❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
s r rt - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
s r rt - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
s ts s Pr s r s s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
Median Earnings Gap b/w College & High School Roughly Doubles between 1979 and 2012
College/high school median annual earnings gap, 1979–2012
In constant 2012 dollars
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 dollars 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
Household gap $30,298 to $58,249 Male gap $17,411 to $34,969 Female gap $12,887 to $23,280 Autor, 2014
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙t❛❣♥❛♥t✴❉❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ ❲❛❣❡s ❢♦r ▲♦✇✲❙❦✐❧❧❡❞ ▼❛❧❡s
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❆✉t♦r ✭✷✵✶✹✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❉❡❝❧✐♥❡s ✐♥ ❧♦✇✲s❦✐❧❧❡❞✱ ♠❛❧❡ ▲❋P✳✳✳✳
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚❤❡ P❧❛♥
✶✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✲ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ◆❆❊P ❛♥❞ ◆▲❙❨s ✷✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✸✳ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ✏❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✑ ❥♦❜s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❄
✹✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚❤❡ P❧❛♥
✶✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✲ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ◆❆❊P ❛♥❞ ◆▲❙❨s ✷✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✸✳ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ✏❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✑ ❥♦❜s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❄
✹✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚❤❡ P❧❛♥
✶✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✲ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ◆❆❊P ❛♥❞ ◆▲❙❨s ✷✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✸✳ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ✏❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✑ ❥♦❜s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❄
✹✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚❤❡ P❧❛♥
✶✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✲ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ◆❆❊P ❛♥❞ ◆▲❙❨s ✷✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✸✳ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
- ✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ✏❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✑ ❥♦❜s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❄
✹✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚❤❡ P❧❛♥
✶✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✲ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ◆❆❊P ❛♥❞ ◆▲❙❨s ✷✳ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ✭❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ✸✳ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
- ✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ✏❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✑ ❥♦❜s ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❄
✹✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✐♠✐❧❛r ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ ❆❋◗❚ ✲ ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
- ❈❛r❡❢✉❧ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❋◗❚ ❛❝r♦ss ❛❣❡s✱ t❡st ❢♦r♠❛ts ✭❆❧t♦♥❥✐✱
❇❤❛r❛❞✇❛❥ ❛♥❞ ▲❛♥❣❡ ✷✵✶✷✮
❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ✭♠♦st❧②✮ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s❦✐❧❧s ♦❢ ②♦✉t❤ ✐♥ ✶✾✽✶ t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❝♦❤♦rt ✐♥ ✶✾✾✾
❙♠❛❧❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ✇❛✈❡s ✲ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♥♦♥✇❤✐t❡s
◆❛rr♦✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✲❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥t ❣❛♣ ✭◆✐❡❧s❡♥ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✐♠✐❧❛r ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ ❆❋◗❚ ✲ ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
- ❈❛r❡❢✉❧ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❋◗❚ ❛❝r♦ss ❛❣❡s✱ t❡st ❢♦r♠❛ts ✭❆❧t♦♥❥✐✱
❇❤❛r❛❞✇❛❥ ❛♥❞ ▲❛♥❣❡ ✷✵✶✷✮
- ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ✭♠♦st❧②✮ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s❦✐❧❧s ♦❢ ②♦✉t❤ ✐♥ ✶✾✽✶ t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r
❝♦❤♦rt ✐♥ ✶✾✾✾
❙♠❛❧❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ✇❛✈❡s ✲ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♥♦♥✇❤✐t❡s
◆❛rr♦✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✲❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥t ❣❛♣ ✭◆✐❡❧s❡♥ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✐♠✐❧❛r ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ ❆❋◗❚ ✲ ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
- ❈❛r❡❢✉❧ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❋◗❚ ❛❝r♦ss ❛❣❡s✱ t❡st ❢♦r♠❛ts ✭❆❧t♦♥❥✐✱
❇❤❛r❛❞✇❛❥ ❛♥❞ ▲❛♥❣❡ ✷✵✶✷✮
- ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ✭♠♦st❧②✮ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s❦✐❧❧s ♦❢ ②♦✉t❤ ✐♥ ✶✾✽✶ t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r
❝♦❤♦rt ✐♥ ✶✾✾✾
- ❙♠❛❧❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ✇❛✈❡s ✲ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♥♦♥✇❤✐t❡s
◆❛rr♦✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✲❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥t ❣❛♣ ✭◆✐❡❧s❡♥ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✐♠✐❧❛r ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✐♥ ❆❋◗❚ ✲ ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
- ❈❛r❡❢✉❧ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❆❋◗❚ ❛❝r♦ss ❛❣❡s✱ t❡st ❢♦r♠❛ts ✭❆❧t♦♥❥✐✱
❇❤❛r❛❞✇❛❥ ❛♥❞ ▲❛♥❣❡ ✷✵✶✷✮
- ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ✭♠♦st❧②✮ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s❦✐❧❧s ♦❢ ②♦✉t❤ ✐♥ ✶✾✽✶ t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r
❝♦❤♦rt ✐♥ ✶✾✾✾
- ❙♠❛❧❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ✇❛✈❡s ✲ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♥♦♥✇❤✐t❡s
- ◆❛rr♦✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥❝♦♠❡✲❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥t ❣❛♣ ✭◆✐❡❧s❡♥ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t
♦r ❣r♦✇♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♣s ❤❛✈❡ ♥❛rr♦✇❡❞✳ ❚✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✿
❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛❣❡ ✵ t♦ ✶✼ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②❀
