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Jan 07, 2024 308 likes •899 views

r t trs t t rt Prr sr s

SLIDE 1

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✿ ❚❤❡ ❊✈❛♣♦r❛t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞

✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ P✐❡rr❡

❘❊❙❈❖▼ ✷✵✶✼ s✉♠♠❡r s❝❤♦♦❧ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵t❤ ✷✵✶✼

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 2

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✷ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 3

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 4

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✹ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 5

❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s

Machine OS Middleware Application

Traditional architecture

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 6

❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s

Machine OS Middleware Application

Traditional architecture

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 7

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

Compute capacity Time Demand ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 8

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

Compute capacity Time Demand Necessary capacity ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 9

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

Compute capacity Time Demand Necessary capacity

Unused capacity

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 10

❚❤❡ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠

Compute capacity Time Demand Necessary capacity

Unused capacity ❲❤❛t ✐❢ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②❄

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✻ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 11

❈❧♦✉❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣

❉✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ✈❛r② ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✦ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐s ❢✉❧❧② ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ P❛② ♦♥❧② ❢♦r ✇❤❛t ②♦✉ ✉s❡ Virtualization

Machine OS Middleware Application Machine + OS Machine + OS

Machine + OS

Infrastructure as a Service

Traditional architecture Cloud architecture

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✼ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 12

❈❧♦✉❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣

Virtualization

Machine OS Middleware Application Machine + OS Machine + OS

Machine + OS

Infrastructure as a Service

Applications & Services

Traditional architecture Cloud architecture

PaaS Map Reduce Spark

...

Storm

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✼ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 13

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✽ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 14

❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡

❙✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✻✿ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝ > ✜①❡❞ tr❛✣❝

END USER DEVICES

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✾ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 15

❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❞s❝❛♣❡

❙✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✻✿ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝ > ✜①❡❞ tr❛✣❝

END USER DEVICES DATA CENTER DATA CENTER

✭❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✮

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✾ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 16

◆❡✇ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

■♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s r❡q✉✐r❡ ✉❧tr❛✲❧♦✇ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❧❛t❡♥❝✐❡s ❊✳❣✳✱ ❛✉❣♠❡♥t❡❞ r❡❛❧✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡ ❡♥❞✲t♦✲❡♥❞ ❞❡❧❛②s ✉♥❞❡r ✷✵ ♠s ❇✉t ❧❛t❡♥❝✐❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡st ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ❛r❡ ✷✵✲✸✵ ♠s ✉s✐♥❣ ✇✐r❡❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✉♣ t♦ ✺✵✲✶✺✵ ♠s ♦♥ ✹● ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✦✦✦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✵ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 17

◆❡✇ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

❚❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥s ❊✳❣✳✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✈✐❞❡♦s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♦♥❧② ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛♠❡r❛s ❲❤② ✇❛st❡ ❧♦♥❣✲❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s❄ ❋❛❝t✿ ■♦❚✲❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ❣r♦✇s ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✇❤♦ ♦✇♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡st t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡♥❞ ✉s❡rs❄

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✶ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 18

◆❡✇ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s

❚❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥s ❊✳❣✳✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✈✐❞❡♦s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♦♥❧② ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛♠❡r❛s ❲❤② ✇❛st❡ ❧♦♥❣✲❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s❄ ❋❛❝t✿ ■♦❚✲❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ❣r♦✇s ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ◗✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✇❤♦ ♦✇♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡st t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡♥❞ ✉s❡rs❄

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✶ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 19

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✷ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 20

▼♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✬s r❡✈❡♥✉❡s

❲❤❡r❡ ❞♦❡s ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✬s r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠❄

◮ ✶✾✾✵✬s✿ ❱♦✐❝❡ ✭♥♦t ❛♥② ♠♦r❡✮ ◮ ✷✵✵✵✬s✿ ❚❡①t✴❙▼❙ ✭♥♦t ❛♥② ♠♦r❡✮ ◮ ✷✵✶✵✬s✿ ❉❛t❛ ✭♥♦t ❢♦r ✈❡r② ❧♦♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ◮ ❲❤❛t✬s ♥❡①t❄

❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✦

▲❡t✬s st❡❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss✳ ✳ ✳

◆♦ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs t❤❛♥ ✉s✦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✸ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 21

▼♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✬s r❡✈❡♥✉❡s

❲❤❡r❡ ❞♦❡s ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✬s r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠❄

◮ ✶✾✾✵✬s✿ ❱♦✐❝❡ ✭♥♦t ❛♥② ♠♦r❡✮ ◮ ✷✵✵✵✬s✿ ❚❡①t✴❙▼❙ ✭♥♦t ❛♥② ♠♦r❡✮ ◮ ✷✵✶✵✬s✿ ❉❛t❛ ✭♥♦t ❢♦r ✈❡r② ❧♦♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ◮ ❲❤❛t✬s ♥❡①t❄ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✦

▲❡t✬s st❡❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss✳ ✳ ✳

◮ ◆♦ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs t❤❛♥ ✉s✦ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✸ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 22

❊❞❣❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣

❇❡❢♦r❡✿ ❆❢t❡r✿

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✹ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 23

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡✛♦rts

❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ■♥st✐t✉t❡✿ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❝❝❡ss ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣

◮ ❋✉❥✐ts✉✱ ❍❡✇❧❡tt✲P❛❝❦❛r❞✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❏✉♥✐♣❡r✱ ▼♦t♦r♦❧❛✱

◆❊❈✱◆♦❦✐❛✱ ❖r❛♥❣❡✱ ❙❛♠s✉♥❣✱ ❙♦♥②✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

◮ ❋♦❝✉s✿ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

❖♣❡♥ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡

❋♦❝✉s✿ ♦♣❡♥♥❡s ■♥t❡❧✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡✲▼❡❧❧♦♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❖♣❡♥ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠

❆❘▼✱ ❈✐s❝♦✱ ❉❡❧❧✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❋♦❣✴❊❞❣❡✴▼❛ss✐✈❡❧② ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈❧♦✉❞s ❲● ❛t ❖♣❡♥❙t❛❝❦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 24

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡✛♦rts

❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ■♥st✐t✉t❡✿ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❝❝❡ss ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣

◮ ❋✉❥✐ts✉✱ ❍❡✇❧❡tt✲P❛❝❦❛r❞✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❏✉♥✐♣❡r✱ ▼♦t♦r♦❧❛✱

◆❊❈✱◆♦❦✐❛✱ ❖r❛♥❣❡✱ ❙❛♠s✉♥❣✱ ❙♦♥②✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

◮ ❋♦❝✉s✿ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

❖♣❡♥ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡

◮ ❋♦❝✉s✿ ♦♣❡♥♥❡s ◮ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡✲▼❡❧❧♦♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❖♣❡♥ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠

❆❘▼✱ ❈✐s❝♦✱ ❉❡❧❧✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❋♦❣✴❊❞❣❡✴▼❛ss✐✈❡❧② ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈❧♦✉❞s ❲● ❛t ❖♣❡♥❙t❛❝❦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 25

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡✛♦rts

❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ■♥st✐t✉t❡✿ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❝❝❡ss ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣

◮ ❋✉❥✐ts✉✱ ❍❡✇❧❡tt✲P❛❝❦❛r❞✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❏✉♥✐♣❡r✱ ▼♦t♦r♦❧❛✱

◆❊❈✱◆♦❦✐❛✱ ❖r❛♥❣❡✱ ❙❛♠s✉♥❣✱ ❙♦♥②✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

◮ ❋♦❝✉s✿ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

❖♣❡♥ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡

◮ ❋♦❝✉s✿ ♦♣❡♥♥❡s ◮ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡✲▼❡❧❧♦♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❖♣❡♥ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠

◮ ❆❘▼✱ ❈✐s❝♦✱ ❉❡❧❧✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❋♦❣✴❊❞❣❡✴▼❛ss✐✈❡❧② ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈❧♦✉❞s ❲● ❛t ❖♣❡♥❙t❛❝❦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 26

❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡✛♦rts

❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ■♥st✐t✉t❡✿ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ▼✉❧t✐✲❆❝❝❡ss ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣

◮ ❋✉❥✐ts✉✱ ❍❡✇❧❡tt✲P❛❝❦❛r❞✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❏✉♥✐♣❡r✱ ▼♦t♦r♦❧❛✱

◆❊❈✱◆♦❦✐❛✱ ❖r❛♥❣❡✱ ❙❛♠s✉♥❣✱ ❙♦♥②✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

◮ ❋♦❝✉s✿ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

❖♣❡♥ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡

◮ ❋♦❝✉s✿ ♦♣❡♥♥❡s ◮ ■♥t❡❧✱ ❍✉❛✇❡✐✱ ❱♦❞❛❢♦♥❡✱ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡✲▼❡❧❧♦♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❖♣❡♥ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♥s♦rt✐✉♠

◮ ❆❘▼✱ ❈✐s❝♦✱ ❉❡❧❧✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ✳ ✳ ✳

❋♦❣✴❊❞❣❡✴▼❛ss✐✈❡❧② ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈❧♦✉❞s ❲● ❛t ❖♣❡♥❙t❛❝❦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 27

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✻ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 28

❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❂ ❝❧♦✉❞ ✰ ❡❞❣❡ ✰ ❡♥❞✲✉s❡r ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ❛s ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠

▲♦✇ ❧❛t❡♥❝② ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❡❞ tr❛✣❝ ✭♣r✐✈❛❝②✱ ❧❡ss ❣❧♦❜❛❧ tr❛✣❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✮

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✼ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 29

❋♦❣ > ❈❧♦✉❞

❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡rs ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ❛r❡ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡ ✭❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡✮

◮ ▲❡t✬s ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ ✶✲❤♦♣ ❲✐❋✐ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❡♥❞✲✉s❡r

❞❡✈✐❝❡ ⇒ ❋♦❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

❋♦r❣❡t ②♦✉r ♠✉❧t✐✲●❜♣s ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✦

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ s♠❛❧❧✱ ❝❤❡❛♣✱ ❡❛s② t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥❞ t♦ r❡♣❧❛❝❡

❲❡ st❛rt❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜♦❛r❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛s ♦✉r ✭♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧✦✮ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡rs

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✽ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 30

❋♦❣ > ❈❧♦✉❞

❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡rs ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ❛r❡ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡ ✭❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡✮

◮ ▲❡t✬s ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ ✶✲❤♦♣ ❲✐❋✐ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❡♥❞✲✉s❡r

❞❡✈✐❝❡ ⇒ ❋♦❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

◮ ❋♦r❣❡t ②♦✉r ♠✉❧t✐✲●❜♣s ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✦

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ s♠❛❧❧✱ ❝❤❡❛♣✱ ❡❛s② t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥❞ t♦ r❡♣❧❛❝❡

❲❡ st❛rt❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜♦❛r❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛s ♦✉r ✭♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧✦✮ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡rs

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✽ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 31

❋♦❣ > ❈❧♦✉❞

❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡rs ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ❛r❡ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡ ✭❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡✮

◮ ▲❡t✬s ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ ✶✲❤♦♣ ❲✐❋✐ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❡♥❞✲✉s❡r

❞❡✈✐❝❡ ⇒ ❋♦❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

◮ ❋♦r❣❡t ②♦✉r ♠✉❧t✐✲●❜♣s ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✦

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ s♠❛❧❧✱ ❝❤❡❛♣✱ ❡❛s② t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥❞ t♦ r❡♣❧❛❝❡

