XENON1T for the XENON collaboration Rafael F. Lang Purdue - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
xenon1t
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

XENON1T for the XENON collaboration Rafael F. Lang Purdue - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

May 22, 2023 434 likes •750 views

XENON1T for the XENON collaboration Rafael F. Lang Purdue University rafael@purdue.edu Aspen, January 30, 2013 Key Points sensitivity 1 event/ton/year, 210 -47 cm 2 data taking 2015 at Gran Sasso: approved & funded DAMA CoGeNT

slide-1
SLIDE 1

XENON1T

for the XENON collaboration Rafael F. Lang Purdue University rafael@purdue.edu Aspen, January 30, 2013

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 2

Key Points

  • sensitivity 1 event/ton/year, 2·10-47 cm2
  • data taking 2015 at Gran Sasso: approved & funded

DAMA CoGeNT CDMS CRESST CRESST

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 3

The XENON Collaboration

100 scientists from 16 institutions: University of California Los Angeles Rice University Houston Purdue University Columbia University New York Universidade de Coimbra Subatech Nantes NIKHEF Amsterdam Universität Bern Willhelms Universität Münster

  • J. Gutenberg-Universität Mainz

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Universität Zürich Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso INFN e Università di Bologna Weizman Institute Rehovot

50% of capital cost from NSF – thanks!

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 4

Key Challenges

XENON100 XENON1T

  • liquid xenon

161 kg ~3500 kg

  • background

5·10-3 dru 5·10-5 dru

  • krypton/xenon

(19±4) ppt <0.5 ppt

  • radon/xenon

~65 µBq/kg ~1 µBq/kg

  • electron drift

30 cm 1 m

  • cathode
  • 16 kV
  • 100 kV
  • filling-to-search

several months 2 months

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 5

Backgrounds

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 6

shielding of high-energy n insufficient: requires veto

The Need for a Muon Veto

neutrons from rock radioactivity, E<10MeV muon-induced neutrons, E>10MeV gammas from rock radioactivity, E<3MeV

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 7

  • 10m high, Ø 9.6m
  • construction start April 1st
  • ~5 m3/h deionization,

radon stripping, particulate removal

Water Tank

ICARUS XENON1T WARP Weizmann, LNGS LNGS Hall B

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 8

  • 84 high QE 8”

Hamamatsu R5912 PMTs

  • single PE trigger 4-fold

coincident within 300ns → reject 99.5% n with m in veto 78% n with m outside

Water Черенков Muon Veto

Bologna, Mainz, Torino

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 9

  • 84 high QE 8”

Hamamatsu R5912 PMTs

  • single PE trigger 4-fold

coincident within 300ns → reject 99.5% n with m in veto 78% n with m outside

  • μ-induced n background

0.01 per year: negligible

Water Черенков Muon Veto

100GeV, 10-47 cm2 SI single scatter, TPC single scatter, fiducial

m induced n from rock

Bologna, Mainz, Torino

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 10

Cryostat & TPC

  • SS 316Ti
  • cryostat 1.5m high,

Ø1.3m

  • HV feedthrough

demonstrated with grids up to 110kV

Columbia, Nikhef, Rice UCLA, Zürich

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 11

  • gamma-ray screening

~10 μBq/kg sensitivity

  • ICPMS
  • miniaturized proportional counter

Materials Screening

LNGS, Zürich, MPIK, UCLA, Mainz

  • 222Rn emanation

measurement few atom sensitivity

  • Neutron Activation Analysis
slide-12
SLIDE 12

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 12

  • scale up to 3” R11410
  • 121+127 PMTs (~XENON100)
  • quantum efficiency

@178nm > 28%, average 32.5%

  • gain 6·106
  • screen individual components

PMT Arrays

UCLA, Zürich, MPIK, Columbia

slide-13
SLIDE 13

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 13

  • scale up to 3” R11410
  • 121+127 PMTs (~XENON100)
  • quantum efficiency

@178nm > 28%, average 32.5%

  • gain 6·106
  • screen individual components
  • gain stability <2%

in liquid xenon

PMT Arrays

UCLA, Zürich, MPIK, Columbia

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 14

  • heat load <50W
  • cooling outside tank: 2 redundant 200W Pulse Tube

Refrigerators plus liquid nitrogen

Cooling

Columbia

slide-15
SLIDE 15

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 15

Xenon Handling

very compact storage (2.7 m x 3.2 m x 3.0 m) 3.6 ton storage capacity 500W available for cooling store both liquid xenon (-108 °C)

  • r gaseous xenon (65 bar)

keep high purity fill and recuperate liquid

Subatech

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 16

  • continuously re-circulate and purify
  • redundant setup
  • online purity monitoring

Xe Gas System

Münster, Columbia

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 17

  • Goal: a few μBq/kg from 222Rn in Xe
  • avoid and minimize sources of Rn
  • cryogenic adsorption of Rn on charcoal:

slow down Rn sufficiently to decay (t1/2 = 3.8 d) extensive R&D underway

Radon in Xenon

MPIK

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 18 85Kr beta decays (687keV),

natural abundance

85Kr/Kr ~ 10-11

  • target 0.5 ppt natKr in Xe

(XENON100: (19±4) ppt)

  • custom designed and

build Kr distillation column

  • throughput

3 kg/h @ 104 separation

  • 3m version built

Krypton Removal

Münster

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 19

Krypton Analysis

Rare Gas Mass Spectroscopy RGMS:

natKr to ppt level

atomic trap ATTA:

84Kr to ppt level

get 85Kr from atmospheric abundance in situ: delayed coincidences branching 0.4%

514 keV 85Rb 85Kr Qb=687 keV 0.4% 10.8y 1.0 ms stable 99.6% MPIK, Columbia

b g S2

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 20

a vertical slice of XENON1T

XENON1T Demonstrator

  • cooling

>130W to spare

  • e- lifetime

1 ms in 12 h

  • purification
  • recirculation

>800kg/day

  • HV

100kV stable

  • 1m drift

Columbia, Rice, UCLA

    

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 21

Dedicated Zero-Field Setups

Columbia, arXiv:1104.2587 and 1209.3658

no major systematic uncertainty anymore measured to 3keVnr electronic recoils measured to 2keVee

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 22

Reducing Systematics

arXiv:1202.1924

charge-based energy scale much better defined: → measure charge yield (and light yield of course)

  • more precisely
  • for nuclear and electronic recoils
  • in situ and in dedicated experiments

~(S2/S1) ~(S1/S2) S2 S1

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T

Dedicated R&D @Columbia,Zürich

  • optimized for <1mm position resolution
  • Compton coincidence (g) and neutron tagging (n)

Columbia, Zürich

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T

XENON100 AmBe calibration: systematics ~% level…

24

Absolute (!) Rate Matching

in preparation

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T

XENON100: maximum deviation <2%

25

Excellent Understanding Already

in preparation

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T

so far: all effects assumed to give simple Poissonian, plus Gaussian PMT response (most conservative assumption)

26

How To Measure Poisson Process?

Purdue, Zürich

slide-27
SLIDE 27

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 27

water-proof deuterium-deuterium generator (NSD-Fusion)

  • ptimized for low fluxes

In Situ Nuclear Energy Calibration

δE~1keVnr @ 10keVnr

q

DD Neutron Generator En=2.5MeV use this scatter XENON1T TPC

Purdue

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 28

XENON1T is Proven Technology

commissioning late 2014, data taking 2015, limit ~2017:

DAMA CoGeNT CDMS CRESST CRESST

slide-29
SLIDE 29

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T

slide-30
SLIDE 30

Rafael F. Lang, Purdue: XENON1T 30

Calibration with 83mKr

83Kr 83Rb QEC=910 keV 92% 86 d 1.842 h 147 ns stable

83mKr

drift decay