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❆♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐♥ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts

❆♥♥✉❛❧ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣ ■❊❊❊ ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡ ♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣

❆♥❞r❡❛ ❇✉r❛tt✐♥

 ❛♥❞r❡❛❜✉r❛tt✐♥

❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✽✱ ✷✵✶✹

❇r✐❡❢ ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧✉♠ ❱✐tæ

✷✵✵✾✱ ▼✳❙❝✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✭❆✳■✳ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✮ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ P❛❞♦✈❛ ✷✵✵✾ ✕ ✷✵✶✷✱ P❤✳❉✳ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❙♣❡r❞✉t✐ ❏♦✐♥t s❝❤♦♦❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❇♦❧♦❣♥❛✕P❛❞♦✈❛ ❚❤❡s✐s ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵✶✸ ✷✵✶✸ ✕ ✷✵✶✹✱ P♦st❞♦❝ Pr♦♠♣t ♣r♦❥❡❝t ✭prompt.processmining.it✮ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ P❛❞♦✈❛

❙♣❡❝♦❧❛✱ P❛❞♦✈❛✳ http://flic.kr/p/cEW5bo

✷ ♦❢ ✶✼

P❤✳❉✳ ■♥❝❡♣t✐♦♥

P❤✳❉ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ■♥❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ▼✳❙❝✳ t❤❡s✐s

❼ ❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✿ st✉❞② ♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣

❆ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ✭❙✐❛✈ ❙✳♣✳❆✳✮ ❢✉♥❞❡❞ ♠② P❤❉

www.siav.it

❼ ❆✐♠✿ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss

♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐♥ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s

❼ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✿ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣✦ ✭❜✉t s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✮

❖✉t❝♦♠❡

❼ ✏❆♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐♥ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss

❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✑

✸ ♦❢ ✶✼

◗✉✐❝❦ ❘❡❝❛♣ ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣

Imagination Process Mining Incarnation /Environment Observation Operational Model Analytical Model Event Logs Information System Operational Incarnation support protocol / audit Discovery Conformance Extension control augment compare compare analyze mine basis create (re-)design implement describe ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈✳ ●ü♥t❤❡r✱ ✏Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❋❧❡①✐❜❧❡ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✑✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❚❯✴❡✱ ❊✐♥❞❤♦✈❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

◗✉✐❝❦ ❘❡❝❛♣ ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣

Imagination Process Mining Incarnation /Environment Observation Operational Model Analytical Model Event Logs Information System Operational Incarnation support protocol / audit Discovery Conformance Extension control augment compare compare analyze mine basis create (re-)design implement describe ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈✳ ●ü♥t❤❡r✱ ✏Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❋❧❡①✐❜❧❡ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✑✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❚❯✴❡✱ ❊✐♥❞❤♦✈❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

◗✉✐❝❦ ❘❡❝❛♣ ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣

Imagination Process Mining Incarnation /Environment Observation Operational Model Analytical Model Event Logs Information System Operational Incarnation support protocol / audit Discovery Conformance Extension control augment compare compare analyze mine basis create (re-)design implement describe ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈✳ ●ü♥t❤❡r✱ ✏Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❋❧❡①✐❜❧❡ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✑✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❚❯✴❡✱ ❊✐♥❞❤♦✈❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

◗✉✐❝❦ ❘❡❝❛♣ ♦❢ Pr♦❝❡ss ▼✐♥✐♥❣

Imagination Process Mining Incarnation /Environment Observation Operational Model Analytical Model Event Logs Information System Operational Incarnation support protocol / audit Discovery Conformance Extension control augment compare compare analyze mine basis create (re-)design implement describe ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❈✳ ●ü♥t❤❡r✱ ✏Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❋❧❡①✐❜❧❡ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✑✳ P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s✱ ❚❯✴❡✱ ❊✐♥❞❤♦✈❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ✈s✳ ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❖♣❡♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s

❙♦♠❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s

❉✉♣❧✐❝❛t❡ t❛s❦s ❊①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❍♦❧✐st✐❝ ♠✐♥✐♥❣

❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦✉r❝❡s

◆♦✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss

❈❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s

❯s✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❘❡s✉❧ts ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥

❘❡❛❞❛❜❧❡ r❡s✉❧ts

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ st♦r❛❣❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ◆♦t ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ s❡ts

