Rational Phosphorus Rational Phosphorus Management in Biosolids - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Rational Phosphorus Rational Phosphorus Management in Biosolids Management in Biosolids Recycling

2004 Residuals and Biosolids Specialty Conference February 22-25, 2004 Salt Lake City, Utah

H A Elli tt(1) R C B dt(1) d G A O’C

(2)

H.A. Elliott(1), R.C. Brandt(1), and G.A. O’Connor(2)

(1) The Pennsylvania State University (2) The University of Florida

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E t hi ti E t hi ti Eutrophication Eutrophication

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P-I nduced P I nduced Eutrophication Eutrophication

 i h li i i f i  P is the limiting factor in most freshwater systems most freshwater systems  ~ 70% of P in PA waters

• riginates from agriculture

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I mplications of I mplications of P-based Application P based Application

 Greater land area requirements  Greater land area requirements  Requirement for supplemental q pp N fertilizer  Export to less sensitive  Export to less sensitive watersheds

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47 states have adopted a P I ndex h t dd approach to address the agricultural P the agricultural P issue issue

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P I ndex Tool: P I ndex Tool:

 Field-Scale  Risk-Based  Annual Rating

Critical Area Critical Area

P Transport P Transport P Source P Source

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Most states have not explicitly id d bi lid considered biosolids in development of in development of their P I ndices their P I ndices

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New Jersey P I ndex

Factors & weighting

None (0) Low (3) Med. (5) High (10)

• V. High

(20)

Score

Erosion

< 1 1-5 6-10 11-15 > 15

Erosion

(1.5) < 1

Ton/ A/ yr

5

Ton/ A/ yr

6

Ton/ A/ yr

5

Ton/ A/ yr

5

Ton/ A/ yr

Runoff Class (1.0)

Neg.

• V. Low
• r Low

Med. High

• V. High

Class (1.0) Distance to Water Edge

(0.5) > 250’ 100’ to 250’ 50’ to 99’ 20’ to 49’ < 20’ ( )

STP (1.5)

(see rule)

• V. Low

(< opt.)

Low

(< opt.)

Med.

(< opt.)

High

(opt.)

• V. High

(> opt.)

15

Application

None I ncorp. I ncorp. I ncorp.

Surface

Application Method

(1.0) Applied p

< 7 days to planting

p

7 days – 3 months to planting

p

> 3 months to planting or …….…..… (see rule)

Surface

to pasture or > 3 months to planting or … (see rule)

20

( )

P I ndex Score = 35

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New Jersey P I ndex New Jersey P I ndex “Score” I nterpretation

P I ndex Score P I ndex Designation Management Guidance

35

Score Designation Guidance < 30 Low N-based Limited to 1 5 x 30 to 50 Medium Limited to 1.5 x P Removal 51 to 100 High Limited to 1.0 x P Removal P Removal > 100 Very High No P Addition

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Pennsylvania P I ndex

C rrent PA Model (March 2003)

TRANSPORT FACTORS:

• Soil Erosion

SOURCE FACTORS:

• Soil P Test

Soil P Test

Current PA Model (March 2003)

• Soil Erosion
• Runoff Class
• Subsurface Drainage
• Fertilizer P Rate
• Fertilizer P Method

O g P Rate

• Subsurface Drainage
• Contributing Distance
• Watercourse Connectivity

Watercourse Connectivity

• Org-P Rate
• Org-P Method
• P Avail Coefficient

P Avail Coefficient y

• P Avail. Coefficient

P Avail. Coefficient SI TE VULNERABI LI TY RATI NG AND NUTRI ENT MGMT:

• Low (N-based nutrient mgmt)
• Medium (N-based nutrient mgmt)
• High (P-based nutrient mgmt)
• Very High (No P allowed)

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A Rational Biosolids P A Rational Biosolids P Mgmt Strategy Should…..

• 1. Consider soil test P interpretation

based on environmental risk based on environmental risk

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STP I nterpretation Based STP I nterpretation Based E i t l Ri k E i t l Ri k

Environmental threshold

• n Environmental Risk
• n Environmental Risk

Environmental threshold (Soil P sorbing sites full) Agronomic optimum (STP optimum for crops) Change (STP optimum for crops) point

Soil Test P (STP)

Agronomic

• ptimum

~3-4 x agronomic

• ptimum

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A Rational Biosolids P A Rational Biosolids P Mgmt Strategy Should…..

• 1. Consider soil test P interpretation

based on environmental risk based on environmental risk

• 2. Consider buffer zone practices

h i i that mitigate P export

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Buffer Zone Practices Buffer Zone Practices

6

That Reduce P Loss That Reduce P Loss

4 5

L-1)

3 4

P (mg L

Interpreted from Bingham et al., 1980

1 2

RTP

1 2 3

0.71 mgL-1 – Control (no waste applied)

1 2 3

Buffer:Waste Area Length Ratio

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Buffer Zone Practices Buffer Zone Practices That Reduce P Loss That Reduce P Loss

Interpreted from Dayton et al., 2003

50 60

• 1)

30 40

(mg L-

10 20

RTP

ntrol 4 7 8 10 11 12 14 16 18 19 21 Con

Water Treatment Residual ID

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A Rational Biosolids P A Rational Biosolids P Mgmt Strategy Should…..

• 1. Consider soil test P interpretation

based on environmental risk based on environmental risk

• 2. Consider buffer zone practices

h i i that mitigate P export

• 3. Consider source P solubility
• 3. Consider source P solubility

differences

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Source P Solubility Source P Solubility

85 2

90 100

Bars indicate one standard error.

Source P Solubility Source P Solubility

85.2

70 80

• f PT)

TSP

n=2 Reported mean PWEP values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p < 0.05).

52.1

40 50 60

WEP (%

Brandt et al., 2004

20.7

20 30 40

ean PW

Dairy

n=5

Conventional Biosolids

2.7 2.2

10 20

Me

Poultry

n=8

A bi A bi

Aerobic

n=8

Anaerobic

n=11

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Source P Solubility Source P Solubility

8 9

Mean Dairy Manure Mean University Cake

(a)

Source P Solubility Source P Solubility

6 7 8 via ICP)

Mean Dairy Manure Mean University Cake Mean Bellefonte Cake Mean PWD Compost Mean PWD Cake Unamended Control Soil

( )

4 5 6 P (mg L-1

Increasing FeT

in P-Source

Author’s unpublished research

2 3 Mean RDP

(b) (c) (d) (d) (d)

esea c

1 Berks High-P Berks Low-P M

(d)

Berks High P Berks Low P Treatment Soil

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Rainfall Simulation

30

Rainfall Simulation

RDP Concentration vs P-Source Load

25 30

L-1)

Rainfall Cycle 1

Author’s unpublished

y = -0.01x + 7.16 15 20

(mg L

Author s unpublished research

R

2 = 0.02

5 10

RDP

100 200 300 400 500 600

P-Source Load (kg P ha-1)

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Rainfall Simulation

30

RDP Concentration vs P-Source WEP

25 30

L-1)

Rainfall Cycle 1

y = 3.16x + 1.03 R

2 = 0.83

15 20

(mg L

5 10

RDP

Author’s unpublished research

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

research

P-Source WEP (g P kg-1)

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A Rational Biosolids P A Rational Biosolids P Mgmt Strategy Should…..

• 1. Consider soil test P interpretation

based on environmental risk

• 2. Consider buffer zone practices

that mitigate P export that mitigate P export

• 3. Consider source P solubility

diff differences

• 4. Consider P source phytoavailability

p y y differences

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Source P Phytoavailability Source P Phytoavailability

140

High

Source P Phytoavailability Source P Phytoavailability

100 120 TSP (%)

(~99%)

O’Connor et al., 2004

80 100 relative to T

Moderate (~49%)

40 60 vailability r

Low (~5%)

20 Phytoav

( )

MC LC Uae LP Ucom PC BC TC Uan BP Pcom TS

Biosolids Source/Type

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Take Home Points Take Home Points

1 P based management will be

• 1. P-based management will be

imposed on biosolids recycling

• 2. Biosolids have not been explicitly

considered in most state P I ndices

• 3. P management policies will be

deployed before the impact on deployed before the impact on biosolids is fully appreciated

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Take Home Points Take Home Points

4 Biosolids recycling programs will

• 4. Biosolids recycling programs will
• nly be sustainable if rational,

scientifically defensible P scientifically-defensible P management approaches are adopted at the state level adopted at the state level

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The End The End

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