YOUTH EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA Ideas4Work - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
youth employment challenges in sub saharan africa
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA Ideas4Work - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Dec 05, 2023 33 likes •396 views

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA Ideas4Work (January, 23rd-25th, Dakar) Guided by the Roadmap adopted at The Hague Global Child Labour Conference 2010 Involves the three main international actors in the area of

slide-1
SLIDE 1

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA

Ideas4Work (January, 23rd-25th, Dakar)

slide-2
SLIDE 2
  • Guided by the Roadmap adopted at The Hague Global Child

Labour Conference 2010

  • Involves the three main international actors in the area of

child labour (ILO, UNICEF and World Bank)

  • Financed by contributions from donor countries and by core

agency resources

  • Located at the ILO Office for Italy, Rome
  • Through a variety of data collection, research, and

assessment activities, the UCW programme is broadly directed toward improving understanding of child labour, its causes and effects, how it can be measured, and effective policies for addressing it.

slide-3
SLIDE 3

SETTING THE SCENE

slide-4
SLIDE 4
slide-5
SLIDE 5

Source: Page, J. (2012). Youth, Jobs, and structural change: confronting Africa’s « employment problem ». Working paper No. 155. African Development Bank.

Africa has the youngest population in the world, with almost 200 million people aged between 15 and 24; While the proportion of young people (15-24) is projected to decline globally, it is expected to stay at the same level in Africa for the foreseeable future

YOUTH POPULATION IN AFRICA IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE

slide-6
SLIDE 6

According to the ILO “Global Employment Trends for Youth 2012”, the economic crisis abruptly ended the gradual decline in global youth unemployment rates during the period 2002–07. Since 2007 the global youth unemployment rate has started rising again, and the increase between 2008 and the height of the economic crisis in 2009 effectively wiped out much of the gains made in previous years. Globally, the youth unemployment rate has remained close to its crisis peak in

  • 2009. At 12.6 per cent in 2011 and projected at 12.7 per cent in 2012, the

global youth unemployment rate remains at least a full percentage point above its level in 2007.

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND THE CURRENT FINANCIAL CRISIS

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Global youth unemployment and unemployment rate, 1991-2012

YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND THE CURRENT FINANCIAL CRISIS

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Region 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Unemployment rate SSA 13.8 13.2 13.1 12.2 12.2 12.1 12.1 World 12.8 13.0 12.9 12.4 11.8 11.9 12.8 Youth-to-adult unemployment ratio SSA 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 World 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.7

Source: Glocal Employment Trends, ILO (2012)

Youth unemployment rates and youth-to-adult unemployment ratios, World and Sub-Saharan Africa

YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT RATES IN SSA ARE IN LINE WITH THE WORLD AVERAGE YOUTH TO ADULT UNEMPLOYMENT RATIO IS ONE THIRD SMALLER IN SSA YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Agriculture Industry Services

Years 2010 2010 2010 World 34.0 22.1 43.9 Developed Economies and European Union 3.7 22.4 73.8 Central and South-Eastern Europe (non- EU) and CIS 20.6 24.4 55.1 East Asia 34.9 28.6 36.4 South-East Asia and the Pacifi 42.5 18.2 39.2 South Asia 51.4 20.7 27.9 Latin America and the Caribbean 16.2 22.2 61.6 Middle East 16.9 25.7 57.4 North Africa 28.5 21.8 49.7 Sub-Saharan Africa 62.0 8.5 29.6 Source: ILO, Trends econometric models, October 2011

EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE IN SSA WIDELY DIFFERS FROM THE REST OF THE WORLD

Employment shares by sector (15-64), world and regions (%)

SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT

slide-10
SLIDE 10

LABOUR MARKETS AND DATA

slide-11
SLIDE 11

LABOUR MARKETS IN SSA

Urban

Low productivity sectors High productivity sectors

Rural

Farm Employment Non-Farm Employment

Migration

slide-12
SLIDE 12

SURVEY DATA USED FOR THE ANALYSIS

Country Survey name year Cameroon Enquête Camerounaise Auprès des Ménages (ECAM III) 2007 Liberia Labour Force Survey 2010 Madagascar Enquête Nationale sur le Travail des Enfants 2007 Mali Enquête Permanente Emploi Auprès des Ménages 2007 Niger Enquête Nationale sur le Travail des Enfants 2009 Nigeria General Household Survey 2010 Rwanda National Child Labour Survey 2008 South Africa Labour Force Survey 2011 South Sudan Fifth Population and Housing Census 2008 Tanzania National Panel Survey 2010-11 Togo National Child Labour Survey 2010 Zambia Labour Force Survey 2008

slide-13
SLIDE 13

YOUTH ACTIVITIES

slide-14
SLIDE 14

LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE, BY AREA OF RESIDENCE

100.00 50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 South Sudan Togo Cameroon Rwanda Liberia Madagascar Niger Zambia Mali Nigeria South Africa Tanzania

employment unemployment Rural Urban Youth living in rural areas Rural areas show higher levels of labour force participation.

