinnamomumi Leaf miner (Acrocercops spp.) Barking deer Sorolopha archimedias Rough bark disease Phomopsis spp. Thrips Rat Cinnamon butterfly (Chilasa clitie) Leaf (Mite) galls (Eriophyes boisi) Peacock Attacus atlas Upper leaf galls (Trioza cinnamomi) Squirrel Zeuzera coffeae Root grub Hare Xylebores arquatus Wood boring weevil (Alcipes clauses) Phyllodesma spp. Leaf blight (Colletotrichum gloesporioid) black sooty mold (Stenella sp.) White Root Disease Regidophorus lignosus Algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros virescens) Brown root rot (Phellinus noxius) Fruit swollen disease (Exobasidum cinnamomi) Stem canker

Results & Discussion

Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point Symptoms Wood boring moth

Ichineumenoptera cinnamomumi

Very severe in

• ld

plantations

Up to 60 – 70 Base of stem at collar region where the place new shoots initiated

Rough bark disease Phomopsis spp.

Nutrient imbalance

Up to 50 Semi hard wood stem

10 20 30 40 50 60

Abundance of pests

5 10 15 20 25 30

Severity of pests Pest abundance and severity also recorded.

Severity: # of bushes infected of infested by the disease or pest * 100 Total # of bush

Relationship between WBM & LB percentage and cinnamon yield

y = 0.0428x2 - 6.2574x + 260.02 R² = 0.4552

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 10 20 30 40 50 60 Average yield/Ac/Yr Pink Stem Borer % average yield/Ac/Yr

• Poly. (average

yield/Ac/Yr)

y = 241.8e-0.043x R² = 0.6066

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 10 20 30 40 50 Average yield/Ac/Yr Rough Bark Disease % Average Yield/Ac/Yr

• Expon. (Average

Yield/Ac/Yr)

Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point Symptom

Leaf miner (Acrocercops spp.) Severe in nursery plants Young shoots Mining of young leaves Thrips Nursery and mature plants 10 – 30 Young shoots Shedding of leaves & making rosette like structure Leaf (Mite) galls (Eriophyes boisi) Nursery and mature plants Young shoots Making galls in lower surface of the leaves Upper leaf galls (Trioza cinnamomi) Nursery and mature plants Young shoots Making galls in upper surface of the leaves Root grub Organic matter rich soil under poor mgt. Young roots Dying of seedling

Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point Symptom

Leaf blight (Colletotrichum gloesporioid) Severe in nursery conditions 90 % seedling death Young shoots Grayish lesions in young leaves & shedding of leaves White Root Disease Regidophorus lignosus Severe in young & mature plants 10 – 30 Young & mature roots Yellowing of plants and die back Brown root rot (Phellinus noxius) Severe in poor drainage 10 – 20 Young & mature roots Yellowing of plants and die back Stem canker Over maturing of plant under poor mgt. 5 - 10 Mature stems Development of cankers in stems Wood boring weevil (Alcipes clauses) High elevation, cool climate 30 – 50 Young shoots Shedding of leaves & making rosette like structure

Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point Symptom

Barking deer All are made severe damage at young shoots initiated after harvesting

Up to 30

Young shoots Peacock Hare Squirrel Rat

Pests Pest Status Yield Loss (%) Damage point

Sorolopha archimedias They reach pest status seldom under certain climatic conditions, crop stages and poor management Up to 5 % Young leaves Cinnamon butterfly (Chilasa clitie) Young leaves Attacus atlas Young leaves Zeuzera coffeae Mature stems Xylebores arquatus Young stems Phyllodesma spp. Young leaves black sooty mold (Stenella sp.) Mature leaves Algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros virescens) Mature leaves Fruit swollen disease (Exobasidum cinnamomi) Young fruits

Different productivity levels of cinnamon lands in major cinnamon growing districts (numbers on the top of bars denoted percentage of land in each category).

Relationship between Numbers of management practices and Number of pest and diseases during the study period

 There were significant

negative relationship (R2 =0.599) between numbers of management practice (good agricultural practices) done by the famers in their lands and number of pest and diseases

• bserved in those lands.

y = 6.6978x-0.655 R² = 0.5986

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 No: of pest & diseases No: of management practises Pest & Disease Power (Pest & Disease)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 H' Tota R' Pura Kalutara Matara Galle

State of employment

PT FT 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 H' Tota R' Pura Kalutara Matara Galle

Fertilizer usage

Urea Ammonia Straight fer. Dolomite Organic fer. Cin Leaves Other Leaves

Most of farmers grown cinnamon were part time farmers in every district. They used urea fertilizer mostly.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 H' Tota R' Pura Kalutara Matara Galle

Percentage of farmers

Different cinnamon products

Quills (L) Quills(H) Featherings Chips Leaves Oil Wood 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Galle Matara Kalutara Ratnepura H' Tota

Farmers' Attitute on Cinnamon Cultivation

Negative General Positive V Positive

Product diversification was very low and they produce conventional product such as cinnamon quills. Majority of farmers were in positive mind on cinnamon cultivation.

Neutral

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent Income

Contribution to income of cinnamon farmers’

Cinnamon Other Crop Other Source 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 weak normal good very good

• No. of farmers visited

Farmers' Activities

Management conditions of cinnamon plantations

Maintenance of land Pest Control Condition in Cultivation

Cinnamon was major component that contribute their income source in every district. Half number of farmers visited during the survey managed their cultivation in good conditions (using good agricultural practice) and they practiced soil conservation, pest management and others GAP properly

 Cinnamon was the major income source for cinnamon

farmers in every district.

 Various biotic factors are influenced to reduce the potential

yield in addition to weak agronomic practices.

 WBM damage & RBD are major economically important pest

& disease in cinnamon

 Use of preferable cultural practices such as earthing up,

short harvesting interval, selective pruning, proper slash weeding and application of recommended fertilizer doze with organic manure seems to influence on reducing the pest and diseases incidences and indirectly increasing the productivity.

 Majority of growers are part time farmers, but cinnamon

provide significant contribution to their total income.

 Most of growers are in positive attitude in cinnamon

cultivation, but they are not following proper agronomic practices necessary, furthermore P & D control is been less attention.

 However, it is still difficult to make a solid conclusion on

relationship between cultural practices and productivity of cinnamon land without well planned field experiment, which will be the next stage of this study.

Thank you very much

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