◮ ❲❡ st❛rt❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜♦❛r❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛s ♦✉r ✭♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧✦✮ ❝❧♦✉❞

s❡r✈❡rs

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✽ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 32

❋♦❣ > ❈❧♦✉❞

❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡rs ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✉s❡rs ❛r❡ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡ ✭❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡✮

◮ ▲❡t✬s ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❧♦✉❞ s❡r✈❡r ✇✐t❤✐♥ ✶✲❤♦♣ ❲✐❋✐ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❡♥❞✲✉s❡r

❞❡✈✐❝❡ ⇒ ❋♦❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

◮ ❋♦r❣❡t ②♦✉r ♠✉❧t✐✲●❜♣s ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✦

❋♦❣ ♥♦❞❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ s♠❛❧❧✱ ❝❤❡❛♣✱ ❡❛s② t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛♥❞ t♦ r❡♣❧❛❝❡

◮ ❲❡ st❛rt❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜♦❛r❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛s ♦✉r ✭♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧✦✮ ❝❧♦✉❞

s❡r✈❡rs

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✽ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 33

❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P■s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ t❤❛♥ ②♦✉ ♠❛② t❤✐♥❦

❘P✐✸ P✐♥❡ ❆✻✹✰ ❍P ✽✷✵ ●✷ ❈P❯ ✭s✮

✹✻✳✺ ✹✳✶ ✷✳✽

▼❡♠♦r② ✭▼❇✴s✮

✾✸✸ ✶✵✾✽ ✺✻✺✽

◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✭▼❜✴s✮

✾✹✳✷ ✾✷✷ ✾✸✺

❙t♦r❛❣❡ ✭▼❇✴s✮

✷✳✺✸ ✷✳✹✷ ✷✸✳✾

P♦✇❡r ✇❤❡♥ ✐❞❧❡ ✭❲✮

✷ ✷ ✶✺

P♦✇❡r ✉♥❞❡r ❧♦❛❞ ✭❲✮

✹✳✹ ✹✳✶ ✷✹✳✺

Pr✐❝❡

∼ ✾✷ e ∼ ✼✹ e ∼ ✶✻✵✵ e ❲❡ ❝❤♦s❡ ❘P✐✸ ❛s ♦✉r ❜❛s❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ▼♦st❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❡❛s② ♣✉r❝❤❛s❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② s✉♣♣♦rt✳ ✳ ✳

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✶✾ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 34

❲❤❛t ❛❜♦✉t ❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥❄

■♥♣✉t✿ ❧✐✈❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ str❡❛♠ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✿ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ✐♥s✐❞❡ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❋❧✐♥❦ ❚❤❡ ❘P■s ❛r❡ ✏♦♥❧②✑ ✸✲✺ t✐♠❡s s❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ♠② ❧❛♣t♦♣ ❇✉t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✶✼ t✐♠❡s ❝❤❡❛♣❡r ■❢ ♠② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s s❝❛❧❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧❧② ■ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ ❛s ♠❛♥② ❘P■s ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✷✵ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 35

❲❤❛t ❛❜♦✉t ❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥❄

■♥♣✉t✿ ❧✐✈❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ str❡❛♠ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✿ ❢❛❝❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ✐♥s✐❞❡ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❋❧✐♥❦ ❚❤❡ ❘P■s ❛r❡ ✏♦♥❧②✑ ✸✲✺ t✐♠❡s s❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ♠② ❧❛♣t♦♣ ❇✉t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✶✼ t✐♠❡s ❝❤❡❛♣❡r ■❢ ♠② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s s❝❛❧❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧❧② ■ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ ❛s ♠❛♥② ❘P■s ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✷✵ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 36

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✶ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 37

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥

Operating system App 1 App 2

...

