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Satellite Remote Sensing Applications for Monitoring Marine Environments in the Asia-Pacific Regions EKO SISWANTO Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) The 7 th

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Satellite Remote Sensing Applications for Monitoring Marine Environments in the Asia-Pacific Regions

The 7th GEOSS-AP Symposium, Tokyo, 26 – 28 May 2014 EKO SISWANTO

Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)

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Sea surface temperature Phytoplankton biomass Aerosol optical thickness Sea surface height Precipitation Mixed layer depth

Remote Sensing for Earth Observations

Wind field

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Pre-typhoon Post-typhoon No data

SST Chl-a PP nLw555 SSHA Siswanto et al. (GRL 2007) Siswanto et al. (GRL 2008)

Influences of tropical cyclones

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Increasing trend of red tide (HAB)

utbreaks in the South China Sea

Red tide : a common phenomenon associated with excessive algal bloom causing discoloration of water

Tang et al. (2008)

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Yellow Sea

Japan Korea Taiwan

Karenia mikimotoi bloom

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nLw443-412 slope > nLw488-443 slope AND nLw488-443 slope > nLw547-488 slope ? Yes No

Diatom Diatom

K. mikimotoi

Mixed TSM/gelbstoff y=0.0015 LN(x) + 0.0149 TSM-dominated Gelbstoff-dominated Y=-0.0003 (LN(Chl-a))2 + 0.0024 LN(Chl-a) – 0.00005 Diatom Diatom

K. mikimotoi

TSM-dominated Gelbstoff-dominated

nLw547 nLw547

TSM/gelbstoff-dominated Phytoplankton-dominated Mixed Mixed Phytoplankton-dom. waters

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Diatom Diatom

K. mikimotoi

Diatom-1 Diatom-2

K. mikimotoi

bb547 bb547

Diatom-1

K. mikimotoi

Diatom-2

K. mikimotoi

Phytoplankton-dom. waters

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K. mikimotoi

nlw443-412 slope > nlw488-443 slope AND nlw488-443 slope > nlw547-488 slope ?

Spectral-based discrimination of diatom, K. mikimotoi blooms, TSM-, gelbstoff- dominated waters, and mixed waters

nlw peak at 547 ? NO YES Clear Waters NO YES nlw547-412 slope > 0.0015 LN(adg443-412 slope) + 0.0149 ? TSM-dominated Gelbstoff-dominated NO YES nLw547 > 0.8 ? Diatom 1 YES (nlw574-488 slope – nlw488-412 slope)> 0.006 ? NO YES NO Diatom 2

Step-1 Step-2 Step-4 Step-3 Step-5

nLw547-412 slope > -0.0003 (LN(Chl-a))2 + 0.0024 LN(Chl-a) – 0.00005 ? YES NO Mixed waters

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Diatom (confirmed)

Red tide mapping

MODIS Chlorophyll-a

7 Jul 2010 Summer 27 Jul 2008 Summer

Karenia Non-red tide/Clear water Diatom TSM-dominated Gelbstoff/det.-dominated Land Cloud/no data

K. mikimotoi (confirmed)

28 Feb 2010 12 May 2010

Mostly TSM and gelbstoff/det.- dominated waters

Spring Winter

False detection reduced,

ther water classes can be

detected

MODIS-based water classifications

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26 Jul 2003 26 Jul 2003 30 Jul 2003 30 Jul 2003 31 Jul 2003

Verifying new practical method to K. mikimotoi bloom in summer 2003

Karenia Non-red tide/Clear water Diatom TSM-dominated Gelbstoff/det.-dominated Land Cloud/no data

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Month- Year

Provided by Climate Variation Predictability and Applicability Research Program, RIGC/JAMSTEC

Impacts of Indian Ocean Dipole

n Biogeochemical Variability

in the Eastern Indian Ocean

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Month- Year

Trends and sensitivity to ENSO and IOD

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CLOSING REMARKS

 Remote sensing is useful tool to discern marine ecosystem changes and driving factors associated with anthropogenic and climatic perturbations  Nevertheless, there still exist some gaps, that in certain area/field, remote sensing has not been fully exploited (e.g., HAB detection, etc.)  Sea-truth observation is however definitely required in order to be able to fully exploit remote sensing

bservations

 Therefore, regional collaboration (data sharing) in the Asia-Pacific region is highly required, i.e., for calibrating and validating satellite data

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Acknowledgments

 These works were partly supported by a grant from the Asia- Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN, ARCP2012- 21NSY-Siswanto)  Collaborators from Nagoya University, Japan Research Institute for Agricultural Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Nha Trang Institute of Oceanography, and Burapha Univserity