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Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through Reverse - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, www.reapower.eu Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM) REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through Reverse Electrodialysis Michele Tedesco * A. Cipollina, A. Tamburini, G. Micale, J.

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SLIDE 1

REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through Reverse Electrodialysis

Michele Tedesco*

  • A. Cipollina, A. Tamburini, G. Micale, J. Helsen, M. Papapetrou

International Conference WIN4Life Tinos Island (Greece) – 19th-21st September 2013

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM)

www.reapower.eu

* michele.tedesco@unipa.it

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SLIDE 2

1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

The REAPower Project

  • Project title:

Reverse Electrodialysis Alternative Power Production

  • Call identifier: FP7-ENERGY-2010-FET (Future Emerging

Technologies for Energy Applications)

  • Starting date:

1 October 2010

  • Closing date:

30 September 2014

Main facts:

2 International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

1. the REAPower Project

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

The REAPower Project Consortium

3 International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

1. the REAPower Project

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SLIDE 4

1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

CATHODE ANODE e- e- ELECTRODE RINSE C D C + + -

  • I, J+

The Reverse Electrodialysis technology

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 4

1. the REAPower Project

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

The REAPower Project

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

R&D strategy

5

 Development of new Ion Exchange Membranes for highly concentrated solutions  Selection of best conditions for redox couple/stack design  Wide experimental investigation on lab-scale stack  Development/validation of a predictive modelling tool  Economic analysis and process sustainability on large scale

The idea

to produce energy from salinity gradients generated by sea/brackish water and ultra-concentrated brines

1. the REAPower Project

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Increased permselectivity Reduced membrane resistance  Permselectivity has achieved values of 65% for AEM and up to 90% for CEM when in contact with almost saturated brine  Membrane specific resistance reduced to 1.5-2.5 Ω∙cm2 aiming at a 3-5 folds reduction in the next months

Improvements in membranes development

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 6

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Redox couples selection New stack design  Two different stack geometries already designed, constructed and tested  Currently available for the consortium Investigated redox couples under different conditions:  FeCl3/FeCl2  K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6  Fe(III)-EDTA/Fe(II)-EDTA

Electrochemical aspects and stack design

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 7

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Experimental conditions already investigated:  fluid velocity (0.1 – 4 cm/s)  feed temperature (20 – 40 °C)  number of cell pairs (5 – 50)  concentration of redox couple (0.1 – 0.3 M of K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6)  salt concentration of both solutions.

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

8 International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Brine IN

CELLS STACK

Potentiostat/ Galvanostat Brine IN tank Seawater IN tank Seawater OUT tank Brine OUT tank Electrode Rinse Solution tank

Seawater IN ERS IN ERS OUT Seawater OUT Brine OUT

2. Achievements

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SLIDE 9

1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Max power density (net): Power density – Hydraulic losses

  • 5.0
  • 4.0
  • 3.0
  • 2.0
  • 1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1 2 3 4 5

Max Pd [W/m2 cell pair] fluid velocity [cm/s]

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

9

Effect of fluid velocity on power output

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers .Brine solution: 5 M NaCl, seawater: 0.5 M NaCl. T=20°C. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

Max power density (gross)

2. Achievements

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SLIDE 10

1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Effect of the concentration of the concentrated solution (1 ÷ 5 M)

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 40 80 120

Power density [W/m2 cell pair]

current density [A/m2]

5 M 4 M 2,86 M 1,96 M 1 M

increasing Cconcentrate Cdil=0.55 M

Power density vs. current density

  • 1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1 2 3 4 5

Max Pd [W/m2 cell pair] Concentration of the conc. solution [M]

Maximum power density

  • vs. Cconc

increasing Cconcentrate

Gross Pd

10 Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Seawater: 0.55 M NaCl. T=20°C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Max Pd [W/m2 cell pair] Concentration of the diluted solution [M]

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Effect of the concentration of the diluted solution (0.1 ÷ 1 M)

Cconc=5 M decreasing Cdilute

Power density vs. current density Max Pd= 4.5 W/m2

decreasing Cdilute

Maximum power density

  • vs. Cdilute

Gross Pd

11 Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Brine: 5 M NaCl. T=20°C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

50 cell pairs; Deukum spacers [thickness 270 µm] - Brine 5 M; Electrode rinse solution [( K3Fe(CN)6 0,1 M, K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O 0,3M; NaCl 2,5M), flow rate 30l/h].

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

MAX power output conditions:

2 4 6 8 10 12 50 100 150

Pdensity [W/m2] i [A/m2]

2 4 6 8 10 12 50 100 150

Pdensity [W/m2] i [A/m2]

Thick membranes (120 μm)

(provided by Fujifilm)

Power density between 15 and 20 W/m2 can be expected with larger number of cell pairs, i.e. reducing the effect

  • f blank resistance

Thin membranes (20-30mm)

(provided by Fumatech)

4cm/s, T = 40°C & brackish water diluate (0.1M)

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2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Computational Fluid Dynamics

  • f SGP-RE stack

Lower scale info

Process model implementation Multi scale model implementation Experimental tests

  • n SGP-RE stacks

validation

Multi scale model validation

Model predictions

  • n process performances &
  • ptimisation

CFD modelling and process simulation

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Multi-Scale Modelling approach:

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

CFD Modelling: prediction of pressure drops

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 20 40 60 80 100 120

ΔP/l [bar/m] Q [ml/min]

Blue water exp Blue brine exp Blue water CFD Blue brine CFD Deukum water exp Deukum brine exp Deukum water CFD Deukum brine CFD

Model validation with experimental results

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

ΔP/l [bar/m] Velocity along the flow direction [m/s]

Empty 400 μm Empty 200 μm Empty 100 μm Overlapped Woven Woven 200 μm DelStar Naltex Config. A DelStar Naltex Config. B Sefar Nitex Blue Deukum Porous

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 14

Simulations with different commercial spacers

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Polarisation Coefficients:

salt concentration map in the bulk salt concentration map at membrane-solution interface

15

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena

Polarization factor for Deukum spacer-filled channels

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Effect of current density and fluid velocity on polarization coefficients. CFD Model predictions of a 270 µm polyamide woven spacer (Deukum GmbH, Germany).

