trtr rt t - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
r stt P ts s trtr rt t
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✶ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✷ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✹ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✺ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✻ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✼ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✽ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✶ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✷ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❡st✐♥❣ ✸ ❈♦✉♥t❡r❢❛❝t✉❛❧ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✾ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✶✵ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✶✶ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
k≥✵,l≥✵
✶ ✶−γ
✶−γ β
✶−γ
✶✷ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❡♥❞♦❣❡♥❡✐③✐♥❣
✵≤k≤λz,l≥✵(✶ − p)
✶✸ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
πI(z, θ) = (✶ − p)(✶ − γ)θ
✶ ✶−γ α
r
✶−γ
β w
✶−γ ,
θ ≤ θc(z) (✶ − p)
✶ ✶−β
w
✶−β (λz) α ✶−β − λrz
✭✷✮
✶✹ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
5 10 15 20 20 20 40 60 80 100 120
w F()
w F , w I()
Informal Entrepreneurs Workers Formal Entrepreneurs ✶✺ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✶ ■❢ θ < θW (z) t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥t ❝❤♦♦s❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ✇❛❣❡✇♦r❦❡r ✷ ■❢ θW (z) ≤ θ < θF(z) t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥t ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧
✸ ■❢ θ ≥ θF(z) t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥t ✐s ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡♥tr❡♣r❡♥❡✉r✳
✶✻ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
=F(z)
Unconstrained Informal Entrepreneurs
=W(z) =c(z) z
Formal Entrepreneurs
u
W
l
W
z ∗∗ z ∗
Constrained Informal Entrepreneurs
✶✼ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
W m VW,F F
VI,F V
✶✽ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✶✾ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✷✵ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✷✶ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
Occupations Characteristics Formal Informal Wageworkers Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs /Subsisters
65 424 5 623 % of sample 1.1% 6.9% 92.0% % of women 12.3% 37.3% 41.7%
6.0 6.1 5.9
42.4 37.0 36.1 Years of schooling 0-6 years 11.1% 41.3% 48.4% 7-12 years 31.5% 48.6% 36.2% 13+ years 57.4% 10.1% 15.4% Parent Entrep. 41.5% 13.6% 3.5%
353.3 75.3 77.2
21 792.9 4 569.7 3 007.4
*In thousands of local currency (CFA); 1, 000 CFA ∼ $2 US (in 2005)
✷✷ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
5 10 15 20 25 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
Years of Education
Formal Entrepreneurs Informal Entrepreneurs Workers 200 400 600 800 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Earnings
Formal Entrepreneurs Informal Entrepreneurs Workers ✷✸ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
5 10 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Log Initial Wealth
Formal Entrepreneusr Informal Entrepreneurs Workers ✷✹ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✷✺ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
Pr[F = ✶|X] = Pr[θ ≥ θF(z)] = HF(ψ, X), E[y|F = ✶] = E[πF(z, θ)]
Pr[W = ✶|X] = Pr [❧♥ θ ≤ ❧♥ θW (z)] = HW (ψ, X), E[y|F = ✶] = w
Pr[I = ✶|X] = ✶−HW (ψ, X)−HF(ψ, X), E[y|W = ✶] = E[πI(z, θ)]
✷✻ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✷✼ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
Indicator Starting Indicator Paying a Business Taxes Number of procedures 12 Number of payments/year 44 Number of days 37 Number of days 90 Registration fees (% GNI/capita) 182.5 Total tax rate (% profit) 48.9
232.0
GNI per capita = $640 ≈ CFA 320, 000
Source: Doing Business in 2005
❚❛① r❛t❡ ♦♥ ✜r♠ ♣r♦✜ts✿ τ = ✹✾% ❊♥tr② ❝♦st ✿ c✵ = ❘❡❣✳ ❢❡❡s + ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❞❛②s × ▼❡❛♥ ❞❛✐❧② ❡❛r♥✐♥❣s = $✶✹✵✵ ❊♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t✿ p = # t❛① ✐♥s♣❡❝t✐♦♥s # ✜r♠s ×❉❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ■♥t❡❣r✐t② ♦❢ t❛① ✐♥s♣❡❝t♦rs = ✵.✼✽%
✷✽ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✷✾ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸✵ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸✶ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸✷ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
b/c0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Proportion 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 Formal Entrep Informal Entrep. Enterprise creation b/c0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Proportion
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8
Aggregate Income gains Tax Revenue gains ✸✸ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
d/ 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Proportion 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 Formal Entrep. Informal Entrep. Enterprise Creation
d/
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Proportion
0.5 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5
Aggregate Income gains Tax Revenue gains ✸✹ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
e 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Proportion
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 Formal Entrep. Informal Entrep. Enterprise creation
e 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0.05 0.1 0.15
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.02 0.04
Aggregate Income gains Tax Revenue gains
✸✺ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸✻ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸✼ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸✽ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✸✾ ✴ ✹✵
❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❇❛❝❦ ✹✵ ✴ ✹✵