Zeroes in derivaonal morphology The case of conversion Guido Vanden - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Zeroes in derivaonal morphology The case of conversion

Guido Vanden Wyngaerd

KU Leuven (Brussels)

Connecng Roots and Affixes (CRAFF) Brno, May 13-14, 2019

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Outline

Introducon Polycategorial suffixes Polycategorial suffixes in NS Root-imposed categorial restricons Conclusion

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Introducon Polycategorial suffixes Polycategorial suffixes in NS Root-imposed categorial restricons Conclusion

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V-N love salute form chair floor rust dance kiss run walk feed show kick V-A cool narrow thin dry clear empty clean warm

• pen

tame blind dim slim A-N secret white complex evil V-A-N average brown quiet

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(1) a. N quiet b. A quiet c. V quiet

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(2) a. A quiet b. N A quiet N ∅ c. V A quiet V ∅ (3) a. N quiet b. A N quiet A c. V A N quiet A V

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(2) a. A quiet b. N A quiet N ∅ c. V A quiet V ∅ (3) a. N quiet b. A N quiet A ∅ c. V A N quiet A ∅ V ∅

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(4) a. a

• quiet

a ∅ b. n

• quiet

n ∅ c. v

• quiet

v ∅

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Borer’s Generalisaon (Borer 2014: 11)

Categorially marked forms in English may not undergo a (phonologically) unmarked noun-verb alternaon.

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(5) a. a salutaon b. *to salutaon an arrival *to arrival a neighbourhood *to neighbourhood a writer *to writer the kindness *to kindness the ability *to ability (6) a. *a crystallise b. to crystallise *an instanate to instantiate *an acidify to acidify *an encase to encase *a faen to faen *an enlighten to enlighten

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(7) a. n v

• crystal

v ise n aon b. n v

• crystal

v ise n ∅

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(8) a. v a n

• govern

n ment a al v ise b. v a n

• govern

n ment a al v ∅

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Borer’s conclusion

There are no zero categorising heads.

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Conversion and acategorial roots: DM

▶ underspecificaon Subset Principle the more syntacc environments, the less properes quiet can occur everywhere, hence it is an acategorial root, with zero syntacc properes

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Conversion and acategorial roots: DM

▶ underspecificaon ▶ Subset Principle the more syntacc environments, the less properes quiet can occur everywhere, hence it is an acategorial root, with zero syntacc properes

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Conversion and acategorial roots: DM

▶ underspecificaon ▶ Subset Principle ▶ the more syntacc environments, the less properes quiet can occur everywhere, hence it is an acategorial root, with zero syntacc properes

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Conversion and acategorial roots: DM

▶ underspecificaon ▶ Subset Principle ▶ the more syntacc environments, the less properes ▶ quiet can occur everywhere, hence it is an acategorial root, with zero syntacc properes

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Conversion and acategorial roots: Nanosyntax

▶ overspecificaon Superset Principle the more syntacc environments, the more properes quiet can occur everywhere: it has all the relevant syntacc properes, i.e. it is specified for all relevant features

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Conversion and acategorial roots: Nanosyntax

▶ overspecificaon ▶ Superset Principle the more syntacc environments, the more properes quiet can occur everywhere: it has all the relevant syntacc properes, i.e. it is specified for all relevant features

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Conversion and acategorial roots: Nanosyntax

▶ overspecificaon ▶ Superset Principle ▶ the more syntacc environments, the more properes quiet can occur everywhere: it has all the relevant syntacc properes, i.e. it is specified for all relevant features

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Conversion and acategorial roots: Nanosyntax

▶ overspecificaon ▶ Superset Principle ▶ the more syntacc environments, the more properes ▶ quiet can occur everywhere: it has all the relevant syntacc properes, i.e. it is specified for all relevant features

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(9) Verb F3 Noun F2 Adjecve F1 ⇔ /quiet/ (10) The Superset Principle (Starke 2009) A lexically stored tree L matches a syntacc node S iff L contains the syntacc tree dominated by S as a subtree

