Solar Apartments Opportunities for deploying PV on multi-occupancy - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Solar Apartments Opportunities for deploying PV on multi-occupancy - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 08, 2023 143 likes •534 views

Solar Apartments Opportunities for deploying PV on multi-occupancy residential buildings Mike Roberts, CEEM / SPREE, UNSW Sydney Dr Anna Bruce Associate Professor Iain MacGill So Sola lar Apartments - Work rkshop Our task today: Identify

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Solar Apartments

Opportunities for deploying PV on multi-occupancy residential buildings Mike Roberts, CEEM / SPREE, UNSW Sydney Dr Anna Bruce Associate Professor Iain MacGill

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So Sola lar Apartments - Work rkshop

12:15 – 1:00 Overview of project findings 1:00 – 1:15 Grab a Sandwich 1:15 – 1:35 Panel Contributions:

Lynne Gallagher : Energy Consumers Australia Chris Byrne : Green Strata Murray Hogarth : Wattwatchers Gareth Huxham : Energy Smart Strata

1:35 – 1:55 Group Discussion 1:55 – 2:00 Summary

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Our task today: Identify some key findings and policy approaches to highlight in the final report

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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Why Sola lar Apartments?

2 million solar households (23% penetration, 50% in some areas) 10% of Australians live in 1.4 million apartments / units GHI: Australia: 0.7 – 2.7 MWh/m2 /year Sydney: 1.7 MWh/m2 /year

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An opportunity for a clean energy community?

  • Clean electricity
  • Lower bills
  • Increased energy independence

For households

  • Reduce network demand
  • Generation close to (commercial) loads
  • Defer network augmentation

For networks

Why So Solar lar Apartments?

  • Low cost generation
  • Reduced fossil fuel reliance
  • Reduced CO2 emissions
  • Energy Equity

For society

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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Th The Opportunit ity

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Housing 10%

  • f Australians

Up to 70% in some LGAs A third of new dwellings 1.4 million apartments 62% of Australian apartments are in buildings under 4 storeys

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Th The So Sola lar Opportunit ity

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* Roberts, M., J. Copper, and A. Bruce, An analysis of Australian rooftop solar potential on residential buildings, in Asia Pacific Solar Research Conference. 2018: Sydney.

Based on 3D model of City of Melbourne LGA, with 2 methodologies*

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Th The So Sola lar Opportunit ity

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Roberts, M., J. Copper, and A. Bruce, An analysis of Australian rooftop solar potential on residential buildings, in Asia Pacific Solar Research Conference. 2018: Sydney.

Data from City of Melbourne LGA*

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Rooft ftop Issu Issues

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Th The So Sola lar Opportunit ity

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 NSW QLD VIC WA ACT SA NT PV Potential (GWp) 1 or 2 floors 3 floors 4 or more floors 3D Model (left) and LiDaR (right) Estimated Total Potential 2.9 - 4.0 GWp

Roberts, M., J. Copper, and A. Bruce, An analysis of Australian rooftop solar potential on residential buildings, in Asia Pacific Solar Research Conference. 2018: Sydney.

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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Apartment Elec lectric icit ity Lo Loads

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Average energy per

  • ccupant 79% of

houses Higher daily variability Average Energy 41% compared to houses Highly diverse

al

Common Property

  • Daytime load?
  • High demand peaks?
  • Control issues?

Roberts, M.B., et al., Using PV to help meet common property energy demand in residential apartment buildings, ASSEP. 2016: Sydney.

5% → 60% of building load

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Aggregatin ing Lo Loads

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Greater benefits from aggregating diverse loads

Roberts, M.B., et al., Cluster-based characterisation of Australian apartment electricity demand and its implications for low-carbon cities. (under review).

Daily load factor Coincidence factor Lower load factor Higher variability Lower coincidence factor Greater diversity

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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PV Technic ical l Arr rrangements

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Individual Behind the Meter Shared Behind the Meter Embedded Network en_pv btm_s btm_i Common Property Only cp_only

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Co Common Property Only ly (c (cp_only ly)

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For high-rise, high self-consumption Common system

  • n common roof

applied to common load For low-rise, unutilised roof space Low self-sufficiency Tax issues for FiT

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In Indiv ivid idual l Be Behin ind th the Meter r (btm tm_i)

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Choice rests with each apartment owner Owner occupier can be investor and beneficiary Individual system

  • n common roof
  • bylaw

Low self-consumption Landlord / tenant Split incentives

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PV Se Self lf-Consumptio ion

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  • 60
  • 40
  • 20

20 40 00 12 00 12 00 kW BAU CP Only Individual BTM EN / Shared BTM

Total Building load Import Export 44 apartments PV = 77kWp CP is 17% of building load

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Se Self lf-Consumptio ion and Se Self lf-Suffi ficie iency

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Roberts, M.B., A. Bruce, and I. MacGill, A comparison of arrangements for increasing self-consumption and maximising the value of distributed photovoltaics on apartment buildings (forthcoming)

…increased by aggregating loads

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Embedded Netw twork (E (EN)

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Shared PV system / shared roof Maximise Self-Consumption Split Incentives EN Installation Costs Regulatory Barriers Economies of Scale – PV Capex Access Commercial Tariffs Finance Issues

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Sh Shared Be Behin ind th the Meter

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Maximise Self-Consumption Avoids EN Costs Two Bills EN Installation Costs No bulk buy benefits Economies of Scale – PV Capex Avoids EN Regulatory Issues

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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Sa Savin ings for r whole le buil ildin ing

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100 plus apartments

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Ca Case St Study W

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72 apartments 3 floors Lifts, carparks, etc CP is 22% of load

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Ca Case St Study W – Embedded Netw twork

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Solar TOU Tariff (STC)

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Ca Case St Study K

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18 apartments 3 floors CP is 9% of load

max_pv: 24.5 kW

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  • Parent meter
  • Child meters ($200- $300)
  • Meter Abolishment ($300-$400)
  • Switchboard and wiring upgrades
  • Highly variable for brownfield sites

Capital Costs

  • Parent tariffs (9c-15c/kWh?)
  • Billing ($15 - $35 /meter /month)
  • Metering (~$3 /meter /month)
  • Compliance (~$2/meter/month)

Operating Costs

Embedded Netw tworks

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  • Strata Body owns EN

pays ENM / ENO for service

  • Strata / ENO share risks

and benefits

  • Third Party

Business Models

  • Sinking Fund
  • Strata levy
  • Finance: @ 7%—11% ?
  • May need longer term (10-20

years) to repay capex

Finance

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So Some Generali lisatio ions:

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  • Greatest $ benefits are from EN & commercial tariffs
  • For hi-rise, PV best suited for Common Property
  • Retrofit EN unlikely to be viable (but PV may help)
  • Shared BTM may increase value of PV
  • EN viability is site-dependent
  • PV (1.0 – 1.5kW/unit) may add value to EN

With cost recovery in 10 years (with FiT) or 20 years without

  • Shared BTM of 1-1.5kW / unit can also be competitive

100 30

apartments

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Ba Battery ry St Storage (B (BES) ) for r ENs

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Parent Tariff Control Strategy High Demand Charge Peak Demand Shaving No / low Feed-in Tariff Increase Self Consumption High peak / Off-peak Ratio Demand Shifting Individual PV and BES EN, shared PV and BES Optimum size 3 – 4 kWh / apartment ~ 1 kWh / apartment Threshold capex ~ $750/kWh ~ $400/kWh Current Capex ~ $1000 / kWh BUT:

  • Government Incentives (e.g. QLD, VIC, federal ALP…)
  • Decreasing Capex?
  • Increasing Tariffs
  • Potential Network Benefits

Roberts, M.B., A. Bruce, and I. MacGill, The impact of aggregated battery storage

  • n photovoltaic self-consumption and customer value in apartment buildings.
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(Any questions?)

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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So Some of f th the barri riers

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  • Administrative complexity
  • Exemption Framework -> Authorised Retailers
  • Small ENO’s, Community, Strata squeezed
  • VIC: “Abolish Embedded Networks” (but Microgrids)

Embedded Network Regulation

  • Meter contestability reducing costs, but:
  • Unnecessary meter churn
  • Meter abolishment charges
  • Switchboard upgrades

Embedded Network Costs

  • Strata access to finance

Finance

  • Split Incentives
  • Communication
  • Apathy
  • Lack of information

Organisational

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Why? How much? What for? Where & how? What’s it worth? What’s stopping us? What is to be done?

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Potentia ial l Poli licy Approaches

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  • Is market access the only solution?
  • Is the “Power of Choice” restricting choice?
  • Better regulated Embedded Networks:
  • Constraints on developer incentives
  • Meaningful tariff controls
  • Recognition of customer benefit
  • Contract time limits

Embedded Networks

  • Sustainability Exemptions

(e.g. ACT, QLD)

  • Tenant involvement

Strata Law

  • State & Federal PV / Battery Grants ->

Strata Bodies

  • Feasibility Grants (every building is

different)

  • Project Grants

Incentives

  • Customer ownership
  • Simplify meter transfer

Metering

  • Cost-reflectivity
  • Local Generation Credits

Network Charges

  • Low-cost strata finance for

sustainability (not EUAs)

  • Rationalise strata tax rules

Finance

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What are the key findings to highlight in the project report? What policy approaches would most increase PV deployment on apartment buildings? What future work is needed in this space?

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Key outcomes from discussion

  • Apartments don’t have the same access to solar as stand alone housing
  • Lack of information/motivation, cost/payback/other priorities are key barriers
  • Embedded networks are challenging – need to work for residents
  • Solar enables ENs and vice versa (depending on scale and solar penetration)
  • Metering and regulatory issues are barriers to choice despite opportunities presented by

DERs

  • Tax on revenue is an issue

Policy approaches

  • Stop objections within strata organisations from restricting solar
  • Need specific policies and support for apartments, community energy
  • Removal of strata law barriers

Future work

  • Disseminate info and help apartment owners to help decision making (not a role for solar

installers). Currently need tailored solutions. Can they self assess, or do they need assistance? Role for user-friendly tools, step by step guide for apartment solar.

  • EVs – complexities around fleet cars, different business models
  • Compare with other options e.g. off-site