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The Semantics of Things that Happen an exploration Mike Bennett Ontolog Forum, 5 November 2015 1 Outline Brief introduction to FIBO The requirements for occurrent Issues with current placeholders A philosophical investigation

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The Semantics of Things that Happen

an exploration

Mike Bennett Ontolog Forum, 5 November 2015

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Outline

  • Brief introduction to FIBO
  • The requirements for occurrent
  • Issues with current placeholders
  • A philosophical investigation
  • Occurrent pairwise disjoint facets
  • Conclusions and discussion starters

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Introducing FIBO

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Financial Industry Data Standards

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Disparate Data

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? ? ? ? ?

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Unified Semantics

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Conceptual ontology

Shared business meanings

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Business Validation

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Conceptual ontology

Shared business meanings

Validated by business

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Formal Logic Representation

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Conceptual ontology

Shared business meanings

Validated by business Expressed logically

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Finance Industry Language

  • Terminology / Vocabulary

– Focus is on words – Different people use the same words for different concepts and different words for the same concepts

  • Data Dictionary

– Documents the meaning or meanings of individual data elements – Good design means one data element has many applications

  • Ontology

– Each element in the model represents on concept

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The FIBO Moment

  • Previous standardization efforts at message

and data levels

  • Arguments over terms
  • Atkin: “What if we considered the concepts

without worrying about the words people use?”

– Sudden outbreak of peace!

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The FIBO Principles

  • Concepts not Words
  • Meanings are grounded in the terms of law,

contract etc.

  • Use of upper level abstractions

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Upper Ontology Partitions

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Continuants and Occurrents

Thing

Continuant Occurrent

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Continuants and Occurrents

Thing

Continuant Occurrent

  • Continuant:

where it exists, it exists in all its parts

– Even if these change over time

  • Occurrent: the

concept is only meaningful with reference to time

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Continuants and Occurrents

Thing

Continuant Person Contract Pilot Occurrent Event State Etc.

  • Continuant:

where it exists, it exists in all its parts

– Even if these change over time

  • Occurrent: the

concept is only meaningful with reference to time

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Ontology Partitioning

Thing

Continuant Person Contract Pilot Occurrent Event State Etc.

  • Things which are independent or relative

are also either continuant or occurrent

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Continuants and Occurrents Example

Thing

Continuant Me Occurrent My life

  • Me: where I exist I

exist in all my parts

– Even if these change over time

  • My life: happens
  • ver a period of

time and cannot be defined without time

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Why does this Matter?

  • Frame concepts which have a temporal component

which are of interest to the business

– Events, activities – States – Statuses, prices, other time-variant concepts

  • Provide a basis for ontological modelling of business

process

  • This brings the two sides of development (structural

and behavioural) into the same conceptual model

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FIBO Occurrent Things Placeholders

  • Event
  • Activity
  • Process (e.g. securities issuance)
  • Corporate events
  • Lifecycles
  • Interest Accrual
  • Conditions and triggers
  • Transacton workflow / payments process

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Event

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Activity

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Process

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Process

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Terms Derived from REA Ontology

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ISO 15944-4

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REA Basic Terms

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Occurrents

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Txn Event

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Txn Event Detail – Undertakings

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Ontology Summit 2014 Risk Hackathon

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Initial Diagram for Risk Concepts

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Risk Concepts Ontology

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Risk Concepts Ontology

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Event Ontology Design Pattern

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What is Event?

  • Event as something with a time and a place?
  • Event as a relationship between 2 states?
  • Event as every kind of “Occurrent Thing”?

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Other Occurrent Requirements

Occurrent thing Descriptive Occurrent Prescriptive Occurrent Historic Occurrent Predictive Occurrent Plan Process Definition Something which really happens (at some time) Definition of what should happen (repeatable) Definitive Occurrent Method

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Philosophical Investigation

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Achievements and Attainments

  • Stanford Encyclopedia
  • DOLCE
  • Some reactions and followups

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Definitions

  • From

– http://www.researchgate.net/post/Perdurant_occ urrents_and_perdurant_continuants_definitions_ and_implications

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Continuants and occurrents.

  • Continuants correspond largely to physical bodies, objects,

and particular masses of matter, while occurrents correspond to events, processes, and - perhaps - momentary states. Here, I employ the following distinction:

– a continuant is constructed as a spatial entity that has all its parts at an instant t, and no spatial parts at any other instant – an occurrent is constructed as a temporal entity that has only one part, or that has sequential temporal parts.