✺ ♦❢ ✶✼

❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ✈s✳ ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❖♣❡♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s

❙♦♠❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s

❉✉♣❧✐❝❛t❡ t❛s❦s ❊①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❍♦❧✐st✐❝ ♠✐♥✐♥❣

❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦✉r❝❡s

◆♦✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss

❈❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s

❯s✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❘❡s✉❧ts ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥

❘❡❛❞❛❜❧❡ r❡s✉❧ts

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ st♦r❛❣❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ◆♦t ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ s❡ts

✺ ♦❢ ✶✼

❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ✈s✳ ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❖♣❡♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠s

❙♦♠❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s

❉✉♣❧✐❝❛t❡ t❛s❦s ❊①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❍♦❧✐st✐❝ ♠✐♥✐♥❣

❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦✉r❝❡s

◆♦✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss

❈❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s

❯s✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❘❡s✉❧ts ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥

❘❡❛❞❛❜❧❡ r❡s✉❧ts

❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ st♦r❛❣❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✔ ◆♦t ♦✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ s❡ts

✺ ♦❢ ✶✼

P♦ss✐❜❧❡ ■♥❞✉str② ❙❝❡♥❛r✐♦s

❋♦✉r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥❞✉str② s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s Pr♦❝❡ss ❛✇❛r❡ ✈s✳ Pr♦❝❡ss ✉♥❛✇❛r❡ Pr♦❝❡ss ❛✇❛r❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✈s✳ Pr♦❝❡ss ✉♥❛✇❛r❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡

❈♦♠♣❛♥② ✶ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ✷ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ✸ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ✹ Pr♦❝❡ss ❯♥❛✇❛r❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s Pr♦❝❡ss ❆✇❛r❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s Pr♦❝❡ss ❆✇❛r❡ ❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s Pr♦❝❡ss ❯♥❛✇❛r❡ ❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s

✻ ♦❢ ✶✼

❚❤❡s✐s ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥

Process Mining Capable Event Logs Process Representaon Model Evaluaon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Stream Control‐flow Mining Results Evaluaon Process Extension

✻ ♦❢ ✶✼

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ✕ ❉❛t❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥

Process Mining Capable Event Logs Process Representaon Model Evaluaon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Stream Control‐flow Mining Results Evaluaon Process Extension

✻ ♦❢ ✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❉❛t❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ✭❙②♥t❛① ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❡❛s②✮ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❉✐✣❝✉❧t✮

❚②♣✐❝❛❧ s❡t ♦❢ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✜❡❧❞s

✭❝❛s❡✲✐❞❀ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②❀ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣❀ ❬♣r♦❝❡ss✲♥❛♠❡❪❀ ❬♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦r❪✮ ❖✉r ❝♦♥t❡①t✿ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛✇❛r❡❀ ■❙ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✉♥❛✇❛r❡

❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❣

✭❛❝t✐✈✐t②❀ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣❀ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦r❀ ✐♥❢♦✶❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❀ ✐♥❢♦♥✮

✼ ♦❢ ✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❉❛t❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ✭❙②♥t❛① ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❡❛s②✮ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❉✐✣❝✉❧t✮

❚②♣✐❝❛❧ s❡t ♦❢ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✜❡❧❞s

✭❝❛s❡✲✐❞❀ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②❀ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣❀ ❬♣r♦❝❡ss✲♥❛♠❡❪❀ ❬♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦r❪✮ ❖✉r ❝♦♥t❡①t✿ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛✇❛r❡❀ ■❙ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✉♥❛✇❛r❡

❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❣

✭❛❝t✐✈✐t②❀ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣❀ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦r❀ ✐♥❢♦✶❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❀ ✐♥❢♦♥✮

✼ ♦❢ ✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❉❛t❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ✭❙②♥t❛① ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❡❛s②✮ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❉✐✣❝✉❧t✮

❚②♣✐❝❛❧ s❡t ♦❢ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✜❡❧❞s

✭❝❛s❡✲✐❞❀ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②❀ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣❀ ❬♣r♦❝❡ss✲♥❛♠❡❪❀ ❬♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦r❪✮ ❖✉r ❝♦♥t❡①t✿ ❈♦♠♣❛♥② ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛✇❛r❡❀ ■❙ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✉♥❛✇❛r❡

❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❣

✭❛❝t✐✈✐t②❀ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣❀ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦r❀ ✐♥❢♦✶❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❀ ✐♥❢♦♥✮

✼ ♦❢ ✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❉❛t❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❝♦♥t✳✮

❈❛s❡✲✐❞ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥❢♦✐ ✜❡❧❞s ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❝❛s❡✲✐❞ ✜❡❧❞s ❆✲♣r✐♦r✐ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❊✈❡♥ts ❝❤❛✐♥s ❙tr✐♥❣s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❝❤❛✐♥ ▼♦st ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦r s✐♠♣❧❡st ❝❤❛✐♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ♥❛♠❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❆❧❧ ❡✈❡♥ts ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss

❆❝t✳ ✐♥❢♦✶ ✐♥❢♦✷ ❛✶ ❛✷ ❛✸ ❛✹ ❛✶ ❛✺

✽ ♦❢ ✶✼

Pr♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❉❛t❛ Pr❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❝♦♥t✳✮

❈❛s❡✲✐❞ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥❢♦✐ ✜❡❧❞s ❈❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ ❝❛s❡✲✐❞ ✜❡❧❞s ❆✲♣r✐♦r✐ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❊✈❡♥ts ❝❤❛✐♥s ❙tr✐♥❣s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛①✐♠❛❧ ❝❤❛✐♥ ▼♦st ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦r s✐♠♣❧❡st ❝❤❛✐♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ♥❛♠❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❆❧❧ ❡✈❡♥ts ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss

❆❝t✳ ✐♥❢♦✶ ✐♥❢♦✷ ❛✶ AB-01 BB-01 ❛✷ AA-02 AB-01 ❛✸ AB-01 BB-02 ❛✹ AB-01 BB-03 ❛✶ AA-03 BB-04 ❛✺ AA-03 BB-05

✽ ♦❢ ✶✼

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ✕ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✲✢♦✇ ▼✐♥✐♥❣

Process Mining Capable Event Logs Process Representaon Model Evaluaon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Stream Control‐flow Mining Results Evaluaon Process Extension

✽ ♦❢ ✶✼

❊①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ❉❛t❛ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡

❊✈❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❡✈❡♥t

• ❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r t♦

❡①♣❧♦✐t t❤✐s ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

Start End Main acvity Sub‐acvity 1 Sub‐acvity 2 Sub‐acvity n‐1 Sub‐acvity n

Time

• ✾ ♦❢ ✶✼

❊①♣❧♦✐t✐♥❣ ❉❛t❛ ❆✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡

❊✈❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ❞✉r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❡✈❡♥t

• ❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r t♦

❡①♣❧♦✐t t❤✐s ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

Start End Main acvity Sub‐acvity 1 Sub‐acvity 2 Sub‐acvity n‐1 Sub‐acvity n

Time

A B C D D C B A

A B C D A B C D

Process with events as me intervals Process with instantaneous events

Time

✾ ♦❢ ✶✼

◆♦t✲❡①♣❡rt ❯s❡rs

❖✉r ✉s❡rs✿ ♥♦t✲❡①♣❡rt ✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣✱ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❇P▼

❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s

Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s

❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♦♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s

❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❧♦❣ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡

❖♥❧② ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡

❲❡ ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s

τ τ τ τ

✶✵ ♦❢ ✶✼

◆♦t✲❡①♣❡rt ❯s❡rs

❖✉r ✉s❡rs✿ ♥♦t✲❡①♣❡rt ✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣✱ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❇P▼

❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s

Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s

❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♦♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s

❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❧♦❣ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡

❖♥❧② ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡

❲❡ ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s

τ τ τ τ

✶✵ ♦❢ ✶✼

◆♦t✲❡①♣❡rt ❯s❡rs

❖✉r ✉s❡rs✿ ♥♦t✲❡①♣❡rt ✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣✱ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❇P▼

❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s

Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s r❡q✉✐r❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s

❚②♣✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♦♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s

❚❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❧♦❣ ✐s ✜♥✐t❡

❖♥❧② ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡

❲❡ ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✈❛❧✉❡s

F A B C D E A B C D E A B C D A B C D

?

τ1 = ? τ2 = ? τ3 = ? τ4 = ?

