Social Fitness Training with College Students Lynne Henderson, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Social Fitness Training with College Students

1

Lynne Henderson, Alejandro Martinez, Philip Zimbardo Stanford University, USA International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK July 16,1997

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Overview

• Research in the Field
• Research and Practice
• Social Fitness and Shyness
• Shyness: definition and treatment
• History
• Vicious Cycles and Infinite Loops
• The most recent iteration
• An Experiment
• Findings
• Discussion
• Conclusion

2

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Perspective: from Research

3

question test theory reflect

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Perspective: from Clinical Practice

4

treatment analyze measure design

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Perspectives: Co-informing

5

question test theory reflect treatment analyze measure design Clinical Practice Research

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Perspectives: Integrated

6

question test theory reflect Research treatment measure design analyze Clinical Practice

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Shyness vs. Introversion or Natural Reserve

• Shyness implies want to be closer to people, but fear

holds back. Approach/avoidance conflict.

• Relates to what people will attempt - cannot achieve

what will not try

• Formal definition indicates distress and/or

avoidance, inhibition.

• DISTRESS and DYSFUNCTION -

INTERFERENCE with goal-directed behavior

• DSM IV - Social phobia - persistent avoidance

and/or marked distress in one or more social situations that interferes with functioning (incidence 2-12%)

7

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Four Domains of Shyness

• Cognitive - negative thoughts about self, situation, others
• Behavioral - the fight or flight syndrome: avoidance, inhibition or
• veractivity
• Physiological - "SUDS" - heart races, palms sweat, light-headed
• Affective - embarrassment, insecurity, shame
• We treat all four:
• Cognitive, attributional, self-concept restructuring
• Social skills - coaching
• Exposure to feared situations and practice
• Expression of feelings - group support "I'm not alone"

8

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Our Social Fitness Model

Twenty-six Weekly Two-hour Cognitive-Behavioral Group sessions

9

• Daily Workouts
• Self-Monitoring, Self-reinforcement
• Exposures with Cognitive Restructuring
• Attribution and Self-concept Restructuring
• Social Skills Training - meeting and conversing
• Communication Training - Where do I go from here?
• Building intimacy - self-disclosure, handling criticism, conflict
• Expression of Feelings
• Empathy - listening
• Attentional Focus Flexibility Training: self- other, empathic response
• Video Taping

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Previous Research and Clinical Observation

• Doing better, feeling worse; SHAME
• Negative therapeutic reaction?
• Self-enhancement bias is reversed
• Internal attributions are made for negative social
• utcomes
• Shyness is negatively associated with attributions
• f control
• Clinical observation suggests shame and

self-blame are important variables

• Self-schema research suggests negative bias
• More relevant for some than others? who?

10

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Arnold Buss's Model (1980)

11

• Early developing shyness (fearful shyness)
• fear of novelty and intrusion
• physical reactivity
• Later developing shyness (4-6 years;

self-conscious shyness)

• excessive parental evaluation of observable

aspects of a child's behavior

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Shyness and Attribution-style: Our Research

• Buss's self-conscious shys predicted to be higher in

self-blame and shame than fearful shys

• Added self-blaming attributions as dependent variable
• Fearfulness, not shyness, predicted self-blaming

attributions for interpersonal failure

• Both fearfulness and shyness predicted internal

attributions and state shame in hypothetical interpersonal failure situations and both predicted trait shame.

• Shyness was still a negative predictor of control

12

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Private self-consciousness

• Protects against self-blame and state shame

in situations with negative interpersonal

• utcomes at low levels of fear, but begins

to exacerbate at high levels.

• Exacerbates the association of both fear and

shyness with trait shame

13

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Vicious Cycles: Fight or Flight

14

automatic thoughts fear

Avoidance Approach

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Vicious Cycles: Shame & Blame

15

Avoidance

self-blame shame

Approach

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

One Infinite Loop

16

Approach

automatic thoughts fear Fight or Flight

Avoidance

self-blame shame Shame & blame

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

The question: Can we change it?