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Endurants and perdurants

  • In contemporary theories of persistence, a persisting entity

either endures by having all its parts at any instant; or perdures by having parts at sequential instants. More generally,

– an endurant has no temporal parts (or, at least, no conceptually distinguishable temporal parts) and thus exists in its entirety at each instant of its existence – a perdurant has temporal parts, and is at least temporally extended.

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Discussion

  • Continuant:

– Leibniz’s Law

  • Identity is based on having the same properties
  • However, parts and other properties change over time

– They key is identity

– “A thing which continues in its identity”

– Reject the explicitly “spatial” element of the definition

  • A commitment is a continuant

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Discussion

  • Occurrent

– Some commentators suggest that time scale plays a part in the definition

  • We reject this

– Use the perdurant definition – The concept is temporal in its definition

  • Bit it need not be instantaneous
  • A thing consisting entirely of temporal parts is itself an
  • ccurrent/perdurant

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FIBO Working Definitions

  • Continuant:

– Definition: “something which exists and retains its identity across points in time” – Explanatory Note: These persist over time even when their constituents alter over time

  • Occurrent:

– Definition: “something which is defined wholly with reference to time

  • r which consists of one or more things which are defined wholly with

reference to time” – Explanatory Note: These are extended in time and so are only partly present at any time in which they exist

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Extensions

  • DOLCE has 4 extensions of perdurant

– Achievement – Accomplishment – State – Process

  • We need some clarity on achievement versus

accomplishment, since the English words are synonymous – need to determine what are the assertions that distinguish these

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DOLCE Light

  • DOLCE Light left out a lot of the endurant v

perdurant stuff, and simply said

  • there is an object, which is something that is rather than

something that happens;

  • and then there is Event, which is something that happens.
  • These are the same concepts with different labels

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DOLCE Explanation

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Source: http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/kmm/PDF/L7-DOLCE.pdf

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DOLCE Explanation

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Source: http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/kmm/PDF/L7-DOLCE.pdf

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Wikipedia Definitions

  • Endurant

– Also known as continuants, or in some cases as "substance", endurants are those entities that can be

  • bserved-perceived as a complete concept, at no matter which given snapshot of time. Were we to

freeze time we would still be able to perceive/conceive the entire endurant. – Examples include material objects (such as an apple or a human), and abstract "fiat" objects (such as an organization, or the border of a country).

  • Perdurant

– Also known as occurrents, accidents or happenings, perdurants are those entities for which only a part exists if we look at them at any given snapshot in time. When we freeze time we can only see a part of the perdurant. – Perdurants are often what we know as processes, for example: "running". If we freeze time then we

  • nly see a part of the running, without any previous knowledge one might not even be able to

determine the actual process as being a process of running. Other examples include an activation, a kiss, or a procedure.

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Events (SEP)

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Events (sorted)

  • These are not the labels we will use
  • Ontology is about the concepts

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Comments

  • Achievement and Accomplishment

– As labels these were not helpful to business SMEs – Also not clear if we would use them in FIBO – Meanwhile, each represents a combination of concepts per the 2x2 table

  • Conclusion

– Separate out the distinct meanings – Pairwise disjoint facets – Also support earlier use cases for e.g. process as prescriptive occurrent

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Proposals

  • Faceted classification
  • Some proposed facets
  • Extending and using these

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Faceted Classification Thing

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Faceted Classification Thing

Red Thing Blue Thing

Differentiae: what distinguishes the sub types of the Thing

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Faceted Classification Thing

Round Thing Square Thing

Differentiae: what distinguishes the sub types of the Thing

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Faceted Classification

Thing

Round Thing Square Thing Red Thing Blue Thing Round Red Thing Round Blue Thing

etc.

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In initial prototyping environment

  • (Sparx EA, with visual representation of OWL

constructs but not RDF export)

  • Facets:

– Culminating – Prescriptive – Functional

  • Purposeful

– Instantaneous

  • Linking provisionally to FIBO placeholders

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*geneous

class Occurrent Thing Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing mutually exclusive mutually exclusive

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Occurrent Facets

class Occurrent Facets Thing Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing Prescriptive Occurrent Descriptive Occurrent Culminating Occurrent Non Culminating Occurrent Discrete Occurrent Continuous Occurrent Functional Occurrent Non Functional Occurrent State Intended Occurrent Non Intended Occurrent Non Deterministic Occurrent Deterministic Occurrenrt mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive

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Culminating Facet

class Occurrent Culminating Thing Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing Culminating Occurrent Non Culminating Occurrent mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive

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Telic: Function v Purpose

  • Telic can be read as being something with a function
  • Some interpretations attribute intent to the notion of

function

– We reject this – see e.g. Finke

  • http://www.patheos.com/blogs/camelswithhammers/2011/10/na

tural-functions/

– A hand has a function but no designer intended that function

  • Functional occurrent is superclass of purposeful
  • ccurrent

– We would not use a word like telic anyway – Functional = Telic

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Functional and Purposeful

class Occurrent Purposeful Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing Functional Occurrent Non Functional Occurrent Goal Desired Result is pursuant to Intended Occurrent Non Intended Occurrent is pursuant to mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive

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Instantaneous Facet

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Prescriptive

class Occurrent Prescriptive Thing Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing Prescriptive Occurrent Descriptive Occurrent mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive

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Prescriptive detail

class Occurrent Prescriptive Extended Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing Prescriptive Occurrent Descriptive Occurrent Historic Occurrent Predictive Occurrent Business Process Definition Plan Adds the property of being repeatable (disaster recovery plans are also kinds of this despite the label) Distinction is this is a

  • template. You take the

prescription and make an instance of the thing Production Actual v Hypothetical PLan or process you have committed to... Intended Occurrent Functional Occurrent Hypothetical Occurrent with a probability mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive follows defines 0..1

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Goal

class Occurrent Stative Goal Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing State Goal Desired Result mutually exclusive mutually exclusive

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Ongoing and Purposeful

class Ongoing Purposeful Occurrents Continuant Thing Occurent Thing Heterogeneous Thing Homogeneous Thing Prescriptive Occurrent Descriptive Occurrent Culminating Occurrent Non Culminating Occurrent Discrete Occurrent Continuous Occurrent Functional Occurrent Non Functional Occurrent State Interest Accrual Ongoing Purposeful Occurrent Duration Instant Interval Parametric Thing Unit has granularity Temporal Unit Thing has temporal granularity Non Intended Occurrent Relative Thing Enabling Agent Concrete Independent Thing Autonomous Agent Intended Occurrent is intended by length mutually exclusive is intended by «PartOf» isPartOf Enabling Agent has Identity «objectProperty» takesForm «annotationProperty» source
  • fArchetype
has temporal granularity «HasPart» has part has granularity
  • ccurs over
interval mutually exclusive
  • ccurs at instant
mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive mutually exclusive

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Implementation

  • Move these into Cameo Conceptual Modeler

for onward RDF/OWL generation

  • Still needed to address the question of State

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Occurrent Facets

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What is State

  • There are two concepts often referenced by the

word “State”

– The state something is in

  • E.g. being red, being in default
  • Per State Transition Diagrams
  • This is occurrent

– The state itself

  • The state of redness, the state of default
  • This is a continuant thing
  • It is also abstract (does not have concrete members in the

world)

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State Concepts

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Achievement and Accomplishment

Occurrent Thing

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Culminating Occurrent Purposeful Occurrent Non Purposeful Occurrent Stanford “Accomplishment” Stanford “Achievement” Non Culminating Occurrent

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Achievement and Accomplishment

Occurrent Thing

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Instantaneous Occurrent Purposeful Occurrent Non Purposeful Occurrent Stanford “Accomplishment” Stanford “Achievement” Durative Occurrent

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Occurrent Facets Uses

Occurrent Thing

Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Instantaneous Occurrent Purposeful Occurrent Non Purposeful Occurrent Process Achievement of a Milestone Durative Occurrent

Think of this as (one meaning of) Process* Has a start and an end but has a duration Culmination of a goal-directed activity = Milestone? Not quite Then split this into prescriptive and descriptive Series: Sequences of the same thing Ordered sequences of (different) things Interest Accrual Interest Payment

Definitive Occurrent

*Reserved word

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Summary and Discussion Points

  • We needed high level primitive concepts within which to

frame various things which happen in finance

  • These need not be highly axiomatized

– rather, we want to ground out the meanings of a minimum set

  • f primitive concepts so other concepts are derivable from

these by use of axioms

  • Analysis of existing concepts revealed multiple concepts

– So we segregated these into pairwise disjoint facets – Have identified a possibly complete (?) set of facets – State was a challenge as it is two things only one of which is

  • ccurrent
  • Have we defined a high level language from which to

articulate things which happen?

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Thank You!

  • Mike Bennett

– mbennett@edmcouncil.org – mbennett@hypercube.co.uk – www.edmcouncil.org – http://www.edmcouncil.org/semanticsrepository/ index.html

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