App 3

"The hardware machine"

Assembler layer

Digital logic layer (memory, compute circuits)

Micro-architecture

Peripherals (disk, screen, network, keyboard...)

Bus

❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✿ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✷ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 38

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥

Operating system Assembler layer

"The hardware machine"

Assembler layer

Digital logic layer (memory, compute circuits)

Micro-architecture

Peripherals (disk, screen, network, keyboard...)

Bus

▲❡t✬s ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ✏s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐✲ ❝❛t✐♦♥✑ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❤❛✈❡s ❡①❛❝t❧② t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡r ❧❛②❡r✳ ✳ ✳

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✷ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 39

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥

Host operating system

Hypervisor (assembler layer)

Virtual machine Assembler layer

Digital logic layer (memory, compute circuits)

Micro-architecture

Peripherals (disk, screen, network, keyboard...)

Bus Guest operating system

App 1 App 2 ...

"The hardware machine"

❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ❛♥② ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ ✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❛♥❞ ❛♥② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❣✉❡st ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ⇒ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛✲ ❝❤✐♥❡

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✷ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 40

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥

Host operating system

Hypervisor

Virtual machine 1 Assembler layer

Digital logic layer (memory, compute circuits)

Micro-architecture

Peripherals (disk, screen, network, keyboard...)

Bus Guest operating system

App 1 App 2 ...

"The hardware machine"

Hypervisor

Virtual machine 2

Guest operating system

App 1 App 2 ...

8 cores, 16 GB RAM 2 cores, 6 GB RAM 4 cores, 8 GB RAM

❲❡ ❝❛♥ r✉♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✿ ❊❛❝❤ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ r✉♥s ✐♥ ❢✉❧❧ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❱▼s ❊❛❝❤ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ♦✇♥s ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✷ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 41

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✸ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 42

❲❤② ✐s ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❝❧♦✉❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs❄

■s♦❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ■ ❝❛♥ ❝r❡❛t❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❱▼s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡ ❡❛❝❤ ❱▼ t♦ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✉s❡r ✭t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t s❡❡ ♥♦r ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✮ ❈✉st♦♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✿ ❊❛❝❤ ✉s❡r ❝❛♥ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❡ t❤❡✐r ❱▼s ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❈♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥✿ ❋❡✇ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ r❡❛❧❧② ❡①♣❧♦✐t ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ s❡r✈❡r ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ t♦ ✐ts ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✳ ❲✐t❤ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ■ ❝❛♥ s♣❧✐t t❤✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ s♠❛❧❧❡r ✉♥✐ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❜② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♠② r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡s r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ■ ❝❛♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❤♦✇ ♠❛♥② r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❡❛❝❤ ✉s❡r ✐s ✉s✐♥❣✱ ♠✐❣r❛t❡ ❱▼s ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ❤♦st t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✱ ❡t❝✳

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✹ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 43

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ t♦t❛❧❧② ♠❛✐♥str❡❛♠✿ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧✿ ❱▼✇❛r❡✱ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❆♣♣✲❱✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❖♣❡♥✲❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❑❱▼✱ ❱✐rt✉❛❧❇♦①✱ ❳❡♥✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ P❛r❛✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✈s✳ ❢✉❧❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛r❛✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦s ♦♥ ❛♥② ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❜✉t ✐t r❡q✉✐r❡s s♣❡❝✐❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣✉❡st ❖❙✳ ❙❧♦✇✦ ❋✉❧❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡①♣❧♦✐ts s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❈P❯s✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡q✉✐r❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣✉❡st ❖❙✳ ❋❛st❡r✦ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❛r❡ ✇❛❛❛❛❛❛②②②②②② t♦♦ ❤❡❛✈②✇❡✐❣❤t ❢♦r ❛ ❘P■ ❊❛❝❤ ❣✉❡st ❖❙ ♥❡❡❞s ❧♦ts ♦❢ ♠❡♠♦r② ❊❛❝❤ ❖❙ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ❧♦ts ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ st✉✛ ■♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ r✉♥ ✶✵✵✰ ❱▼s ♦♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✳ ✳ ✳