• Can we educate people about:
• reversing the self-enhancement bias
• self-concept distortions?
• Can we develop techniques to change it?
• The next iteration:
• 2-year study with 8-week Stanford student

groups

• Exposures with attributional and self-concept

restructuring techniques

17

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Preliminary Results with Social Fitness Training in Eight-week Groups for Students at Stanford

• Students show significant reductions in internal,

stable and global attributions for negative interpersonal outcomes, and in self-blame and accompanying state shame

• Students also show significant reductions in

social anxiety, social avoidance and distress, trait shame, depression, and social phobia.

18

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Results

19

. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 Cel l M ean PFQ /pr e PFQ/post Cel l 28 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

State sham e Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

State sham e 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cel l M ean FA I LBLA /pr e FA I LBLA /post Cel l 29 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

O w n sel f

• bl

am e Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

O w n sel f

• bl

am e

Self-blame State-shame

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Results

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cel l M ean FA I LI N T/pr e FA I LI N T/post Cel l 29 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

O w n i nter nal f ai l ur e Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

O w n i nter nal f ai l ur e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cel l M ean FA I LGLO /pr e FA I LGLO /post Cel l 29 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

O w n gl

• bal

f ai l ur e Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

O w n gl

• bal

f ai l ur e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cel l M ean FA I LSTA /pr e FA I LSTA /post Cel l 29 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

O w n stabl e f ai l ur e Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

O w n stabl e f ai l ur e

Internal Global Stable

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Results

• Fear (N=25) F 4.52, p.044
• Depression (N=27) F 8.86, p.006
• Fear of neg eval (N=26) F 28.48, p.<.0001
• Social Anxiety (N=25) F 19.82, p.0002
• Social Avoidance and distress (N=26) F 23.02, p.<.0001
• Trait Shame (N=26) F 17.76, p.0003
• Trait Guilt (N=26) F 6.96, p.0142
• Mattick social phobia (N=26) F 15.65, p.0006

21

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Conclusion

• Attribution style can be changed.
• Question: How do we maintain these changes?
• booster sessions
• on-going "workouts"
• Challenged self-concept distortions
• Questions:
• how long will it take to change them?
• how do we measure the changes?

22

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Thank you

• Contact information:
• Lynne Henderson
• The Shyness Clinic
• www.shyness.com
• lhenderson@shyness.com
• 4370 Alpine Rd., Suite 204

Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA

• +1-415-851-2994

23

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

• ---- Early and Alternative slides ------

24

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Research: Analysis

25

perspective

evaluate view Analysis

account / representation data

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Research: In service of Clinical Practice

26

• bserve

intervene

treatment understanding

analyze Treatment

records perspective

evaluate view Analysis

account / representation

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

The Experience of Shyness

SAD FIX'S

• S elf - Blame and Shame
• A voidance
• D istress
• F ear of Negative Evaluation
• I Must, but I Can't!
• X -posure: fear of both failure & Success
• S elf - Sabotage

27

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Chronic debilitating shyness

may be a nature/nurture interaction

• Approximately 15% of the population may

have genetic tendency or constitutional vulnerability (Jerome Kagan, Harvard; Arnold Buss, U. of Tex.)

• However, learning (conditioning) is

considered a large part of variance

28

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

CAPS Outcome Data

. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 Cel l M ean EA S/pr e EA S/post Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 21 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

Fear Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

Fear * Tr eatm ent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cel l M ean BECK/pr e BECK/post Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 19 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

Depr essi

• n

Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

Depr essi

• n

* Tr eatm ent . 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 Cel l M ean BFNE/pr e BFNE/post Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 20 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

Fear neg eval Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

Fear neg eval * Tr eatm ent . 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 4 Cel l M ean SA S/pre SA S/post Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 21 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

Soci al A nx Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

Soci al A nx * Tr eatm ent

29

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

CAPS Outcome Data (Con't)

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Cel l M ean SA D/pr e SA D/post Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 20 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

Soci al A voi dance and Di str ess Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

Soci al A voi dance and Di str ess * Tr eatm ent . 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2 Cel l M ean PFQ B/pr e PFQ B/post Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 20 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

Tr ai t- sham e Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

Tr ai t- sham e * Tr eatm ent

. 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 1. 2 1. 4 1. 6 1. 8 2 Cel l M ean PFQ B/pr e PFQ B/post Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 20 cases w er e

• m i

tted due to m i ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

Tr ai t- sham e Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

Tr ai t- sham e * Tr eatm ent

. 2 . 4 . 6 . 8 1 1. 2 Cel l M ean M A TTSP/pr e. 2 M A TTSP/post. 2 Cel l A TTSCGT CBGT 20 cases w er e

• m i

tt ed due t

• m i

ssi ng val ues. I nter acti

• n

Bar Pl

• t

f

• r

M atti ck soci al phobi a Ef f ect: Categor y f

• r

M atti ck soci al phobi a * Tr eatm ent

30

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Let's start with Adolescents: Four Studies of High School Samples

• High School Health Fairs
• 100-150 students come to our shyness booth
• Self-report of responses in an imagined situation of

communication "failure"

• How shy are they? How self-aware? How

empathic? What is impact of self-blame?