✶✵ ♦❢ ✶✼

▼♦❞❡❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s

❯s❡r✲❣✉✐❞❡❞ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤

❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❆♥② ♠♦❞❡❧✲t♦✲♠♦❞❡❧ ♠❡tr✐❝

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

◆❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡♥❞r♦❣r❛♠

❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤

❍✐❧❧ ❝❧✐♠❜✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣❧❛t❡❛✉ st❡♣s ❘❛♥❞♦♠ r❡st❛rts ✭▲♦❝❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✉♠✮ ❤▼❉▲ ❛r❣ ♠✐♥

❤ ❍

▲ ❤ ▲ ❉ ❤ ▼❉▲ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣s ▼❉▲ ❜② ❈❛❧❞❡rs ❡t ❛❧✳ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s

✶✶ ♦❢ ✶✼

▼♦❞❡❧ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s

❯s❡r✲❣✉✐❞❡❞ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤

❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❆♥② ♠♦❞❡❧✲t♦✲♠♦❞❡❧ ♠❡tr✐❝

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

◆❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡♥❞r♦❣r❛♠

❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤

❍✐❧❧ ❝❧✐♠❜✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣❧❛t❡❛✉ st❡♣s ❘❛♥❞♦♠ r❡st❛rts ✭▲♦❝❛❧ ♦♣t✐♠✉♠✮ ❤▼❉▲ = ❛r❣ ♠✐♥

❤∈❍

▲(❤) + ▲(❉|❤) ▼❉▲ ❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣s ▼❉▲ ❜② ❈❛❧❞❡rs ❡t ❛❧✳ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s

✶✶ ♦❢ ✶✼

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ✕ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥

Process Mining Capable Event Logs Process Representaon Model Evaluaon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Stream Control‐flow Mining Results Evaluaon Process Extension

✶✶ ♦❢ ✶✼

❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ▼❡tr✐❝s

▼♦❞❡❧✲t♦✲♠♦❞❡❧ ▼❡tr✐❝

❈♦♠♣❧❡① ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥t♦ P❡r♠✐tt❡❞ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❋♦r❜✐❞❞❡♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s

• ❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s ✭❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❆❧♣❤❛ ❛❧❣✳✮

❆ → ❇ ⇒ ❆ > ❇✱ ❇ ≯ ❆ ❆ ❇ ⇒ ❆ > ❇✱ ❇ > ❆ ❆ # ❇ ⇒ ❆ ≯ ❇✱ ❇ ≯ ❆

❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❛s ❏❛❝❝❛r❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ♦♥ t✇♦ s❡ts ✭> ❛♥❞ ≯✮

▼♦❞❡❧✲t♦✲❧♦❣ ▼❡tr✐❝

❉❡❝❧❛r❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ❛♥❞ ❛ tr❛❝❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤✐♥❡ss ♠❡❛s✉r❡s

❆❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ s♣❛rs✐t②✿ ✶

♥❛ ♥

❱✐♦❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦✿

♥✈ ♥❛

❋✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥t r❛t✐♦✿

♥❢ ♥❛

❈♦♥✢✐❝t r❛t✐♦✿

♥❝ ♥❛

✶✷ ♦❢ ✶✼

❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ▼❡tr✐❝s

▼♦❞❡❧✲t♦✲♠♦❞❡❧ ▼❡tr✐❝

❈♦♠♣❧❡① ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥t♦ P❡r♠✐tt❡❞ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❋♦r❜✐❞❞❡♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s

• ❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s ✭❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❆❧♣❤❛ ❛❧❣✳✮

❆ → ❇ ⇒ ❆ > ❇✱ ❇ ≯ ❆ ❆ ❇ ⇒ ❆ > ❇✱ ❇ > ❆ ❆ # ❇ ⇒ ❆ ≯ ❇✱ ❇ ≯ ❆

❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❛s ❏❛❝❝❛r❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ♦♥ t✇♦ s❡ts ✭> ❛♥❞ ≯✮

▼♦❞❡❧✲t♦✲❧♦❣ ▼❡tr✐❝

❉❡❝❧❛r❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t π ❛♥❞ ❛ tr❛❝❡ σ ⇒ ❤❡❛❧t❤✐♥❡ss ♠❡❛s✉r❡s