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(9) Verb F3 Noun F2 Adjecve F1 ⇔ /quiet/ (10) The Superset Principle (Starke 2009) A lexically stored tree L matches a syntacc node S iff L contains the syntacc tree dominated by S as a subtree

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This talk

▶ to discuss some predicons of the NS approach to conversion for the case of polycategorial suffixes in English and Dutch

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Introducon Polycategorial suffixes Polycategorial suffixes in NS Root-imposed categorial restricons Conclusion

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• al

arrival logical

• able

constable endurable

• an

librarian replian

• ant

defendant defiant

• ary

funconary legendary

• ate

consulate intricate

• ible

crucible credible

• ic

tunic magic

• ive

incenve audive

• ory

promontory rotatory

• ous

focus mucous

• esque

arabesque grotesque

• y

parsimony airy

• ish

rubbish foppish

• en

warden golden

• ful

handful colorful

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• air

diamantair ‘diamond dealer’ elementair ‘elementary’

• oot

malloot ‘scaerbrain’ idioot ‘idioc’

• (o)ide

asteroïde ‘asteroid’ paranoïde ‘paranoid’

• ieur

interieur ‘interior’ inferieur ‘inferior’

• aan

mohammedaan ‘Muhammadan’ momentaan ‘momentary’

• aat

kandidaat ‘candidate’ accuraat ‘accurate’

• ant

communicant ‘communicant’ arrogant ‘arrogant’

• ent

solvent ‘solvent’ coherent ‘coherent’

• é

exposé ‘account’ privé ‘private’

• iel

debiel ‘imbecile’ fragiel ‘fragile’

• iet

meteoriet ‘meteorite’ erudiet ‘erudite’

• oos

leproos ‘leper’ mucoos ‘mucous’

• t

product ‘product’ abstract ‘abstract’

• (e)ling

tweeling ‘twins’ mondeling ‘oral’

• el

aquarel ‘aquarelle’ naturel ‘natural’

• er

bakker ‘baker’ Groninger ‘from Groningen’

• eel

bureel ‘office’ temporeel ‘temporal’

• aal

admiraal ‘admiral’ paradoxaal ‘paradoxical’

• iek

motoriek ‘locomoon’ sympathiek ‘congenial’

• ief

collecef ‘collecve’ fouef ‘wrong’

• oir

urinoir ‘urinal’ notoir ‘notorious’

• en

Zweden ‘Sweden’ houten ‘wooden’

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• air

diamantair ‘diamond dealer’ elementair ‘elementary’

• oot

malloot ‘scaerbrain’ idioot ‘idioc’

• (o)ide

asteroïde ‘asteroid’ paranoïde ‘paranoid’

• ieur

interieur ‘interior’ inferieur ‘inferior’

• aan

mohammedaan ‘Muhammadan’ momentaan ‘momentary’

• aat

kandidaat ‘candidate’ accuraat ‘accurate’

• ant

communicant ‘communicant’ arrogant ‘arrogant’

• ent

solvent ‘solvent’ coherent ‘coherent’

• é

exposé ‘account’ privé ‘private’

• iel

debiel ‘imbecile’ fragiel ‘fragile’

• iet

meteoriet ‘meteorite’ erudiet ‘erudite’

• oos

leproos ‘leper’ mucoos ‘mucous’

• t

product ‘product’ abstract ‘abstract’

• (e)ling

tweeling ‘twins’ mondeling ‘oral’

• el

aquarel ‘aquarelle’ naturel ‘natural’

• er

bakker ‘baker’ Groninger ‘from Groningen’

• eel

bureel ‘office’ temporeel ‘temporal’

• aal

admiraal ‘admiral’ paradoxaal ‘paradoxical’

• iek

motoriek ‘locomoon’ sympathiek ‘congenial’

• ief

collecef ‘collecve’ fouef ‘wrong’

• oir

urinoir ‘urinal’ notoir ‘notorious’