31

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK 32

Study 1: Self-blame: Regression Results

F (2,84) = 15.47; p <.001 Criterion variable Predictor variables sr2 Social Anxiety Self-blame Private sc .12 .10 Fear Neg. Eval. Self-blame Private sc .13 .08 Criterion variable Predictor variables sr2 T test 3.66 3.47 3.81 2.99 T test p .000 .001 .000 .004 p b .69 .33 .73 .29 b F (2,84) = 14.24; p <.001

• Both self-blame and private self-consciousness predicted social anxiety

and fear of negative evaluation, accounting for approximately 22% and 21% of the variance

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK Non-self-blame Self-blame ( n = 34 ) ( n = 20 ) ( n = 22 ) M SD M SD M SD M SD .69a .85 .66a .66 .16a 1.03 .13ab 1.01

• .05b

.80

• .02b

.91 .25a .65 .30a .94

• .84c

.73

• .80c

.85

• .58b

1.05

• .12ab

.94 Social Anxiety Fear neg eval Private Self-con Public Self-con

Note M and SD standardized; p <.05

Non-shy Shy Non-shy Shy

• .55c

.62

• .40bc

1.02 .22a .97

• .70b

.95 ( n = 11 ) 33

Study 1: Self-blame: MANOVA

Mean Social Anxiety, Fear of Neg. Eval., and Self-conscious Scores

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Study 2: Self-blame, not control, predicted social avoidance and distress

Table 3. SOCIAL AVOIDANCE AND DISTRESS Adjusted squared multiple R: .44 VARIABLE coefficient std error P(2tail) constant 4.90 2.18 .026 SHY 2.17 0.63 .001 OUTGOING

• 1.10

0.59 .063 SHY*SBLAME .76 0.18 .000

Self blame increasingly predicts social avoidance and distress at higher levels of shyness (shyness and outgoing tendencies held constant).

1 2 3 4 7 14 21 28 1 2 3 4 7 14 21 28 1 2 3 4 7 14 21 28 SBLAME

LEVEL 3 SHY LEVEL 2 SHY LEVEL 1 SHY

34

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Study 3: Self-blame, Control, "Second Effort"

35

partial R p + shyness 0.28 0.000 + self-blame 0.06 0.000 + private self-consciousness 0.02 0.037

• second effort

0.05 0.002

• other-blame

0.04 0.005

• impression control

0.06 0.005 51% of variance in social anxiety is accounted for by:

2

• Social Anxiety

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Fourth High School Study: Shyness, Self-blame, and Empathy, and the Continuing Importance of "Second Effort"

• Self-blame, like shyness, is associated with

empathic concern for others, but not with perspective taking.

• Self-blame is negatively correlated with

"second effort" and a non-blaming attribution style.

• Private self-consciousness is associated with

taking others' perspectives, except when one is shy and self-blaming.

36

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Adaptation

• Develop awareness of self and others, test

hypotheses, and make choices

• Inhibited exploration of self and others

interferes with contributions to society and personal happiness

37

# Lynne Henderson, Ph.D. July 16, 1997 International Conference on Shyness and Self-Consciousness Cardiff, Wales, UK

Can we create an atmosphere that engenders self-confidence as opposed to increasing shyness and social insecurity?

• Absolutely it is attainable if we are willing to work toward common

human goals

• Create emotional safety through empathy
• Create an accepting, supportive environment where experimentation

is sanctioned, mistakes are a given, and many truths are allowed

• Adhere to idea that there are multiple pathways to similar goals
• Promote practice and sense of mastery that is not competitive in

nature

• Exemplify the importance of commitment with simultaneous
• penness to change and diversity

38