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 44

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s

❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ t♦t❛❧❧② ♠❛✐♥str❡❛♠✿ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧✿ ❱▼✇❛r❡✱ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❆♣♣✲❱✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❖♣❡♥✲❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❑❱▼✱ ❱✐rt✉❛❧❇♦①✱ ❳❡♥✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ P❛r❛✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✈s✳ ❢✉❧❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛r❛✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦s ♦♥ ❛♥② ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❜✉t ✐t r❡q✉✐r❡s s♣❡❝✐❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣✉❡st ❖❙✳ ❙❧♦✇✦ ❋✉❧❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡①♣❧♦✐ts s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❈P❯s✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡q✉✐r❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣✉❡st ❖❙✳ ❋❛st❡r✦ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❛r❡ ✇❛❛❛❛❛❛②②②②②② t♦♦ ❤❡❛✈②✇❡✐❣❤t ❢♦r ❛ ❘P■ ❊❛❝❤ ❣✉❡st ❖❙ ♥❡❡❞s ❧♦ts ♦❢ ♠❡♠♦r② ❊❛❝❤ ❖❙ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ❧♦ts ♦❢ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ st✉✛ ■♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ r✉♥ ✶✵✵✰ ❱▼s ♦♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✳ ✳ ✳

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✺ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 45

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs

Operating system App 1 App 2

...

App 3

"The hardware machine"

Assembler layer

Digital logic layer (memory, compute circuits)

Micro-architecture

Peripherals (disk, screen, network, keyboard...)

Bus

❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✿ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✻ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 46

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs

Operating system App 1 App 2

...

App 3

"The hardware machine"

Assembler layer

Digital logic layer (memory, compute circuits)

Micro-architecture

Peripherals (disk, screen, network, keyboard...)

Bus

Container 1 Container 2

▲❡t✬s ❝r❡❛t❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❧♦♥❣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✿ Pr♦❝❡ss ❣r♦✉♣s ❛r❡ t♦t❛❧❧② ✐s♦❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❊❛❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❣r♦✉♣ ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✉s❡r ❊❛❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❣r♦✉♣ ❤❛s ✐ts ♦✇♥ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ❧✐♠✐ts ✭❈P❯✱ ❘❆▼✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❊❛❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❣r♦✉♣ ❤❛s ✐ts ♦✇♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❛❝❝❡ss ♣♦❧✐❝② ❊t❝✳ ⇒ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✻ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 47

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡r t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs ❛r❡ ❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ❢❡❛t✉r❡

◮ ◆♦ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❈P❯ s✉♣♣♦rt ◮ ❋✉❧❧② s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ✐♥ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ◮ ❲❡ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❛❞❞ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧❛②❡r t♦ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ❉♦❝❦❡r

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛❜❧❡ t❤❛♥ ❱▼s

◮ ❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ♦✇♥❡rs ❝❛♥♥♦t ❝❤♦♦s❡ t❤❡✐r ❖❙ ◮ ❇✉t ✇❛s t❤❛t r❡❛❧❧② ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡❄ ◆♦t ❛❧✇❛②s✳

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs ❛r❡ ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❣❤t✇❡✐❣❤t t❤❛♥ ❱▼s

◮ ◆♦ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ r✉♥ ❧♦ts ♦❢ ✭♠♦st❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧✮ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ♥❡①t t♦

❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r

◮ ❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs ♦❢t❡♥ st❛rt ✐♥ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✶ s❡❝♦♥❞ ◮ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛s✐❧② r✉♥ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs ♦♥ ❛ ♠✐❞✲s✐③❡❞ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✼ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 48

▲❳❈ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs

P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ ❜❛r❡✲♠❡t❛❧ ❆❣✐❧✐t② ❙t❛rt✐♥❣ ✶✺✵ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs ✇✴ ❆♣❛❝❤❡

