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Transcending the Unaided, Individual Human Mind Understanding, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Wisdom is not the product of schooling but the lifelong attempt to acquire it. - Albert Einstein Transcending the Unaided, Individual Human Mind Understanding, Fostering, and Supporting Cultures of Participation Gerhard Fischer Center

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Gerhard Fischer 1 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Wisdom is not the product of schooling but the lifelong attempt to acquire it.

  • Albert Einstein

Transcending the Unaided, Individual Human Mind — Understanding, Fostering, and Supporting Cultures of Participation

Gerhard Fischer Center for LifeLong Learning & Design (L3D), Department of Computer Science and Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder

NordiCHI Conference “Using Bridges”, Lund, October 2008

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Gerhard Fischer 2 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Acknowledgements

  • rganizers of NordiCHI’2008: thanks for providing me with this opportunity

my collaborators at the Center for LifeLong Learning & Design (L3D): colleagues, former and current PhD students, visitors, …. my friends and colleagues in Scandinavia (too many to name them all) from whom I have learnt many things over the last two decades

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Gerhard Fischer 3 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Outline

Basic Message Context: “Building Bridges” A Framework for Cultures of Participation Examples:

  • Distributed Intelligence
  • Meta-Design
  • Social Creativity

Research Challenges Implications and Conclusions

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Gerhard Fischer 4 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Basic Message: Beyond the Unaided, Individual Human Mind

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Gerhard Fischer 5 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Using Bridges

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Gerhard Fischer 6 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Building Bridges

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Gerhard Fischer 7 NordiCHI Conference 2008

"Bridge to Nowhere"

<<1.5 Mio Hits on Google, YouTube Movies, Wikipedia entry>> controversy: a proposed bridge to replace the ferry that currently connects Ketchikan, Alaska, to the Gravina Island's 50 residents, and the Ketchikan International Airport projected cost: $398 million Alaskan congressional delegation helped push for federal funding fierce opposition outside of Alaska symbol of pork barrel spending

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Gerhard Fischer 8 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Using and Building Bridges

HCI Creativity social computing CSCW Participatory Design

building bridges using bridges

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Gerhard Fischer 9 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Using and Building Bridges: Some of my Personal Efforts

transdisciplinary collaboration

  • with: architects, urban planners, psychologists, educators, researchers and

practitioners from the creative practices and from assistive technologies

  • why: “reality is not user-friendly” real world problems do not fall into existing

disciplines or existing organizational units

multi-sector: academia, industry, and non-governmental organization (NGO) mediation between HCI and a spectrum of related fields: AI, Software Engineering, Design of Interactive Systems, Participatory Design, CSCL, CSCW, Creativity, …. integration of European and American research traditions

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Gerhard Fischer 10 NordiCHI Conference 2008

The Scandinavian Impact on HCI (and me)

unique contributions beyond the American Imperialism in HCI via CHI

  • Computers in Context
  • movie from California Newsreel, 1987 (application areas: banking, newspaper

graphic design, and jet aircraft maintenance) empowering users rather than deskilling them

  • book “Computers and Design in Context” (eds: Morten Kyng and Lars

Mathiassen), 1997 designers and users should join forces in the design

  • f computer systems
  • Aarhus Conferences (in ten years intervals)
  • Design at Work (Greenbaum, J., & Kyng, M. (Eds.) (1991): “Design at Work: Cooperative

Design of Computer Systems”)

  • “System development is difficult not because of the complexity of technical

problems, but because of the social interaction when users and system developers learn to create, develop and express their ideas and visions”

  • Henderson, A., & Kyng, M. (1991) "There's No Place Like Home: Continuing

Design in Use" inspiration for our work on meta-design

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Gerhard Fischer 11 NordiCHI Conference 2008

The Scandinavian Impact on HCI (and me)

  • Participatory Design (PD):
  • using and building bridges between designers and users
  • negotiation + co-creation + boundary objects + reciprocal learning
  • 1990: first PD conference in association with CHI in Seattle
  • Digital Bauhaus (Ehn, P. (1998) "Manifesto for a Digital Bauhaus," Digital Creativity”)
  • using and building bridges between art and science and creative practices and

information technologies

  • create socio-technical environments enabling interactions between different

cultures (including the two cultures of art and science)

  • panel at NordiCHI’2008 on Wednesday
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Gerhard Fischer 12 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Frameworks for Effective, Large Scale, Distributed, Collaborative Efforts

  • social production Benkler, Y. (2006) “The Wealth of Networks: How

Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom”

  • democratizing innovation von Hippel, E. (2005) “Democratizing

Innovation”

