The leaky translation process New perspectives in cognitive - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
the leaky translation process
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

The leaky translation process New perspectives in cognitive - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 23, 2023 265 likes •869 views

The leaky translation process New perspectives in cognitive translation studies Hanna Risku Department of Translation Studies University of Graz, Austria May 13, 2014 Contents 1. Goals and methodological development of the study of cognition

slide-1
SLIDE 1

The leaky translation process

New perspectives in cognitive translation studies

Hanna Risku Department of Translation Studies University of Graz, Austria May 13, 2014

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Contents

  • 1. Goals and methodological development
  • f the study of cognition in translation
  • 2. Research design and results of a field study
  • 1. Translator activities
  • 2. Externalization and interaction
  • 3. Iterative operation patterns
  • 3. 10 hypotheses:

new perspectives in cognitive translation studies

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Project

Extended translation: Socio-cognitive translation processes in the workplace (ExTra)

Translation: Cognition and Cooperation (TCC) Research Group, Department of Translation Studies, University of Graz, Austria 2014 - 2017

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Cognitive Translation Studies

  • Modeling translation-relevant cognitive processes
  • Understanding how translations are produced
  • Identifying main factors and their correlations
slide-5
SLIDE 5

“A broad outline of Translator Studies would cover sociology, culture and cognition, all looking at the translator’s agency, in different ways.”

Chesterman 2009:13

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Main methodological approaches to date

  • EEG brain activity measurements (Kurz)
  • “Thinking aloud” (Krings, Lörscher, Jääskeläinen, Tirkkonen, Kußmaul)
  • Retrospection (Hansen, Englund Dimitrova & Tiselius)
  • Tracking/logging of translation process on computer screen

(Jakobsen, Schou et al.)

  • Eye-tracking (Dragsted, Shreve, Lacruz, Angelone, Rüdning, Lachaud,

O´Brien)

  • …Triangulation
slide-7
SLIDE 7

The experimental approach

  • Defining the variables
  • Hypothesizing a correlation between them
  • Manipulating a particular variable
  • Establishing an experimental sample

and a control sample

  • Involving a sufficient amount of data

in order to test the hypothesis

  • Controlling the confounding variables
  • In laboratory settings
slide-8
SLIDE 8

Situated Cognition The brain as a part of a network

Mind Body Environment

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Situated Cognition The brain as part of a network

input

  • utput
slide-10
SLIDE 10

The ethnographic approach

  • Perspective of the participants
  • Authentic situations of action
  • Construction of meaningful action by the participants
  • Structuring of the research object by the participants
  • Factors identified through empirical research
  • Research object: incl. unknown factors
slide-11
SLIDE 11

Symbol Manipulation The brain as a computer

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Symbol Manipulation The brain as a computer

input

  • utput
slide-13
SLIDE 13

Symbol Manipulation The brain as a computer

3+2+10:6-9 = ?

E = mc2

Man = Human\Woman

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Connectionism The brain as a network

input

  • utput
slide-15
SLIDE 15

Connectionism The brain as a network

Pattern Recognition

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Situated Cognition The brain as part of a network

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Situated Cognition The brain as part of a network

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Artefacts

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Information and media infrastructures

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Architecture and spatial/geographic context

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Biological and ecological environment

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Social spaces and areas of interaction

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Cultural and historical context

t

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Dynamic network model

  • Cognition
  • Action
  • Social

network

  • Artifacts
  • Environment
  • Time
slide-25
SLIDE 25

The case study

  • Full-time freelance translator
  • Direct contact to clients
  • GER – ENG (mother tongue)

25

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Field study

Data analysis methods:

  • Qualitative content

analysis

  • Network visualization

Data acquisition methods:

  • Qualitative interviews
  • Client: 1h09min
  • Translator: 1h20min;

& short interviews

  • Participant observation
  • Day 1: 2h25min
  • Day 2: 2h25min
slide-27
SLIDE 27

Results

  • 1. Translator activities
  • 2. Externalization and interaction
  • 3. Iterative operation patterns
slide-28
SLIDE 28

A working day – chronologically

Translating a report

  • 1. Research
  • 2. IT processing
  • 3. Contents
  • 4. Writing/Editing
  • 5. Research
  • 6. Writing/Editing
  • 7. Research
  • 8. Writing/Editing
  • 9. Research
  • 10. Writing/Editing
  • 11. Organization/Reflection
  • 12. Reflection
  • 13. Organization/Reflection

Editing a newsletter

  • 1. Reflection
  • 2. Organization/Contents & Layout
  • 3. Research
  • 4. Contents & Layout
  • 5. Research
  • 6. Organization/Contents & Layout
  • 7. Writing/Editing
  • 8. Organization/Contents & Layout
  • 9. Writing/Editing
  • 10. Research
  • 11. Organization/Contents & Layout
  • 12. Writing/Editing
  • 13. Organization
  • 14. Reflection
  • 15. Organization
slide-29
SLIDE 29

A working day – by volume

Translating a report

  • 1. Writing/Editing
  • 2. Research
  • 3. Organization
  • 4. Reflection
  • 5. IT processing
  • 6. Contents

Editing a newsletter

  • 1. Organization
  • 2. Contents & Layout
  • 3. (Reflection)
  • 4. IT processing
  • 5. Writing/Editing
  • 6. Research
slide-30
SLIDE 30