0.94 0.95 . 9 6 0.96 . 9 7 0.97 0.97 . 9 8 0.98 . 9 8 . 9 8 0.99 0.99 0.99 1 1 1 current density, i (A/m2) feed flow velocity, v (cm/s) 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

SEAWATER (500 mol/m3)

0.995 . 9 9 6 0.996 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.998 . 9 9 8 0.998 0.999 . 9 9 9 0.999 1 1 1 current density, i (A/m2) feed flow velocity, v (cm/s) 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

BRINE (5000 mol/m3)

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2. Achievements

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SLIDE 17

1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Development/validation of process simulator

Cl- Na+

  • smosis

d d

CAT

+ d d

AN

  • Na+

Cl- Na+ Cl- electro-

  • smosis

BRINE SEAWATER DEPLETED BRINE CONCENTRATED SEAWATER

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Low-hierarchy model (cell pair):

  • thermodynamic properties of solutions
  • electric variables
  • salt transport (counter/co-ions)
  • solvent transport (osmosis/electro-osmosis)
  • polarization phenomena
  • mass balance

17 Source: M. Tedesco et al., Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 49, pp. 404-424, 2012

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Process Modelling Approach

Cl- Na+

  • smosis

Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- electro-

  • smosis

BRINE SEAWATER DEPLETED BRINE CONCENTRATED SEAWATER

d d

CAT

+ d d

AN

  • Source: M. Tedesco et al., Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 49, pp. 404-424, 2012

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 18

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Process Modelling Approach

AEM CEM AEM CEM AEM CEM

Electrode Rinse Solution Electrode Rinse Solution

CEM

BRINE IN SEAWATER IN BRINE OUT External load SEAWATER OUT

C A T H O D E

(+)

A N O D E (-)

High-hierarchy model (stack):

  • parasitic currents through

manifolds

  • stack resistance
  • stack voltage
  • Pressure drops
  • power density (gross/net)

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 19

2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Process Modelling validation

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Model calibration with variable feed concentration

Experimental (points) and simulated (lines) data for a 50-cells stack equipped with Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 μm spacers; feed flow velocity: 1 cm/s; T=20°C. Blank resistance: 0.4 Ω.

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Power density, Pd (W/m2 cell pair) External current, Iext (A)

0.1 M 0.3 M 0.5 M 0.7 M 0.9 M 1.0 M

CHIGH=5 M v = 1 cm/s CLOW

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Power density, Pd (W/m2 cell pair) External current, Iext (A)

5 M 4 M 2.86 M 1.96 M 1 M

CLOW=0.55 M v = 1 cm/s CHIGH

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2. Achievements

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Prediction of dependences

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Influence of feed T & concentration

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1.5 1 . 5 1 . 5 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 . 5 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 . 5 3.5 3.5 4 4 4.03 Max Power density (W/m2 cell pair) HIGH concentration (mol/l) LOW concentration (mol/l) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55

50 cell pairs v = 1 cm/s

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Max Power density, Pd,max (W/m2 cell pair) diluate concentration, CLOW (mol/l)

T=20°C T=30°C T=40°C

N = 50 cells CHIGH = 4.8 M v = 1 cm/s T

BEST conditions: brackish water (0.05 – 0.1 M) + brine (4.5 – 5 M)

Simulations of a 50-cells stack equipped with Fujifilm membranes, Deukum spacers; fluid velocity inside channels: 1 cm/s; T=20°C. Blank resistance: 0.4 Ω.

seawater brine river water seawater

Max Pd= 5.3 W/m2 (+31%)

3. Perspectives

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

The REAPower prototype installation site

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The singular framework of Trapani saltworks

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

Prototype installation site

3. Perspectives

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Direct access to both saturated brine and seawater from open channels Installation place within an old, restructured WINDMILL

The REAPower prototype installation site

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The “Ettore-Infersa” saltworks

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

3. Perspectives

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

Site features

  • Seawater availability: unlimited;
  • Brine availability: 10-15 m3/h (much larger with feed-recycle);
  • Brine concentration: variable between 250 and 320 gr/lt.

Provisional Prototype features

  • Total cell pair surface: from 4 to 125m2 (2 stacks will be tested);
  • Expected power density: > 5 W/m2;
  • Expected power output: from 20 to 600W

Prototype installation: plant specifications

International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013 24

3. Perspectives

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1. the REAPower Project 3. Perspectives 2. Achievements

The REAPower website

www.reapower.eu

25 International Conference WIN4Life - Tinos Island (Greece), 19th -21st September 2013

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SLIDE 26

Thank you for your attention

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM)

michele.tedesco@unipa.it

EUROMED 2014 PALERMO, October 2014