YOUTH LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES

slide-15
SLIDE 15

EDUCATION PARTICIPATION, BY AREA OF RESIDENCE

100.00 50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 South Sudan Togo Cameroon Rwanda Liberia Madagascar Niger Zambia Mali Nigeria South Africa Tanzania

Rural Urban Education participation in urban areas always exceed education participation in rural area

YOUTH EDUCATION PARTICIPATION

slide-16
SLIDE 16

UNEMPLOYMENT IS MOSTLY AN URBAN PHENOMENON

5 10 15 20 25

Zambia Togo Tanzania South Sudan Rwanda Nigeria Niger Mali Madagascar Liberia Cameroon

percentage

Urban Rural

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 South Africa percentage

Unemployment rate, by area of residence

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES

slide-17
SLIDE 17

RELATIVE POSITION OF YOUTH AND ADULT IN THE LABOUR MARKET

10 20 30 40 50 60

Youth Adult

Unemployment rate, Urban area

YOUTH AND ADULT IN THE LABOUR MARKET

slide-18
SLIDE 18

10 20 30 Zambia Togo Tanzania South Africa South Sudan Rwanda Nigeria Niger Mali Madagasc ar Liberia Cameroon Not in edcuation or labour force (%)

Male Female

  • Figure. Percentage of youth absent from both education and the labour force, by sex and country

YOUTH NOT IN EDUCATION NOR IN THE LABOUR FORCE (NELF)

slide-19
SLIDE 19

10 20 30 Zambia Togo Tanzania South Africa South Sudan Rwanda Nigeria Niger Mali Madagascar Liberia Cameroon Not in edcuation or labour force (%)

Urban Rural

  • Figure. Percentage of youth absent from both education and the labour force, by area of residence

and country

YOUTH NOT IN EDUCATION NOR IN THE LABOUR FORCE (NELF)

slide-20
SLIDE 20

WHERE YOUTH WORKS

slide-21
SLIDE 21

IN RURAL AREAS YOUTH IS MAINLY EMPLOYED IN AGRICULTURE IN URBAN AREA YOUTH IS LARGELY EMPLOYED IN THE SERVICE SECTOR

0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 Cameroon Liberia Madagascar Mali Niger Nigeria Rwanda South Africa South Sudan Togo Zambia Agriculure manufacturing services

  • ther

Rural Urban

Sector of employment, by area of residence

SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Sector of employment: selected services, by area of residence

0.40 0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 Cameroon Liberia Madagascar Mali Niger Rwanda South Africa Togo Zambia commerce hotel transport

  • ther services

Rural Urban

YOUTH IS LARGELY IN THE « TRADITIONAL » SERVICE SECTOR

SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT

slide-23
SLIDE 23

WORKING CONDITIONS

slide-24
SLIDE 24
  • 60%
  • 40%
  • 20%

0% 20% 40% 60% Zambia Togo Tanzania South Africa South Sudan Rwanda Niger Mali Madagascar Liberia Cameroon Paid employee Own-account Unpaid family worker

  • ther

Rural Urban

Youth status in employment, by area

STATUS IN EMPLOYMENT

ONLY A MINORITY OF YOUTH WORKS AS PAID EMPLOYEE

slide-25
SLIDE 25

NON-FORMAL WORK REMAINS COMMON IN SSA

Source: UCW, Youthstats database

  • Figure. Youth wage and salaried employment, by country.