- ❛♣s ❡①✐st✱ ❜✉t t❡sts ♦❢ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ s❦✐❧❧s ❞♦♥✬t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②
♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡♠
❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✏♥♦♥✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡✑ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡ss tr❛❝❡ ♦✉t ❛ t✐♠❡ tr❡♥❞✳
❈✐r❝✉♠st❛♥t✐❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ●P❆✱ ❍❙ ❣r❛❞ ✈s✳ ●❊❉ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❏❛❝♦❜ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ P❛♥ ✷✵✶✸❀ ▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞
❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t
♦r ❣r♦✇♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♣s ❤❛✈❡ ♥❛rr♦✇❡❞✳
- ❚✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✿
❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛❣❡ ✵ t♦ ✶✼ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②❀
- ❛♣s ❡①✐st✱ ❜✉t t❡sts ♦❢ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ s❦✐❧❧s ❞♦♥✬t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②
♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡♠
❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✏♥♦♥✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡✑ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡ss tr❛❝❡ ♦✉t ❛ t✐♠❡ tr❡♥❞✳
❈✐r❝✉♠st❛♥t✐❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ●P❆✱ ❍❙ ❣r❛❞ ✈s✳ ●❊❉ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❏❛❝♦❜ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ P❛♥ ✷✵✶✸❀ ▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞
❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t
♦r ❣r♦✇♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♣s ❤❛✈❡ ♥❛rr♦✇❡❞✳
- ❚✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✿
- ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛❣❡ ✵ t♦ ✶✼ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t
r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②❀
- ❛♣s ❡①✐st✱ ❜✉t t❡sts ♦❢ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ s❦✐❧❧s ❞♦♥✬t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②
♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡♠
❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✏♥♦♥✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡✑ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡ss tr❛❝❡ ♦✉t ❛ t✐♠❡ tr❡♥❞✳
❈✐r❝✉♠st❛♥t✐❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ●P❆✱ ❍❙ ❣r❛❞ ✈s✳ ●❊❉ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❏❛❝♦❜ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ P❛♥ ✷✵✶✸❀ ▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞
❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t
♦r ❣r♦✇♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♣s ❤❛✈❡ ♥❛rr♦✇❡❞✳
- ❚✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✿
- ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛❣❡ ✵ t♦ ✶✼ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t
r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②❀
- ●❛♣s ❡①✐st✱ ❜✉t t❡sts ♦❢ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ s❦✐❧❧s ❞♦♥✬t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②
♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡♠
❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✏♥♦♥✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡✑ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡ss tr❛❝❡ ♦✉t ❛ t✐♠❡ tr❡♥❞✳
❈✐r❝✉♠st❛♥t✐❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ●P❆✱ ❍❙ ❣r❛❞ ✈s✳ ●❊❉ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❏❛❝♦❜ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ P❛♥ ✷✵✶✸❀ ▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞
❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t
♦r ❣r♦✇♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♣s ❤❛✈❡ ♥❛rr♦✇❡❞✳
- ❚✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✿
- ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛❣❡ ✵ t♦ ✶✼ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t
r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②❀
- ●❛♣s ❡①✐st✱ ❜✉t t❡sts ♦❢ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ s❦✐❧❧s ❞♦♥✬t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②
♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡♠
- ❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡
✏♥♦♥✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡✑ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡ss tr❛❝❡ ♦✉t ❛ t✐♠❡ tr❡♥❞✳
❈✐r❝✉♠st❛♥t✐❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ●P❆✱ ❍❙ ❣r❛❞ ✈s✳ ●❊❉ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❏❛❝♦❜ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ P❛♥ ✷✵✶✸❀ ▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞
❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ s✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t
♦r ❣r♦✇♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧②✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♣s ❤❛✈❡ ♥❛rr♦✇❡❞✳
- ❚✇♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✿
- ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛❣❡ ✵ t♦ ✶✼ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t
r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❡q✉❛❧✐t②❀
- ●❛♣s ❡①✐st✱ ❜✉t t❡sts ♦❢ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ s❦✐❧❧s ❞♦♥✬t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②
♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡♠
- ❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡
✏♥♦♥✲❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡✑ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡ss tr❛❝❡ ♦✉t ❛ t✐♠❡ tr❡♥❞✳
- ❈✐r❝✉♠st❛♥t✐❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ✲ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❣❛♣s ✐♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ●P❆✱ ❍❙
❣r❛❞ ✈s✳ ●❊❉ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❏❛❝♦❜ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ P❛♥ ✷✵✶✸❀ ▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞
❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
Educational Attainment by High School Graduates: Cohorts Completing High School 1916 – 2003
Murphy and Topel 2016 Men, Some College Women, Some College Men, ≥4 Years College Women, ≥4 Years College
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 Share of Cohort with Indicated Education 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 High School Cohort
Men and Women Aged 18 in the Indicated Year Educational Attainment of High School Cohorts, 1916-2003
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
Autor 2014
College Share of Hours Worked in the U.S. 1963 - 2012: Males and Females with <10 Years of Potential Experience
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 College share of hours worked (%)
1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
Males: 0-9 Yrs Experience Females: 0-9 Yrs Experience
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣♦st✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✱ ❜✉t ♣❛❝❡ ❤❛s
s❧♦✇❡❞
▲♦✇❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s✉♣♣❧② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❧❡ss✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦❤♦rt ❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ✭❇♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❚✉r♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❀ ❍♦①❜② ✷✵✶✻✮
❑❛t③✲▼✉r♣❤② ✭✶✾✽✼✮ s✉♣♣❧②✲❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✇❛❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ♠♦r❡
▲♦✇ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ ♥♦♥✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ✭❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s ❣r♦✇♥ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ s✉♣♣❧②
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣♦st✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✱ ❜✉t ♣❛❝❡ ❤❛s
s❧♦✇❡❞
- ▲♦✇❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s
■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s✉♣♣❧② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❧❡ss✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦❤♦rt ❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ✭❇♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❚✉r♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❀ ❍♦①❜② ✷✵✶✻✮
❑❛t③✲▼✉r♣❤② ✭✶✾✽✼✮ s✉♣♣❧②✲❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✇❛❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ♠♦r❡
▲♦✇ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ ♥♦♥✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ✭❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s ❣r♦✇♥ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ s✉♣♣❧②
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣♦st✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✱ ❜✉t ♣❛❝❡ ❤❛s
s❧♦✇❡❞
- ▲♦✇❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s
- ■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s✉♣♣❧② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❧❡ss✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦❤♦rt
❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ✭❇♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❚✉r♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❀ ❍♦①❜② ✷✵✶✻✮
❑❛t③✲▼✉r♣❤② ✭✶✾✽✼✮ s✉♣♣❧②✲❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✇❛❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ♠♦r❡
▲♦✇ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ ♥♦♥✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ✭❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s ❣r♦✇♥ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ s✉♣♣❧②
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣♦st✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✱ ❜✉t ♣❛❝❡ ❤❛s
s❧♦✇❡❞
- ▲♦✇❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s
- ■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s✉♣♣❧② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❧❡ss✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦❤♦rt
❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ✭❇♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❚✉r♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❀ ❍♦①❜② ✷✵✶✻✮
- ❑❛t③✲▼✉r♣❤② ✭✶✾✽✼✮ s✉♣♣❧②✲❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t
❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✇❛❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ♠♦r❡
▲♦✇ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ ♥♦♥✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t ✭❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s ❣r♦✇♥ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ s✉♣♣❧②
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣♦st✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✱ ❜✉t ♣❛❝❡ ❤❛s
s❧♦✇❡❞
- ▲♦✇❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s
- ■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s✉♣♣❧② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❧❡ss✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦❤♦rt
❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ✭❇♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❚✉r♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❀ ❍♦①❜② ✷✵✶✻✮
- ❑❛t③✲▼✉r♣❤② ✭✶✾✽✼✮ s✉♣♣❧②✲❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t
❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✇❛❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ♠♦r❡
- ▲♦✇ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ ♥♦♥✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t
✭❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s ❤❛s ❣r♦✇♥ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ s✉♣♣❧②
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧s✱ ♣♦st✲❝♦❧❧❡❣❡
- ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✱ ❜✉t ♣❛❝❡ ❤❛s
s❧♦✇❡❞
- ▲♦✇❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s
- ■♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ s✉♣♣❧② ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❧❡ss✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦❤♦rt
❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ ✭❇♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❚✉r♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❀ ❍♦①❜② ✷✵✶✻✮
- ❑❛t③✲▼✉r♣❤② ✭✶✾✽✼✮ s✉♣♣❧②✲❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t
❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✇❛❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣r♦✇♥ ♠♦r❡
- ▲♦✇ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ ♥♦♥✲s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛❞❥✉st♠❡♥t
✭❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✻✮
- ❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r s❦✐❧❧s
❤❛s ❣r♦✇♥ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ s✉♣♣❧②
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❲❤② ❤❛✈❡ ❤✐❣❤✲s❦✐❧❧❡❞ ❥♦❜s st♦♣♣❡❞ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵❄
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❆❝❡♠♦❣❧✉ ❛♥❞ ❆✉t♦r ✭✷✵✶✶✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞s ✲ t❤❡ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t✳✳✳✳
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❇❡❛✉❞r②✱ ●r❡❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❙❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✶✹✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙❚❊▼ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❣r♦✇t❤✱ ✷✵✵✵✲✷✵✶✷
- .2
.2 .4 .6 Engineers (All) Drafters And Surveyors Engineering And Science Technicians Architects Physical Scientists Biological Scientists Pilots/Air Traffic Control Math/Stats/Actuaries Medical Scientists Operations Researchers
- Comp. Sci./Programming/Tech Support
STEM Occupations
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈❡♥s✉s✱ ❆❈❙
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❆♥❞ ❛❧❧ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✳
- .2
.2 .4 .6 Writers, Editors & Reporters Marketing, Advertising & Pr Arts & Entertainment, Athletes Social Scientists And Urban Planners Dentists Dental Hygienists Pharmacists Legal Assistants & Paralegals Physicians' Assistants Other Business Support Lawyers & Judges College Instructors Physicians Social Workers, Counselors & Clergy Economists & Survey Researchers Accounting And Finance Health Therapists Health Technicians Nurses Managers (All) Teachers (K-12)
All Other Managerial or Professional Occupations
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈❡♥s✉s ❛♥❞ ❆❈❙
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
- .05
.05
Change in Employment Share Relative to 1980
1980 1990 2000 2010
Low Math, Low Social Low Math, High Social High Math, Low Social High Math, High Social Occupational Task Intensity based on 1998 O*NET
Sources: 1980-2000 Census, 2005-2013 ACS
1980 to 2012
Relative Changes in Employment Share by Occupation Task Intensity
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈❡♥s✉s ❛♥❞ ❆❈❙
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
.1 .2 .3
Percent Change in Real Hourly Wage Relative to 1980
1980 1990 2000 2010
Low Math, Low Social Low Math, High Social High Math, Low Social High Math, High Social Occupational Task Intensity based on 1998 O*NET
Sources: 1980-2000 Census, 2005-2013 ACS
1980 to 2012
Relative Change in Real Hourly Wages by Occupation Task Intensity
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈❡♥s✉s ❛♥❞ ❆❈❙
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
- r♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑
- ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
❣r♦✇t❤ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇❛❣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ♥♦t ❥✉st ❝✉st♦♠❡r s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤✴❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴✜♥❛♥❝❡ ■♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑ ❂ ✲✏r♦✉t✐♥❡✑ ❛t t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❜r♦❛❞❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✈s✳ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣
❊st✐♠❛t❡ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
❛❣❡s ✷✺✲✸✸✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
- r♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑
- ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
- ❣r♦✇t❤ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇❛❣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ♥♦t ❥✉st ❝✉st♦♠❡r
s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤✴❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴✜♥❛♥❝❡ ■♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑ ❂ ✲✏r♦✉t✐♥❡✑ ❛t t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❜r♦❛❞❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✈s✳ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣
❊st✐♠❛t❡ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
❛❣❡s ✷✺✲✸✸✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
- r♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑
- ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
- ❣r♦✇t❤ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇❛❣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ♥♦t ❥✉st ❝✉st♦♠❡r
s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤✴❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴✜♥❛♥❝❡
- ■♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑ ❂ ✲✏r♦✉t✐♥❡✑ ❛t t❤❡
♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❜r♦❛❞❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✈s✳ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣
❊st✐♠❛t❡ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
❛❣❡s ✷✺✲✸✸✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
- r♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑
- ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
- ❣r♦✇t❤ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇❛❣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ♥♦t ❥✉st ❝✉st♦♠❡r
s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤✴❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴✜♥❛♥❝❡
- ■♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑ ❂ ✲✏r♦✉t✐♥❡✑ ❛t t❤❡
♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧
- ❜r♦❛❞❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✈s✳
♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣
❊st✐♠❛t❡ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
❛❣❡s ✷✺✲✸✸✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
- r♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑
- ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
- ❣r♦✇t❤ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇❛❣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ♥♦t ❥✉st ❝✉st♦♠❡r
s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤✴❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴✜♥❛♥❝❡
- ■♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑ ❂ ✲✏r♦✉t✐♥❡✑ ❛t t❤❡
♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧
- ❜r♦❛❞❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✈s✳
♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣
- ❊st✐♠❛t❡ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
❛❣❡s ✷✺✲✸✸✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
- r♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑
- ▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
- ❣r♦✇t❤ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡ ✇❛❣❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ♥♦t ❥✉st ❝✉st♦♠❡r
s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤✴❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴✜♥❛♥❝❡
- ■♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t✱ ✏s♦❝✐❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s✑ ❂ ✲✏r♦✉t✐♥❡✑ ❛t t❤❡
♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧
- ❜r♦❛❞❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✈s✳
♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣
- ❊st✐♠❛t❡ r❡t✉r♥s t♦ s❦✐❧❧s ❛❝r♦ss ◆▲❙❨ ✇❛✈❡s
- ❛❣❡s ✷✺✲✸✸✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ s❦✐❧❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈❡♥s✉s ❛♥❞ ❆❈❙
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
- ❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
- ❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- ●r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
- ❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- ●r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵ ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
- ❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- ●r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
- ❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
- ❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- ●r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
- ❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
- ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
- ❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- ●r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
- ❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
- ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❙✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
✶✳ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛t ❛❣❡ ✶✼ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✶ ✲ ♥♦ ❣❡♥❞❡r ❞✐✛s ✷✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ❣r❡✇ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❢r♦♠ ✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✷✱ s❧♦✇❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞
- ❋❧❛t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ r❛t❡s ❢♦r ♠❡♥✱ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✇♦♠❡♥
- ●r♦✇t❤ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ♦♣❡♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✱ ❧♦✇❡r✲q✉❛❧✐t② ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
✸✳ ■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✽✵s
- ❉❡❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
- ❋❧❛t✴❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❦✐❧❧s s✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✵
✹✳ ❊♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛❣❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ♠❛t❤✴❤✐❣❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥♦❜s
- ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t② ✭✏❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡r❞s✑✮
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣ ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥ ✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮ ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥ ✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮ ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
- ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥ ✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮ ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
- ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
- ❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ≥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥
✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮ ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
- ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
- ❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ≥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥
✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮
- ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
- ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
- ❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ≥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥
✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮
- ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
- ❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
- ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
- ❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ≥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥
✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮
- ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
- ❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱ t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
- ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
- ❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ≥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥
✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮
- ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
- ❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
- ✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱
t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳ ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s
❚✇♦ P♦❧✐❝② ■♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
✶✳ ❲❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ②♦✉t❤ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♠❡♥✮ t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡s
- Pr✐✈❛t❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✲ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♥♦♥✲✢❛❣s❤✐♣
- ❊✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ r❡t✉r♥s ❢♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❡♥r♦❧❧❡❡s
- ❘❉ ❡st✐♠❛t❡s s❤♦✇ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ r❡t✉r♥ ≥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ r❡t✉r♥
✭❍♦❡❦str❛ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❩✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹✱ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✼✮
- ✏❋❧❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✑ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ✭❡✳❣✳ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❛♥❞ ❍❡❝❦♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❀
▼✉r♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❚♦♣❡❧ ✷✵✶✻✮ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡
- ❈❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛tt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✭❈♦❤♦❞❡s ❛♥❞
- ♦♦❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❉❡♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❲❛❧t❡rs ✷✵✶✻✮
✷✳ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❧❡✈❡❧s ✲ ♠✉st ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❧❛❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t
- ✏✷✶st ❝❡♥t✉r② s❦✐❧❧s✑ ✲ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s♦❧✈✐♥❣✱
t❡❛♠✇♦r❦✱ ❡t❝✳✳✳
- ▲❡ss ❞✐r❡❝t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❇❛s✐❝ ❋❛❝ts ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭Pr❡✲❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❙✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❙❦✐❧❧s ✭❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✮ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❙❦✐❧❧s