◮ ❚♦t❛❧ t✐♠❡✿ ✸✻ s

✭✷✹✵ ♠s✴❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r✮

◮ ❈♦♥s✉♠❡s ❛❜♦✉t ✷✪ ♦❢ ❈P❯ ◮ ▼❡♠♦r② ✉s❛❣❡✿ ∼ ✶✵ ▼❇✴❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r

❙t♦♣♣✐♥❣ ✶✺✵ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs✿

◮ ❚♦t❛❧ t✐♠❡✿ ✾ s❡❝♦♥❞s ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❧✐❞❡s❤❛r❡✳♥❡t✴❇♦❞❡♥❘✉ss❡❧❧✴r❡❛❧✐③✐♥❣✲❧✐♥✉①✲❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡rs❧①❝ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✽ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 49

❉♦❝❦❡r ✐s ❛ s❤✐♣♣✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r s②st❡♠ ❢♦r ❝♦❞❡

❤tt♣s✿✴✴✐♠♣②t❤♦♥✐st✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✺✴✵✻✴✷✶✴ ❞♦❝❦❡r✲t❤❡✲❢✉t✉r❡✲♦❢✲✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✲❢♦r✲②♦✉r✲❞❥❛♥❣♦✲✇❡❜✲❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✴ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✷✾ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 50

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛ ❘P■

▲❡t✬s ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛ ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧❡ ❉♦❝❦❡r ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❘P■✸

◮ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ✉❜✉♥t✉ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ✭∼✹✺ ▼❇✮ ✰ ♦♥❡ ❡①tr❛ ✺✶✲▼❇ ❧❛②❡r

❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t t✐♠❡✿ ♦✈❡r ✶✵ ♠✐♥✉t❡s✦✦✦ ❉♦❝❦❡r ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞s ❛❧❧ ❧❛②❡rs t❤❡♥ ❞❡❝♦♠♣r❡ss❡s t❤❡♥ ✇r✐t❡s t♦ ❞✐s❦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✸✵ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 51

❈♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛ ❘P■

▲❡t✬s ❞❡♣❧♦② ❛ ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧❡ ❉♦❝❦❡r ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❘P■✸

◮ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞ ✉❜✉♥t✉ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ✭∼✹✺ ▼❇✮ ✰ ♦♥❡ ❡①tr❛ ✺✶✲▼❇ ❧❛②❡r

❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t t✐♠❡✿ ♦✈❡r ✶✵ ♠✐♥✉t❡s✦✦✦ ❉♦❝❦❡r ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞s ❛❧❧ ❧❛②❡rs t❤❡♥ ❞❡❝♦♠♣r❡ss❡s t❤❡♥ ✇r✐t❡s t♦ ❞✐s❦

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✸✵ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 52

❱❡r② ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② r❡s✉❧ts

■❞❡❛✿ ❧❡t✬s ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐③❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❦ ■✴❖ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧②

Time

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Standard Docker deployment

Time

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Our proposal

❈✉rr❡♥t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✶✵✪

r❡❛t❡r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♦✈❡r s❧♦✇ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

❲❡ st✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦ts ♦❢ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✸✶ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 53

❱❡r② ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② r❡s✉❧ts

■❞❡❛✿ ❧❡t✬s ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐③❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❦ ■✴❖ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧②

Time

Download layer 1 Download layer 2 Download layer 3 Extract layer 1 Extract layer 2 Download layer 2 Extract layer 3

Standard Docker deployment

Time

Download layer 1 Download layer 2 Download layer 3 Extract layer 1 Extract layer 2 Download layer 2 Extract layer 3

Our proposal

❈✉rr❡♥t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ∼✶✵✪

r❡❛t❡r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♦✈❡r s❧♦✇ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s

❲❡ st✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❧♦ts ♦❢ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✸✶ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 54