10 20

Burkina Faso Cameroon Liberia Madagascar Mali Niger Rwanda South Sudan Tanzania Togo Zambia

Youth in wage and salaried jobs (%)

STATUS IN EMPLOYMENT

slide-26
SLIDE 26

HUMAN CAPITAL

slide-27
SLIDE 27

YOUTH IN MANY COUNTRIES ENTER THE LABOUR FORCE WITH VERY LIMITED HUMAN CAPITAL

Source: UCW, YouthStats Database

Percentage of non-student youth labour force (age 15 to 24) with primary or less education, selected countries

71 74 83 95 90 43 86 93 96 85 66 63

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Cameroun Liberia Madagascar Mali Niger Nigeria North Sudan Rwanda South Sudan Tanzania Togo Zambia Youth non-studemtn labbour force with primary or less educaation (%)

HUMAN CAPITAL

slide-28
SLIDE 28

MORE EDUCATION DOES NOT CONSISTENTLY LOWER THE RISK OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE

Source: UCW, 2012

Unemployment rate among young people (age 15 to 24), by educational attainment

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Liberia Madagasc ar Rwanda Cameroon South Sudan Tanzania Togo Niger Mali Zambia Unemployment rate (%) No education Primary Secondary Higher than secondary

HUMAN CAPITAL

slide-29
SLIDE 29

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Togo Cameroon Zambia Madagascar Rwanda South Sudan South Africa percent No Education Primary or less Secondary or higher

Share of young people (age 15 to 24) not in education or the labour force, by educational attainment

The share of youth absent from both education and the labour force is often high even among well-educated youth

HUMAN CAPITAL

slide-30
SLIDE 30

YOUTH ON THE MOVE

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Non-migrant 74,5 % Less than

  • ne year

4 % 1 to 4 years 8,7 % 5 to 10 years 7,8 % Migrant 20,6 %

RECENT MIGRANT

OLD MIGRANT

Source: UCW calculations based on Senegal ESAM II 2001/2002.

  • Senegal. Youth population 15 -24 years, by migration status and timing of migration (%)

MIGRANT YOUTH: AN EXAMPLE FROM SENEGAL

Nearly 21% of young people aged 15 to 24 have changed their place of residence during the ten years preceding the survey, compared to 15% of the entire population.

slide-32
SLIDE 32

Level of education of youth (15-24 years), by migration status and area of residence Total Dakar Autre ville Rural Migrants Non- migrants Migrants Non- migrants Migrants Non- migrants Migrants Non- migrants None 64,5 50,2 47,5 26,8 44,1 31 78,3 70,5 Primary 21,4 31 28,3 40,5 27,9 42,3 16,5 21,5 Secondary 14,1 18,7 24,3 32,7 27,9 26,7 5,2 8,0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Source : Estimations UCW à partir des données de l’ESAM II de 2001/2002

ON AVERAGE, YOUNG MIGRANTS ARE LESS EDUCATED THAN THEIR NON-MIGRANT

COUNTERPARTS IN THE RECEIVING AREA

MIGRANT YOUTH: AN EXAMPLE FROM SENEGAL

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Employment (% population 15-24 years) Unemployment (% population 15-24 years) Migrants Non-migrants Migrants Non-migrants Sex Male 58,6 55,1 12,5 17,0 Female 33,6 28,0 14,1 19,2 Residence Dakar 41,0 24,5 14,9 26,1 Autre ville 26,4 26,5 19,7 22,6 Rural 50,0 56,0 10,7 12,1 Total 43,0 41,2 13,5 18,2 Source : Estimations UCW à partir des données de l’ESAM II de 2001/2002

Youth activity status by migration, sex and area of residence YOUNG MIGRANTS DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE PARTICULAR DIFFICULTIES IN ACCESSING

EMPLOYMENT.

IN RURAL AREAS, YOUNG MIGRANTS GENERALLY HAVE A LOWER EMPLOYMENT RATE (50%)

THAN NON-MIGRANTS (56%).

MIGRANT YOUTH: AN EXAMPLE FROM SENEGAL

slide-34
SLIDE 34

SUMMING UP

slide-35
SLIDE 35

LABOUR MARKET CHALLENGES FACED BY YOUTH IN SSA

LACK OF LABOUR DEMAND IS THE HIGHEST OBSTACLE TO YOUTH EMPLOYMENT

Labour market challenges faced by youth

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Aggregate labour demand Skills mismatches Labour market information Attitudes of employers and youth Labour market regulation

Source: African Economic Outlook 2012 Expert Survey

slide-36
SLIDE 36
  • Information and analysis
  • Need for a strategy for job creation and the role of youth in supporting

this strategy

  • Human capital: education and elimination of child labour – Focus on

vulnerable youth

  • Skills: address skill mismatch and provide skills to youth entering the

labour market with low human capital

  • Role of youth in agriculture: promoting innovation, also in small holdings
  • Promote a modern (and diversified) service sector also through youth

entrepreneurship.

  • Migration
  • Need to frame interventions within a strategy

CONCLUSION