• en

Zweden ‘Sweden’ houten ‘wooden’

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(11) a. N

• iek

b. A

• iek

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(12) a. A

• iek

b. N A

• iek

N ∅ (13) a. N

• iek

b. A N

• iek

A

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(12) a. A

• iek

b. N A

• iek

N ∅ (13) a. N

• iek

b. A N

• iek

A ∅

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(14) a. a

• iek

a ∅ b. n

• iek

n ∅ De Belder (2011); Lowenstamm (2014); Creemers, Don & Fenger (2018)

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(14) a. a

• iek

a ∅ b. n

• iek

n ∅ De Belder (2011); Lowenstamm (2014); Creemers, Don & Fenger (2018)

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(15) a.

• motor
• iek

b.

• sympath
• iek

(16) N de motoriek ‘the locomoon’ A *erg motoriek V *ik motoriek

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(15) a.

• motor
• iek

b.

• sympath
• iek

(16) N de motoriek ‘the locomoon’ A *erg motoriek V *ik motoriek

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(15) a.

• motor
• iek

b.

• sympath
• iek

(16) N de motoriek ‘the locomoon’ A *erg motoriek erg sympathiek ‘very congenial’ V *ik motoriek

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(15) a.

• motor
• iek

b.

• sympath
• iek

(16) N de motoriek *de sympathiek ‘the locomoon’ A *erg motoriek erg sympathiek ‘very congenial’ V *ik motoriek

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(15) a.

• motor
• iek

b.

• sympath
• iek

(16) N de motoriek *de sympathiek ‘the locomoon’ A *erg motoriek erg sympathiek ‘very congenial’ V *ik motoriek *ik sympathiek

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Syncrec -iek

(17)

• poliek

‘polics’ ‘polical’ anek ‘anques’ ‘anque’ katholiek ‘catholic’ ‘catholic’ komiek ‘comedian’ ‘comical’ fysiek ‘physique’ ‘physical’ kriek ‘crique’ ‘crical’ generiek ‘credits’ ‘generic’ excentriek ‘eccentric’ ‘eccentric’ metriek ‘metrics’ ‘metrical’ periodiek ‘periodical’ ‘periodic’

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Adjecval -iek

(18) au then ek ‘authenc’ lu diek ‘playful’ ca no niek ‘canonical’

• r

ga niek ‘organic’ cho le riek ‘hot-tempered’ rem brand ek ‘rembrandtesque’ di plo ma ek ‘diplomac’ sa

• riek ‘sarical’

ener giek ‘energec’ spe ci fiek ‘specific’ fa na ek ‘fanacal’ sym pa thiek ‘sympathec’ fleg ma ek ‘phlegmac’

• ran

niek ‘tyrannical’ kol de riek ‘hare-brained’ uniek ‘unique’

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Nominal -iek

(19) akoes ek ‘acouscs’ me tho diek ‘methodology’ acro ba ek ‘acrobacs’ mo to riek ‘motor system’ at le ek ‘athlecs’ pa niek ‘panic’ di a lec ek ‘dialecc(s)’ pe da go giek ‘pedagogy’ di dac ek ‘didaccs’ po le miek ‘polemic’ dra ma ek ‘drama(cs)’ prag ma ek ‘pragmacs’ dy na miek ‘dynamic’ re to riek ‘rhetoric’ ero ek ‘erocism’ reu ma ek ‘rheumasm’ ethiek ‘ethics’ se man ek ‘semancs’ fo ne ek ‘phonecs’ sym bo liek ‘symbolism’ gym nas ek ‘gymnascs’ sys te ma ek ‘system(acs)’ ly riek ‘poetry’ techniek ‘technique’

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Syncrec -al

(20) chemical commercial intellectual visual adverbial condional manual vocal collateral decimal millennial universal aerial dental mineral special animal diagonal musical terminal annual dual nasal tradional heterosexual editorial