  • mass collaboration Tapscott, D and Williams, A. (2006): “Wikinomics:

How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything”

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Gerhard Fischer 13 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Transcending the Unaided, Individual Human Mind —

Distributed Intelligence (or Distributed Cognition)

claim: distributed intelligence

  • combines “knowledge in the head” with “knowledge in the world”
  • transcends the traditional view that human cognition exists solely ‘inside’ a

person’s head

forms of distribution:

  • human human: across groups, teams, social networks, communities
  • human artifacts: between internal (memory, attention, executive

function) and external (artifacts, tools) structures and resources

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Gerhard Fischer 14 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Distances and Diversity: Limitations or Opportunities?

spatial dimension: shared location shared concerns — success model:

  • pen source communities, Wikipedia

temporal dimension: learning from the past — success model: reuse and redesign, conceptual dimension: exploiting symmetry of ignorance — success model: Communities of Interest

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Gerhard Fischer 15 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Differentiating Communities: Understanding and Fostering Different Cultures of Participation

Communities of Practice (CoPs): homogenous design communities Communities of Interest (CoIs): heterogeneous design communities source: Fischer, G. (2001) "Communities of Interest: Learning through the Interaction of Multiple Knowledge Systems," 24th Annual Information Systems Research Seminar In Scandinavia (IRIS'24), Ulvik, Norway, pp. 1-14.

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Gerhard Fischer 16 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Meta-Design = Design for Designers

meta-design explores:

  • cultures in which participants can express themselves and engage in

personally meaningful activities

meta-design requires

  • designers giving up some control at design time to contributors at use time

meta-design provides a theoretical framework for cultures of participation and Web 2.0 technologies for example: it blurs the distinctions

  • between consumers and producers “prosumers”
  • between professionals and amateurs “pro-ams”
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Gerhard Fischer 17 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Design Time and Use Time

end user system developer user (representative)

key design time use time

time

world-as-imagined world-as-experienced prediction reality planning situated action

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Gerhard Fischer 18 NordiCHI Conference 2008

What Do Meta-Designers Do?

  • they use their own creativity to create socio-technical environments in which
  • ther people can be creative by creating
  • contexts and content creation tools rather than content
  • technical and social conditions for broad participation in design activities
  • meta-design examples: Web 2.0 Technologies supporting user-generated

content

  • Wikis (Wikipedia)
  • Google-SketchUp + 3D Warehouse + Google Earth
  • Second Life
  • Open Source
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Gerhard Fischer 19 NordiCHI Conference 2008

SketchUp — a high-functionality 3D Modeling Environment

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Gerhard Fischer 20 NordiCHI Conference 2008

3D Warehouse: a Web 2.0 Environment

http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/

features:

  • search, share, and store 3D models created in SketchUp
  • models include: buildings, houses, bridges, sculptures, cars, people, pets, …
  • download the 3D models to be modified in SketchUp
  • if the model has a location on earth download it and view it in Google Earth

challenges:

  • what will motivate people to participate?
  • participation requires acquiring skills in using SketchUp create learning

environments for SketchUp

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3D Warehouse

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CU Boulder in 3D

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Downtown Denver in 3D

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A Tiny Percentage of a Very Large Population

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Social Creativity

a great interest in recent years in the USA (and EU) creativity: beyond productivity — National-Research-Council (2003): “Beyond Productivity: Information Technology, Innovation, and Creativity”, National Academy Press, Washington new National Science Foundation (NSF) programs:

  • “Science of Design”
  • “Creativity and Information Technology (IT)”

L3D’s research project in this area: “A Next Generation Wiki for Creativity and IT”; http://l3dswiki.cs.colorado.edu:3232/CreativeIT/

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Gerhard Fischer 26 NordiCHI Conference 2008

The CreativeIT Wiki

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Gerhard Fischer 27 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Social Creativity

“The strength of the wolf is in the pack, and the strength of the pack is in the wolf.” Rudyard Kipling

the Renaissance scholar (who knows “everything”) does not exist anymore in the 21st century complex design problems are systemic problems; they seldom fall within the boundaries of one specific domain they require the participation and contributions of several stakeholders with various backgrounds “An idea or product that deserves the label ‘creative’ arises from the synergy of many sources and not only from the mind of a single person” — Mihaly Csikszentmihályi

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Gerhard Fischer 28 NordiCHI Conference 2008

A Socio-Technical Environment

Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory (EDC)

the EDC supports:

  • collaborative design (e.g. in: urban planning, emergency management)
  • social creativity learning when no one knows the answer
  • meta-design a version of SimCity in which content is generated by users

the EDC and HCI

  • Computer Science: table-top, computationally enriched physical objects,

visualization, integration

  • Cultures of Participation: Communities of Interest, emergence, boundary
  • bjects, reflection in action, reflective communities
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Gerhard Fischer 29 NordiCHI Conference 2008

The Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory

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Boulder City Council and University of Colorado Regents

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Sketching Support in the EDC

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Gerhard Fischer 32 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Buildings Sketched into a Google-Earth Client

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Fat-Pencil Technologies and Incremental Formalization

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Emerging Insight: Illustrating Multiple Walking Distances

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Gerhard Fischer 35 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Integrating Individual and Social Creativity: Caretta

(collaboration with Masanori Sugimoto, University of Tokyo)

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Gerhard Fischer 36 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Research Challenges

a Faustian Bargain: drawbacks of cultures of participation models for knowledge accumulation and sharing in different cultures “Long Tail” theory: making all voices heard

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Gerhard Fischer 37 NordiCHI Conference 2008

A Faustian Bargain: Drawbacks of Cultures of Participation

  • claim: humans may be forced to cope with the burden of being active

contributors in personally irrelevant activities “Do-It-Yourself Societies”

  • through modern tools, humans are empowered to perform many tasks

themselves that were done previously by skilled domain workers

  • advantages: power, freedom, and control
  • disadvantages: forces people to act as contributors in contexts for which they lack

the experience and broad background knowledge

  • claim: cultures of participation lead to collectivism that is suffocating

authentic voices in mass mediocrity (Jaron Lanier)

  • collectivism: involves coercion and centralized control
  • collective action: involves self-selection and distributed coordination
  • examples: Wikipedia KNOL
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Gerhard Fischer 38 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Model Authoritative underlying Consumer Cultures

Strong Input Filters, Small Information Repositories, Weak Output Filters Limitation: Making All Voices Heard

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Gerhard Fischer 39 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Model Democratic underlying Participation Cultures

Weak Input Filters, Large Information Repositories, Strong Output Filters Limitation: Trust and Reliability of Information

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Gerhard Fischer 40 NordiCHI Conference 2008

The Long Tail

theory of the Long Tail: our culture and economy is increasingly shifting away from a focus on a relatively small number of “hits” (mainstream products and markets) at the head of the demand curve and toward a huge number of niches in the tail main opportunity — digital artifacts: computer programs, movies, books, 3D models of buildings, …. as the costs of production and distribution fall, there is less need to lump products and consumers into one-size-fits-all containers hypothesis: without the constraints of physical shelf space and other bottlenecks of distribution, narrowly-target goods and services can be as economically attractive as mainstream fare.

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Gerhard Fischer 41 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Exploiting “Long Tail” Opportunities in Business

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Gerhard Fischer 42 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Specific Examples of the Long Tail

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Gerhard Fischer 43 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Exploiting the “Long-Tail” in Education

basic belief: all people are interested in something (Viking Ships, Dinosaurs, gambling, ……………..) head — basic knowledge and skills: learning to learn, learning on demand, preparation for future learning, soft skills, digital fluency, …………… tail — personally meaningful problems: interest and passion, self-directed learning and intrinsic motivation, interesting example movie: “October Sky”

extensive coverage needed for supporting the infinite numbers of interesting topics — will be facilitated by a “meta-design” culture

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Gerhard Fischer 44 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Implications

Implications for HCI Research of the Future

layer

  • bjective

requirements layer-3: motivation (“why”) being interested and willing to participate motivation, ownership, social capital, reputation economy layer-2: knowledge and skills (‘how’) being knowledgeable in

  • rder to participate

substantial learning effort layer-1: infrastructure (“prerequisites”) hard-and software availability, access, usability, integration

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Gerhard Fischer 45 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Implications for Technology: Integration

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Implications for Learning and Education

a new synergy and hybrid model: integrate basic knowledge and skills (head

  • f the long-tail) and idiosyncratic interests and passion (tail of the long-tail)

create richer learning environments “putting our money where our mouth is”: application of our research to our teaching (“courses-as-seeds”)

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Gerhard Fischer 47 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Implication: Making Different Voices Heard Batya Friedman

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

the information heritage for justice: design judicial records of genocide document the personal experiences, knowledge, wisdom and reflections of individuals design information systems to support participation of (1) Rwandans, (2) the international legal community, and (3) global citizens

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Gerhard Fischer 48 NordiCHI Conference 2008

Conclusion — Using and Building Bridges with Cultures of Participation

the future is not out there to be discovered — it has to be invented and designed Machiavelli: “People who want to change institutions, have all those as their enemies who have done well under the old conditions” Winston Churchill: “This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the

  • end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.”