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School of Civil Engineering (iPHEE)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

School of Civil Engineering (iPHEE)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Fate of Helminth eggs during the Co-composting of Faecal Sludge with Chicken Feathers and Market waste

Sponsored by University of Leeds

Co-authors: Professor Barbara Evans, Dr. M. Camargo- Valero, Dr. Nigel Horan

MUSA MANGA

PhD Researcher 13th IWA SWWS Conference & 5th IWA ROS Conference, Athens, Greece; 14-17 Sept 2016

School of Civil Engineering (iPHEE)

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Presentation Outline

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Methodology
• 3. Results and Discussion
• 4. Conclusions
• 5. Acknowledgements

School of Civil Engineering (iPHEE)

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Introduction

• Sanitation service delivery has not been harmonised with

the needs of the increasing population.

• Sustainable FS treatment technologies are largely still

lacking in urban Africa.

So where do the diverted FS trunks that don’t reach Bugolobi treatment plant dispose of ????

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Introduction Cont’d

• Proper and sustainable treatment is required to inactivate pathogens if

FS is reused in agriculture

Source: SuSanAforum

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Introduction Cont’d

• Composting has been proven to be a economically and technically

feasible FS treatment technology with recovery of nutrients as added value.

• However, it is associated with both insufficient pathogen inactivation and

longer inactivation periods (especially helminth eggs)

• Helminth eggs (esp. Ascaris eggs) are the best pathogenic indicators.
• Moreover, little is known about the fate of viable helminth eggs during

composting of FS.

• This study assessed the effect of locally available organic waste types

and their mixing ratios with FS on viable helminth eggs inactivation efficiency.

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Methodology: Field trials _Composting facility

Constructed Compost facility

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Methodology Cont’d: Collection of waste materials

School of Civil Engineering (iPHEE)

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Methodology Cont’d: Collection of waste materials

School of Civil Engineering (iPHEE)

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Methodology Cont’d: Collection of waste materials

School of Civil Engineering (iPHEE)

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Methodology Cont’d: Setting-up of Composting piles

• SOS1: Sludge: Organic market waste: Sawdust (1:2:1)
• SOS2: Sludge: Organic market waste: Sawdust (1:3:1)
• SCS1: Sludge: Chicken feather: Sawdust (1:2:1)
• SCS2: Sludge: Chicken feather: Sawdust (1:3:1)

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Methodology Cont’d: Monitoring of composting piles

• Pile temperature: Top, middle, bottom and outer layers
• Pile aeration: -Manual Turning
• Moisture Content: 50 - 60%

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Methodology Cont’d: Monitoring of composting piles

• Analytical methods

 Total Solids- (USEPA 2003)  Helminth eggs- (USEPA 2003)

• Statistical Analysis

 Friedman test, with 95% confidence level.  Spearman’s rho test

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14 28 42 56 70 84 20 30 40 50 60 70 14 28 42 56 70 84 20 30 40 50 60 70 14 28 42 56 70 84 20 30 40 50 60 70 14 28 42 56 70 84 20 30 40 50 60 70

Temperature (

0C)

Composting Period (Days)

Pile 1_SOS1 Pile 2_SOS1 Ambient

Temperature (

0C)

Composting Period (Days)

Pile1_SCS2 Pile 2_SCS2 Ambient

Temperature (

0C)

Composting Period (Days)

Pile 1_SCS1 Pile 2_SCS1 Ambient

Temperature (

0C)

Composting Period (Days)

Pile 1_SOS2 Pile 2_SOS2 Ambient

Results and Discussion: Composting Temperatures

32 days 39 days 39 days 46 days

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Viable Ascaris Eggs Die-off (% of Initial Viable Count) Composting Period (days) SOS1 SOS2 SCS1 SCS2

• Chicken feathers piles exhibiting a higher inactivation efficiency and

shorter inactivation period than market waste piles.

• Composting of FS with chicken feathers reduces the helminth eggs

inactivation period from 8 weeks to about 4-6 weeks, which represents approximately 42% reduction in the inactivation periods.

Results and Discussion: Pathogen Inactivation

SOS1 & SOS2 SCS1 & SCS2

• Mixing ratios had little effect
• f helminth eggs inactivation

periods

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14 28 42 56 70 84 20 30 40 50 60 70 20 40 60 80 100

Mean Temperature (

0C)

Composting Period (Days)

SOS1 SOS2 SCS1 SCS2 Ambient

Viable Ascaris Eggs Inactivated (%)

• All the composting piles met the USEPA

(2003) criteria for pathogen inactivation.

• Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency was

significantly different.

• Other mechanisms could have been

responsible for pathogen inactivation during composting such as

 antibiotic action induced by indigenous microorganisms  antagonistic effect between organisms  Toxic by-products (such as NH3)

Results and Discussion: Temperature-Time Relationship Vs Helminth Inactivation

SCS1 & SCS2 SOS1 & SOS2

≥550C for ≥21 days

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• The mixing ratios had little effect onto the pathogen inactivation efficiency,

but 1:2:1 preferred to 1:3:1.

• Compost piles containing chicken feathers achieved the shortest pathogen

survival period of 4 weeks compared to 6-8 weeks for market waste piles.

• Apart from the temperature-time relationship, other mechanisms were

responsible for enhancing pathogen inactivation efficiency within the chicken feathers composting piles.

• All the composting piles attained 100% pathogen inactivation from faecal

sludge

• Composting of faecal sludge with chicken feather can reduce pathogen

inactivation periods by 42%, which may thus reduce the operational costs of faecal sludge treatment facility.

Conclusions

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• Funder: University of Leeds

through the Leeds International Research Scholarship.

• Supervisors: Prof. Barbara

Evans, Dr. Miller & Dr. Horan.

• National Water and Sewerage

Corporation staff at the Bugolobi and Lubigi FS treatment facility

Acknowledgements

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THANK YOU!!!