❆❝t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ s♣❛rs✐t②✿ ✶ − ♥❛(σ,π)

♥(σ)

❱✐♦❧❛t✐♦♥ r❛t✐♦✿

♥✈ (σ,π) ♥❛(σ,π)

❋✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥t r❛t✐♦✿

♥❢ (σ,π) ♥❛(σ,π)

❈♦♥✢✐❝t r❛t✐♦✿

♥❝(σ,π) ♥❛(σ,π)

✶✷ ♦❢ ✶✼

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ✕ Pr♦❝❡ss ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥

Process Mining Capable Event Logs Process Representaon Model Evaluaon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Stream Control‐flow Mining Results Evaluaon Process Extension

✶✷ ♦❢ ✶✼

▼✉❧t✐♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ▼✐♥✐♥❣

• ✐✈❡♥

▲♦❣ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦rs Pr♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ r♦❧❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧

❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❘♦❧❡s ❛r❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦rs

✶ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❛s ❤❛♥❞♦✈❡r ♦❢ r♦❧❡s ✷ ❘❡♠♦✈❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❜❡❧♦✇ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞

❈♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ r♦❧❡s

✸ ▼❡r❣❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ r♦❧❡s ✐❢ ✉s❡rs s❡ts

s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❛❜♦✈❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ❊♥tr♦♣②✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡tr✐❝ t♦ t✉♥❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s

✶✸ ♦❢ ✶✼

▼✉❧t✐♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ▼✐♥✐♥❣

• ✐✈❡♥

▲♦❣ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦rs Pr♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧ ❲❡ ❛❞❞ r♦❧❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧

❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❘♦❧❡s ❛r❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t s❡t ♦❢ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t♦rs

✶ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❛s ❤❛♥❞♦✈❡r ♦❢ r♦❧❡s ✷ ❘❡♠♦✈❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❜❡❧♦✇ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞

❈♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ r♦❧❡s

✸ ▼❡r❣❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡ r♦❧❡s ✐❢ ✉s❡rs s❡ts

s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❛❜♦✈❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✔ ❊♥tr♦♣②✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡tr✐❝ t♦ t✉♥❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s

✶✸ ♦❢ ✶✼

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ✕ ❙tr❡❛♠ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✲✢♦✇ ▼✐♥✐♥❣

Process Mining Capable Event Logs Process Representaon Model Evaluaon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Stream Control‐flow Mining Results Evaluaon Process Extension

✶✸ ♦❢ ✶✼

❙tr❡❛♠ ❈♦♥t❡①t

❙tr❡❛♠ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ P❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐t✐❡s

❈❛♥♥♦t st♦r❡ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ str❡❛♠

❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥

❇❛❝❦tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♥♦t ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡

❖♥❡ ♣❛ss ♦✈❡r ❞❛t❛

❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥

❊①✳ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♥❣ str❡❛♠ r❛t❡s

❆❞❛♣t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ♥❡✇ ❞❛t❛

❈♦♥❝❡♣t ❞r✐❢ts

✔ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ♥❡✇ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✦

Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡

❘❡❝❡♥t ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❛♥ ♦❧❞❡r ♦♥❡s ✸ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❙❧✐❞✐♥❣ ❲✐♥❞♦✇ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ▲♦ss② ❈♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❇✉❞❣❡t ▲♦ss② ❈♦✉♥t✐♥❣

✶✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

❙tr❡❛♠ ❈♦♥t❡①t

❙tr❡❛♠ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ P❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐t✐❡s

❈❛♥♥♦t st♦r❡ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ str❡❛♠

❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥

❇❛❝❦tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♥♦t ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡

❖♥❡ ♣❛ss ♦✈❡r ❞❛t❛

❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥

❊①✳ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♥❣ str❡❛♠ r❛t❡s

❆❞❛♣t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ♥❡✇ ❞❛t❛

❈♦♥❝❡♣t ❞r✐❢ts

✔ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ♥❡✇ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✦

Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡

❘❡❝❡♥t ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❛♥ ♦❧❞❡r ♦♥❡s ✸ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❙❧✐❞✐♥❣ ❲✐♥❞♦✇ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ▲♦ss② ❈♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❇✉❞❣❡t ▲♦ss② ❈♦✉♥t✐♥❣

