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Why can they all just get along? Exploring influences on cross-party cooperation among backbench politicians in the Canadian, British and Scottish Parliaments Paul Thomas, PhD Candidate All-Party Groups: characteristics Voluntary

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SLIDE 1

Why can they all just get along?

Exploring influences on cross-party cooperation among backbench politicians in the Canadian, British and Scottish Parliaments

Paul Thomas, PhD Candidate

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SLIDE 2

All-Party Groups: characteristics

  • Voluntary
  • Informal
  • Backbench driven
  • Enormous variety
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SLIDE 3

All-Party Groups: activities

  • Distribute information
  • Meet with stakeholders
  • Conduct inquiries
  • Lobby ministers
  • Introduce motions and legislation
  • Some policy influence
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SLIDE 4

Scotland - Growth

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2003 2007 2011 2012

Total Groups

Total Groups

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SLIDE 5

Research problem

  • Little research in Westminster context
  • One extensive American study
  • Can US research be transferred?
  • Greater hierarchy in Westminster

legislatures and parties

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SLIDE 6

Congressional caucuses

  • Hammond 1998
  • Participation driven by goals
  • Higher among:
  • Marginal representatives
  • Newer members
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SLIDE 7

Research questions

  • Is participation in APGs in Canada, the

UK, and Scotland shaped by:

  • Margin of victory?
  • Length of service?
  • Are these relationships constant

between position types?

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SLIDE 8

Methodology

  • 6 Dependent variables:
  • (executive + membership) x (regional +

constituency + total)

  • 2 Independent variables:
  • Years served
  • Margin of victory / regional vote share
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SLIDE 9

Methodology

  • Controls:
  • Party and gender
  • Cabinet and Shadow cabinet
  • Number of MPs in a party
  • Number of Groups in operation
  • Panel data
  • Random-effects model using GLS
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SLIDE 10

Memberships held Executive posts held Regional 1.2133** 0.3079 Years Served 0.0611 0.0339 Female 1.1845** 0.1132 Cons.

  • 2.9010**
  • 1.4192****

Labour

  • 2.0738*
  • 1.2761***

Lib Dem

  • 1.7299
  • 0.8537**

SNP

  • 3.1526***
  • 1.4214****

Intercept 8.5899**** 1.8429 # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

Scotland – Overall results

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SLIDE 11

Memberships held Executive posts held Regional 1.2133** 0.3079 Years Served 0.0611 0.0339 Female 1.1845** 0.1132 Cons.

  • 2.9010**
  • 1.4192****

Labour

  • 2.0738*
  • 1.2761***

Lib Dem

  • 1.7299
  • 0.8537**

SNP

  • 3.1526***
  • 1.4214****

Intercept 8.5899**** 1.8429 # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

Scotland – Overall results

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SLIDE 12

Memberships held Executive posts held Regional 1.2133** 0.3079 Years Served 0.0611 0.0339 Female 1.1845** 0.1132 Cons.

  • 2.9010**
  • 1.4192****

Labour

  • 2.0738*
  • 1.2761***

Lib Dem

  • 1.7299
  • 0.8537**

SNP

  • 3.1526***
  • 1.4214****

Intercept 8.5899**** 1.8429 # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

Scotland – Overall results

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SLIDE 13

Memberships held Executive posts held Regional 1.2133** 0.3079 Years Served 0.0611 0.0339 Female 1.1845** 0.1132 Cons.

  • 2.9010**
  • 1.4192****

Labour

  • 2.0738*
  • 1.2761***

Lib Dem

  • 1.7299
  • 0.8537**

SNP

  • 3.1526***
  • 1.4214****

Intercept 8.5899**** 1.8429 # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 14

Memberships held Executive posts held Regional 1.2133** 0.3079 Years Served 0.0611 0.0339 Female 1.1845** 0.1132 Cons.

  • 2.9010**
  • 1.4192****

Labour

  • 2.0738*
  • 1.2761***

Lib Dem

  • 1.7299
  • 0.8537**

SNP

  • 3.1526***
  • 1.4214****

Intercept 8.5899**** 1.8429 # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 15

Memberships held Executive posts held Regional 1.2133** 0.3079 Years Served 0.0611 0.0339 Female 1.1845** 0.1132 Cons.

  • 2.9010**
  • 1.4192****

Labour

  • 2.0738*
  • 1.2761***

Lib Dem

  • 1.7299
  • 0.8537**

SNP

  • 3.1526***
  • 1.4214****

Intercept 8.5899**** 1.8429 # of obs. 516 516 # of MPs 242 242 R2 within 0.2998 0.1989 R2 between 0.2005 0.2093 R2 overall 0.2654 0.2281

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 16

Constituency MSP Memberships Constituency MSP Executive Posts Regional MSP Memberships Regional MSP Executive Posts Margin of victory/ % of regional vote

  • 0.0001
  • 0.1263**
  • 0.0506**

Years Served

  • 0.0523

0.0192 0.0383 0.0344 Female 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317

  • 0.0943

Cons.

  • 3.9543
  • 1.4862
  • 2.8423**
  • 1.5073***

Labour

  • 3.7283
  • 1.589*
  • 2.0613**
  • 1.2652**

Lib Dem

  • 3.7587
  • 1.1872
  • 2.3538
  • 1.1323*

SNP

  • 4.5889*
  • 1.5452
  • 3.5266**
  • 1.4203**

Intercept 9.2691**** 2.244 13.0998 2.7111 # of obs. 291 291 225 225 # of MPs 137 137 139 139 R2 within 0.3042 0.2925 0.2838 0.1204 R2 between 0.38 0.2008 0.0968 0.2022 R2 overall 0.3641 0.2386 0.1453 0.1963

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 17

Constituency MSP Memberships Constituency MSP Executive Posts Regional MSP Memberships Regional MSP Executive Posts Margin of victory/ % of regional vote

  • 0.0001
  • 0.1263**
  • 0.0506**

Years Served

  • 0.0523

0.0192 0.0383 0.0344 Female 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317

  • 0.0943

Cons.

  • 3.9543
  • 1.4862
  • 2.8423**
  • 1.5073***

Labour

  • 3.7283
  • 1.589*
  • 2.0613**
  • 1.2652**

Lib Dem

  • 3.7587
  • 1.1872
  • 2.3538
  • 1.1323*

SNP

  • 4.5889*
  • 1.5452
  • 3.5266**
  • 1.4203**

Intercept 9.2691**** 2.244 13.0998 2.7111 # of obs. 291 291 225 225 # of MPs 137 137 139 139 R2 within 0.3042 0.2925 0.2838 0.1204 R2 between 0.38 0.2008 0.0968 0.2022 R2 overall 0.3641 0.2386 0.1453 0.1963

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 18

Constituency MSP Memberships Constituency MSP Executive Posts Regional MSP Memberships Regional MSP Executive Posts Margin of victory/ % of regional vote

  • 0.0001
  • 0.1263**
  • 0.0506**

Years Served

  • 0.0523

0.0192 0.0383 0.0344 Female 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317

  • 0.0943

Cons.

  • 3.9543
  • 1.4862
  • 2.8423**
  • 1.5073***

Labour

  • 3.7283
  • 1.589*
  • 2.0613**
  • 1.2652**

Lib Dem

  • 3.7587
  • 1.1872
  • 2.3538
  • 1.1323*

SNP

  • 4.5889*
  • 1.5452
  • 3.5266**
  • 1.4203**

Intercept 9.2691**** 2.244 13.0998 2.7111 # of obs. 291 291 225 225 # of MPs 137 137 139 139 R2 within 0.3042 0.2925 0.2838 0.1204 R2 between 0.38 0.2008 0.0968 0.2022 R2 overall 0.3641 0.2386 0.1453 0.1963

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 19

Constituency MSP Memberships Constituency MSP Executive Posts Regional MSP Memberships Regional MSP Executive Posts Margin of victory/ % of regional vote

  • 0.0001
  • 0.1263**
  • 0.0506**

Years Served

  • 0.0523

0.0192 0.0383 0.0344 Female 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317

  • 0.0943

Cons.

  • 3.9543
  • 1.4862
  • 2.8423**
  • 1.5073***

Labour

  • 3.7283
  • 1.589*
  • 2.0613**
  • 1.2652**

Lib Dem

  • 3.7587
  • 1.1872
  • 2.3538
  • 1.1323*

SNP

  • 4.5889*
  • 1.5452
  • 3.5266**
  • 1.4203**

Intercept 9.2691**** 2.244 13.0998 2.7111 # of obs. 291 291 225 225 # of MPs 137 137 139 139 R2 within 0.3042 0.2925 0.2838 0.1204 R2 between 0.38 0.2008 0.0968 0.2022 R2 overall 0.3641 0.2386 0.1453 0.1963

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 20

Constituency MSP Memberships Constituency MSP Executive Posts Regional MSP Memberships Regional MSP Executive Posts Margin of victory/ % of regional vote

  • 0.0001
  • 0.1263**
  • 0.0506**

Years Served

  • 0.0523

0.0192 0.0383 0.0344 Female 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317

  • 0.0943

Cons.

  • 3.9543
  • 1.4862
  • 2.8423**
  • 1.5073***

Labour

  • 3.7283
  • 1.589*
  • 2.0613**
  • 1.2652**

Lib Dem

  • 3.7587
  • 1.1872
  • 2.3538
  • 1.1323*

SNP

  • 4.5889*
  • 1.5452
  • 3.5266**
  • 1.4203**

Intercept 9.2691**** 2.244 13.0998 2.7111 # of obs. 291 291 225 225 # of MPs 137 137 139 139 R2 within 0.3042 0.2925 0.2838 0.1204 R2 between 0.38 0.2008 0.0968 0.2022 R2 overall 0.3641 0.2386 0.1453 0.1963

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 21

Constituency MSP Memberships Constituency MSP Executive Posts Regional MSP Memberships Regional MSP Executive Posts Margin of victory/ % of regional vote

  • 0.0001
  • 0.1263**
  • 0.0506**

Years Served

  • 0.0523

0.0192 0.0383 0.0344 Female 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317

  • 0.0943

Cons.

  • 3.9543
  • 1.4862
  • 2.8423**
  • 1.5073***

Labour

  • 3.7283
  • 1.589*
  • 2.0613**
  • 1.2652**

Lib Dem

  • 3.7587
  • 1.1872
  • 2.3538
  • 1.1323*

SNP

  • 4.5889*
  • 1.5452
  • 3.5266**
  • 1.4203**

Intercept 9.2691**** 2.244 13.0998 2.7111 # of obs. 291 291 225 225 # of MPs 137 137 139 139 R2 within 0.3042 0.2925 0.2838 0.1204 R2 between 0.38 0.2008 0.0968 0.2022 R2 overall 0.3641 0.2386 0.1453 0.1963

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 22

Constituency MSP Memberships Constituency MSP Executive Posts Regional MSP Memberships Regional MSP Executive Posts Margin of victory/ % of regional vote

  • 0.0001
  • 0.1263**
  • 0.0506**

Years Served

  • 0.0523

0.0192 0.0383 0.0344 Female 2.3019**** 0.2503 0.0317

  • 0.0943

Cons.

  • 3.9543
  • 1.4862
  • 2.8423**
  • 1.5073***

Labour

  • 3.7283
  • 1.589*
  • 2.0613**
  • 1.2652**

Lib Dem

  • 3.7587
  • 1.1872
  • 2.3538
  • 1.1323*

SNP

  • 4.5889*
  • 1.5452
  • 3.5266**
  • 1.4203**

Intercept 9.2691**** 2.244 13.0998 2.7111 # of obs. 291 291 225 225 # of MPs 137 137 139 139 R2 within 0.3042 0.2925 0.2838 0.1204 R2 between 0.38 0.2008 0.0968 0.2022 R2 overall 0.3641 0.2386 0.1453 0.1963

Scotland – results

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SLIDE 23

Conclusions

  • Cannot directly extrapolate from US
  • Similar link between participation and margin of

victory in UK and regionally in Scotland

  • However, no relationship with seniority in

Scotland; new members less likely to participate in the UK and Canada

  • Substantial differences between executive and

general membership positions in all three jurisdictions

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SLIDE 24

Conclusions

  • Women appear to have different patterns
  • f engagement in APGs than men
  • Smaller, more marginal parties are more

active in APGs, especially in subject groups (Canada + UK)

  • Notable differences between regional and

constituency Members of Scottish Parliament

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SLIDE 25

www.FreeAlexSodiqov.org

#FreeAlexSodiqov

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SLIDE 26

Thanks! Questions?

Email: paul.thomas@utoronto.ca