❚❤✐s ✐s ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣

▲♦ts ♦❢ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✿ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ ✇❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ❢♦❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥❄

◮ ❖♥❡ ❱▼ ♣❡r ✉s❡r✿ ❡❛s② ❜✉t ✭♠♦st❧②✮ ✉s❡❧❡ss ◮ ▼✉❧t✐✉s❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✿ ♠✉❝❤ ❤❛r❞❡r✦✦✦ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦❣✲❛✇❛r❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡s

❍♦✇ ❞♦ ✇❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s❄

◮ ❍♦✇ ❞♦ ✇❡ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡✴❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✴♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r

❡❛❝❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❄

◮ ❲❤❡♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✇❡ ♠✐❣r❛t❡✴r❡♣❧✐❝❛t❡✴❞❡❧❡t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts t♦ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥

♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡❄

◮ ❊t❝✳

❍♦✇ ❞♦ ✇❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s❄

◮ ❆ss✐❣♥ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡r ✭❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ ❝♦♥✢✐❝ts✮ ◮ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ✴ ❛♥♦♠❛❧② ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ◮ ❙②st❡♠ ✉♣❣r❛❞❡s ◮ ❊t❝✳ ❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✸✷ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 55

❚❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ ❈❧♦✉❞ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs ✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✸ ❊❞❣❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✹ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✺ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ❘❛s♣❜❡rr② P✐ ❛s ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞ ♥♦❞❡ ✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✸✸ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 56

❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❈❧♦✉❞ ❞❛t❛ ❝❡♥t❡rs ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡

◮ ❇✉t ♥♦t ❛❧❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ t❤❡♠ ✭❧❛t❡♥❝②✱ tr❛✣❝ ❧♦❝❛❧✐t②✮

■❢ ✇❡ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t❡ ❛ ❝❧♦✉❞✱ t❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❣❡t ❛ ❢♦❣

◮ ❊①tr❡♠❡❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡✿ t❤❡r❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛ s❡r✈❡r ♥♦❞❡ ❝❧♦s❡

t♦ ❡✈❡r② ❡♥❞ ✉s❡r

⋆ ❙❡r✈❡r ♥♦❞❡s ♠✉st ❜❡ s♠❛❧❧✱ ❝❤❡❛♣✱ ❡❛s② t♦ ❛❞❞ ❛♥❞ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ⋆ ❙❡r✈❡r ♥♦❞❡s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ❢❛r ❢r♦♠ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r

❚❤✐s ✐s ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣

◮ ◆♦ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ❡❞❣❡✴❢♦❣ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦❞❛②

✭✇❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ❝❧♦s❡✮

◮ ❚❤❡r❡ r❡♠❛✐♥s t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ P❤❉ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ t♦♣✐❝s ✐♥ t❤✐s

❞♦♠❛✐♥

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✸✹ ✴ ✸✺

SLIDE 57

❙❤❛♠❡❧❡ss ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡♠❡♥t

❆ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❍✷✵✷✵ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ♥❛♠❡❞ ❋♦❣●✉r✉ ✇✐❧❧ st❛rt s♦♦♥ ♦♥ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✐ss✉❡s✿ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✭P■✮✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✱ ■t❛❧②✱ ❙✇❡❞❡♥✱ ❙♣❛✐♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ s❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦❣ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ❙tr❡❛♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ s②st❡♠s ❢♦r ❢♦❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❇❧✉❡♣r✐♥ts ❢♦r ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡ ❢♦❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❋✉❧❧✲s❝❛❧❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❱❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ✭❙♣❛✐♥✮ ❲❡ ❛r❡ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r✿ ✽ ❛♠❜✐t✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ t❛❧❡♥t❡❞ P❤❉ st✉❞❡♥ts ✶ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ♠❛♥❛❣❡r ✴ ♣♦st❞♦❝ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡r

❋r♦♠ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥t❡rs t♦ ❋♦❣ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✸✺ ✴ ✸✺