✶✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

❙tr❡❛♠ ❈♦♥t❡①t

❙tr❡❛♠ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ P❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐t✐❡s

❈❛♥♥♦t st♦r❡ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ str❡❛♠

❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥

❇❛❝❦tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♥♦t ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡

❖♥❡ ♣❛ss ♦✈❡r ❞❛t❛

❱❛r✐❛❜❧❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥

❊①✳ ✢✉❝t✉❛t✐♥❣ str❡❛♠ r❛t❡s

❆❞❛♣t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ♥❡✇ ❞❛t❛

❈♦♥❝❡♣t ❞r✐❢ts

✔ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ♥❡✇ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✦

Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡

❘❡❝❡♥t ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❛♥ ♦❧❞❡r ♦♥❡s ✸ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝s ▼✐♥❡r ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❙❧✐❞✐♥❣ ❲✐♥❞♦✇ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ▲♦ss② ❈♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❇✉❞❣❡t ▲♦ss② ❈♦✉♥t✐♥❣

✶✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇

Process Mining Capable Event Logs Process Representaon Model Evaluaon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Stream Control‐flow Mining Results Evaluaon Process Extension

✶✹ ♦❢ ✶✼

❊①tr❛✿ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ▲♦❣s ●❡♥❡r❛t♦r

❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❛r❡ r❡❧✉❝t❛♥t t♦ s❤❛r❡ t❤❡✐r ❞❛t❛ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ t❡sts ✭◆♦ ❇P■ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡✮

Pr♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ▲♦❣s ●❡♥❡r❛t♦r

❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❢r❡❡ ❣r❛♠♠❛r ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s r❛♥❞♦♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❘✉❧❡s t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥t ❧♦❣ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✲✢♦✇ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s

P ❛st❛rt

• ●

❆ ❛

• ●

❆

• ❆

❜ ❆ ❝ ❆ ❞ ❡ ❆ ❢ ❆ ❣ ❛❡♥❞

✶✺ ♦❢ ✶✼

❊①tr❛✿ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ▲♦❣s ●❡♥❡r❛t♦r

❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❛r❡ r❡❧✉❝t❛♥t t♦ s❤❛r❡ t❤❡✐r ❞❛t❛ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ t❡sts ✭◆♦ ❇P■ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡✮

Pr♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ▲♦❣s ●❡♥❡r❛t♦r

❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❢r❡❡ ❣r❛♠♠❛r ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s r❛♥❞♦♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❘✉❧❡s t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥t ❧♦❣ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✲✢♦✇ ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s

P ❛st❛rt

• (●; ●)

❆ ❛ (● ′ ●) (●; ●) ❆; (● ∧ ●); ❆ ❜ ❆ ❝ ❆ ❞ ❡ ❆ ❢ ❆ ❣ ❛❡♥❞

✶✺ ♦❢ ✶✼

❉❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ▼❛♣ ♦❢ P❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❆❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s

Process Representaon (e.g. Dependency Graph, Petri Net) Legacy, Process‐unaware Informaon Systems Process Mining Capable Event Logs Data Preparaon Control‐flow Mining Algorithm Exploing More Data Event Logs Generator User‐guided Discovery Algorithm Configuraon Automac Algorithm Configuraon Process Mining Capable Event Stream Stream Control‐flow Mining Framework Model Evaluaon (wrt Log / Original Model) Model‐to‐model Metric Model‐to‐log Metric Random Process Generator Extension of Process Models with Organizaonal Roles

✶✻ ♦❢ ✶✼

❚❤❛♥❦s✦

❉♦✐♥❣ t❤❡ P❤✳❉✳ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛♠❛③✐♥❣✦

❆ ❤✉❣❡ ❚❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉✦ t♦

▼② s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✱ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ❙♣❡r❞✉t✐ ❙✐❛✈ ❙✳♣✳❆✳ ❛♥❞ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ P✐♥❡❧❧✐ ▼② ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡rs✿ ❚✉❧❧✐♦ ❱❛r❞❛♥❡❣❛✱ P❛♦❧♦ ❇❛❧❞❛♥ ▼② ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡rs✿ ❇❛r❜❛r❛ ❲❡❜❡r✱ ❉✐♦❣♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❆❧❧ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✦

✶✼ ♦❢ ✶✼