Interaction: reconfiguring the cognitive space

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Externalization

  • Remembering using external memory aids
  • Formulating in the head manipulating the

externalized words

  • Writing editing
  • Keeping track of the flow of text following the cursor
  • Closing a task generating a break (a turning point)
  • Imagining hearing
slide-32
SLIDE 32
  • 1. Alternating of attention

between left screen (resources) and right screen (writing)

  • 2. Text production routines:
  • [writing, rewriting]
  • [reading, rewriting, adding context]
  • [mumbling, rewriting]
  • [deleting ST passage, changing position,

marking the completed work verbally or para-verbally]

Iterative operation patterns

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Hypothesis 1

Objective: an adequate picture

  • f authentic translation actions
slide-34
SLIDE 34

Follow-up study

  • Roles
  • Competences
  • Coordination

2001-2002: Interviews Participative observation Artifact analysis 2007-2008: Participative observation Artifact analysis

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Study results: four areas in which changes had occurred

Standardization

Digitalization

Specialization

Networking Computer-assisted network economy

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Analog und digital translation objects

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Hypothesis 2

Translation reception

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Complexity of operating a ticket machine

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Hypothesis 3

Theoretical and empirical research, pure and applied research

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Bridging the divide between

  • 1. Theory and empirical

evidence

  • 2. Theory and practice
slide-41
SLIDE 41

Hypothesis 4

Link to developments in translation studies and cognitive science

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Hypothesis 5

Cognitive science plausibility

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Concept of “role”

Not assumed as given, but rather: applied and negotiated based on everyday practices

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Concept of “context”

No repository, no prescribed frame, but rather: Part of and result of the cognitive process

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Hypothesis 6

Development perspective: description of processes and developments

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Development perspective

Hendriks-Jansen (1996): Not only “How would a rationally designed artifact perform that task?”

  • r

“Why is it there?” but also

“How did it come to be there?”

slide-47
SLIDE 47

Hypothesis 7

Description of translation expertise

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Expert competence

Self-organization Planning and deciding measures Integration of information Macro strategy planning

Role models Meta-cognition Communication models Cooperation models Desired state of target situation Communication Comparative models Method Communication plan Task/order Target situation; communication Initial situation Research cf.. Risku 1998

slide-49
SLIDE 49

Hypothesis 8

Description of translation knowledge

slide-50
SLIDE 50

Knowledge as intellectual capital

Language, text Country, culture Subject Management Technology

Knowledge

explicit tacit

slide-51
SLIDE 51

Type of Knowledge Codifiable Aspects KM Instruments for Codifiable Aspects Non-Codifiable Aspects KM Instruments for Non-Codifiable Aspects Language, linguistic, text skills, communication competence

Grammar, terminology, regional conventions, register, communication methodologies and strategies Glossaries, translation memories, databases, style guides, guidelines, educational literature, handbooks Tacit understanding of context, variations in meaning, understanding of the purpose of the communication, cultural and creative strategies Mailing lists, online communities, associations, courses, collaboration, Communities of Practice, conferences

Country and cultural knowledge

Economic, legal, and regulatory requirements, conventional linguistic differences Databases, websites, literature, media Tacit knowledge of the cultures, underlying knowledge of complex contexts (attitude, history, etc.) Associations and communities, Chambers /Embassies, mentoring, storytelling, learning journeys

General and subject matter knowledge

Reference material, journals, industry guidelines Databases, publications, knowledge portals, expert systems, knowledge and topic maps “Education”, general knowledge, constant willingness to learn, world experience, curiosity Yellow pages, blogs, wikis, brainstorming, conferences, seminars

Client and business knowledge

Terminology, glossaries, contact, reference material, stylistic guidelines, industry information CRM, PM tools, style guides, terminologies, translation memories, knowledge portals Interaction strategies, long-term client-translator relationships, trust, marketing skills Collaboration tools, yellow pages, coaching, networking, brainstorming

Information technology and computer skills

Communication and desktop publishing tools, formatting guidelines User manuals, handbooks Ability to solve complex problems Courses, online forums, communities, mailing lists, conferences, seminars

Codifiability of Knowledge

Risku, Dickinson & Pircher 2007

Translation knowledge management

slide-52
SLIDE 52

Hypothesis 9

Interaction between translators and their environment

slide-53
SLIDE 53

Overview of artifacts used Physical artifacts  Phone  Fax  Letters (for post and courier services)  Document files  Notes and Post-its  Lists  Checklists  Dictionaries  Order sheet  Ring binders (quotes, source texts, translations, correspondence, etc.) Electronic artifacts  E-mail  Address book  Internet  Databases  Storage media  Current order list  Word processing & spreadsheet software  Translation memory system  Terminology management system

  • Project management system
slide-54
SLIDE 54

Hypothesis 10

Translation as network activity

slide-55
SLIDE 55

Situative translation

Paepcke (1986): Libero, der „innerhalb der Regeln des Fußballspiels den Ball in fortgesetzt überraschenden Bewegungsformen (…) ins Tor bringt“

Source: www.soccer.com Source: www.derstandard.at

slide-56
SLIDE 56

Extended Minds

Neue Perspektiven der kognitiven Translationswissenschaft

Hanna Risku Institut für Theoretische und Angewandte Translationswissenschaft, Universität Graz

  • 14. April 2011

Hutchins: Cognition in the wild

slide-57
SLIDE 57
slide-58
SLIDE 58

The leaky translation process

New perspectives in cognitive translation studies

Hanna Risku Department of Translation Studies University of Graz, Austria May 13, 2014

slide-59
SLIDE 59