• rdinal

casual ideal epidural

• riginal

instrumental centennial extraterrestrial palatal cardinal bilingual final periodical social capital labial potenal ritual spiritual inial internaonal principal formal normal

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Nominal and adjecval -al

(21) denial refusal accrual acquial arrival arousal betrayal withdrawal (22) logical agitaonal tonal dialectal governmental vaginal

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More syncrec suffixes I

• ,
• daily

agnosc adhesive adolescent contemporary feminist weekly cosmec fugive delinquent primary modernist monthly narcoc demonstrave innocent documentary expressionist quarterly anbioc sedave equivalent subsidiary capitalist ansepc laxave absorbent revoluonary centralist Catholic contracepve solvent preliminary colonialist classic nave present mercenary Darwinist polemic constant militant inerant clairvoyant deviant Protestant

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More syncrec suffixes II

• /
• Czech

Chinese Moroccan Iraqi Finnish French Portuguese Italian Israeli Turkish Greek Lebanese Algerian Pakistani Spanish Slovak Cantonese Tuscan Malagasy Polish Dutch Congolese Australian Omani Swedish Welsh Faroese European Danish Madurese German English

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Interim Conclusion

▶ a sizable class of suffixes, both in English and Dutch, can derive either adjecves or nouns none of these suffixes can derive verbs there is a lot of lexical idiosyncrasy (i.e. unpredictability) as to the roots these affixes combine with:

some roots occur in both nouns and adjecves some roots occur only in adjecves some roots occur only in nouns

these properes are unexpected if the relevant suffixes were roots

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Interim Conclusion

▶ a sizable class of suffixes, both in English and Dutch, can derive either adjecves or nouns ▶ none of these suffixes can derive verbs there is a lot of lexical idiosyncrasy (i.e. unpredictability) as to the roots these affixes combine with:

some roots occur in both nouns and adjecves some roots occur only in adjecves some roots occur only in nouns

these properes are unexpected if the relevant suffixes were roots

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Interim Conclusion

▶ a sizable class of suffixes, both in English and Dutch, can derive either adjecves or nouns ▶ none of these suffixes can derive verbs ▶ there is a lot of lexical idiosyncrasy (i.e. unpredictability) as to the roots these affixes combine with:

some roots occur in both nouns and adjecves some roots occur only in adjecves some roots occur only in nouns

these properes are unexpected if the relevant suffixes were roots

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Interim Conclusion

▶ a sizable class of suffixes, both in English and Dutch, can derive either adjecves or nouns ▶ none of these suffixes can derive verbs ▶ there is a lot of lexical idiosyncrasy (i.e. unpredictability) as to the roots these affixes combine with:

▶ some roots occur in both nouns and adjecves some roots occur only in adjecves some roots occur only in nouns

these properes are unexpected if the relevant suffixes were roots

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Interim Conclusion

▶ a sizable class of suffixes, both in English and Dutch, can derive either adjecves or nouns ▶ none of these suffixes can derive verbs ▶ there is a lot of lexical idiosyncrasy (i.e. unpredictability) as to the roots these affixes combine with:

▶ some roots occur in both nouns and adjecves ▶ some roots occur only in adjecves some roots occur only in nouns

these properes are unexpected if the relevant suffixes were roots

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Interim Conclusion

▶ a sizable class of suffixes, both in English and Dutch, can derive either adjecves or nouns ▶ none of these suffixes can derive verbs ▶ there is a lot of lexical idiosyncrasy (i.e. unpredictability) as to the roots these affixes combine with:

▶ some roots occur in both nouns and adjecves ▶ some roots occur only in adjecves ▶ some roots occur only in nouns

these properes are unexpected if the relevant suffixes were roots

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Interim Conclusion

▶ a sizable class of suffixes, both in English and Dutch, can derive either adjecves or nouns ▶ none of these suffixes can derive verbs ▶ there is a lot of lexical idiosyncrasy (i.e. unpredictability) as to the roots these affixes combine with:

▶ some roots occur in both nouns and adjecves ▶ some roots occur only in adjecves ▶ some roots occur only in nouns

▶ these properes are unexpected if the relevant suffixes were roots

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Introducon Polycategorial suffixes Polycategorial suffixes in NS Root-imposed categorial restricons Conclusion

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Polycategorial suffixes in NS

(23) Noun F2 Adjecve F1 ⇔ /-suff/ a suffix can assign mulple categories a suffix need not assign all categories (N, A, V)

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Polycategorial suffixes in NS

(23) Noun F2 Adjecve F1 ⇔ /-suff/ ▶ a suffix can assign mulple categories a suffix need not assign all categories (N, A, V)

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Polycategorial suffixes in NS

(23) Noun F2 Adjecve F1 ⇔ /-suff/ ▶ a suffix can assign mulple categories ▶ a suffix need not assign all categories (N, A, V)

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(24) Noun F2 Adjecve F1 ⇔ /-iek/

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(25) F0 Adjecve F1 polit ≪ ≫

• iek

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(26) F0 Noun F2 Adjecve F1 polit ≪ ≫

• iek
• iek can make nouns and adjecves
• iek cannot make verbs

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(26) F0 Noun F2 Adjecve F1 polit ≪ ≫

• iek

⇒ -iek can make nouns and adjecves

• iek cannot make verbs

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(26) F0 Noun F2 Adjecve F1 polit ≪ ≫

• iek

⇒ -iek can make nouns and adjecves ⇒ -iek cannot make verbs

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(27)

• linguisque

‘linguiscs’ ‘linguisc’ sémanque ‘semancs’ ‘semanc’ technique ‘technique’ ‘technical’ clinique ‘hospital’ ‘clinical’ gymnasque ‘gymnascs’ ‘gymnasc’ acousque ‘acouscs ‘acousc’ romanque ‘romanc’

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Introducon Polycategorial suffixes Polycategorial suffixes in NS Root-imposed categorial restricons Conclusion

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(28)

• politiek

‘polics’ politiek ‘polical’ akoestiek ‘acouscs’ authentiek ‘authenc’ energiek ‘energec’ fanatiek ‘fanacal’

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(28)

• politiek

‘polics’ politiek ‘polical’ akoestiek ‘acouscs’ akoestisch ‘acousc’ authenti[s]iteit ‘authencity’ authentiek ‘authenc’ energie ‘energy’ energiek ‘energec’ fanatisme ‘fanacism’ fanatiek ‘fanacal’ fanaticus ‘fanac’

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(28)

• politiek

‘polics’ politiek ‘polical’ akoestiek ‘acouscs’ akoestisch ‘acousc’ authenti[s]iteit ‘authencity’ authentiek ‘authenc’ energie ‘energy’ energiek ‘energec’ fanatisme ‘fanacism’ fanatiek ‘fanacal’ fanaticus ‘fanac’

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A double challenge

▶ get the right root to combine with the right suffix ▶ get the category right with syncrec suffixes (noun, adjecve, or both)

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Pointers (Starke 2014)

(29) VP shoot DP the breeze ⇔ /–/, []

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Pointers (Starke 2014)

(29) VP shoot DP the breeze ⇔ /–/, []

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(30) P bad

• ⇔

/worse/, [–]

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(30) P bad

• ⇔

/worse/, [–]

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(31) XP rootn suffixx ⇔ /–/, [–]

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(31) XP rootn suffixx ⇔ /–/, [–]

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Closing the door (and opening a loophole)

▶ the suffixes at issue here come from the nonnave, improducve stratum of Dutch and English morphology ▶ these suffixes are not directly accessible to the spellout algorithm ▶ they are only indirectly accessible, through pointers (M. Starke, class lectures, 2019)

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(32)

• iteit
• heid
• isme
• ie
• ist
• er
• icus
• isch
• ig

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A akoest isch ⇔ /–/, [–] A F0 A F1 akoest ≪ ≫ -ig

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A akoest isch ