Sugars and polymers of sugars Classes Monosaccharides - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Sugars and polymers of sugars Classes Monosaccharides - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 26, 2023 279 likes •697 views

1. CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION) Loss of H 2 O - OH (hydroxyl group) - H (hydrogen) Covalent bonds are formed Energy is expended Polymerase enzyme 2. HYDROLYSIS Addition of H 2 O Covalent bonds are broken Energy is

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  • 1. CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION)
  • Loss of H2O

▪ - OH (hydroxyl group) ▪ - H (hydrogen)

  • Covalent bonds are formed
  • Energy is expended
  • Polymerase enzyme
  • 2. HYDROLYSIS
  • Addition of H2O
  • Covalent bonds are broken
  • Energy is released
  • Hydrolase enzyme

How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long?

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 Sugars and polymers

  • f sugars

 Classes

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides and
  • ligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides

 Importance

  • Fuel
  • Building materials
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Importance

Major cell nutrients

Incorporated into more complex carbohydrates

Classification

Location of carbonyl group (C=O)

  • Aldose
  • Ketose

Size of C-skeleton (3-7 C’s)

Arrangement around C’s

  • Linear form
  • Ring form (in aqueous solutions)

▪   - H on top of plane of ring ▪   -OH on top of plane of ring

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IMPORTANCE

Maltose (glucose + glucose)

Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Sucrose (glucose + fructose) FORMATION AND STRUCTURE

Glycosidic linkage – covalent bond between 2 monosaccharides

Condensation or dehydration synthesis reactions

Draw the structure of

a)

sucrose formed from a 1-2 glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose

b)

galactose formed from the 1-4 glycosidic linkage of glucose and galactose.

1-4 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE

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IMPORTANCE

 Structural polysaccharides

  • Cellulose and chitin

 Storage polysaccharides

  • Starch and glycogen

STRUCTURE AND FORMATION

  • Hundreds to thousands of

monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

  • Homopolysaccharides
  • Starch ( 1,4 linkages)
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
  • Cellulose ( 1,4 linkages)
  • Heteropolysaccharides
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large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions

hydrophobic and non- polar

glycerol + fatty acid  fat

fatty acids have long C- skeletons (16-18 atoms) with a carboxyl end

ester linkages are formed when 3 fatty acids join to glycerol

 Functions

  • Energy storage
  • Cushioning of vital organs
  • Insulation
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 glycerol + 2 fatty

acids and phosphate group

 amphipathic

  • hydrophobic tails
  • hydrophilic heads

 assemble into

bilayers

 major components

  • f cell membranes
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 C-skeleton with four

fused rings

 Vary in the functional

group attached to the rings

 Cholesterol

  • Cell membranes
  • Used for synthesis of

sex hormones

▪ Testosterone ▪ Estrogen

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 Amino acids arranged in a

linear chain and folded into a globular form

 Amino acids

Structure

  • Carboxyl (-COOH) end
  • Amino (-NH2) end
  • R (variable) group attached

to the -Carbon Classification

  • Nonpolar
  • Polar
  • Charged (acidic/basic)
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http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg

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http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/chemistry/charges.gif

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 Sequence of

amino acids in a polypeptide chain

 Change in one

amino acid may change properties

  • f entire chain
  • Glu  Val

substitution causes sickle cell anemia

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Coiling/folding due to H-bond formation between carboxyl and amino groups of non- adjacent amino acids.

R groups are NOT involved.

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 3d structure resulting from

folding of the 2 structures

 stabilized by bonds

formed between amino acid R groups

 forms many shapes (e.g.

globular compact proteins, fibrous elongated proteins)

 disruption  denaturation

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 Present in some proteins

whose tertiary structures (subunits) join to form a protein complex

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 Structure affected by

  • pH
  • salt concentration
  • presence of solvents
  • temperature

 Chaperone proteins in

cell help in refolding proteins

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 DNA (deoxyribonucleic

acid)

  • Provides directions for own

replication

  • Directs RNA synthesis
  • Controls protein synthesis

 RNA (ribonucleic acid)

  • mRNA directs protein

synthesis in the ribosome

  • tRNA transfers a specific

amino acid to a polypeptide chain

  • rRNA combines with a

protein to make up a ribosome

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Nucleotide Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Pentose sugar Phosphate

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5’ end 3’ end

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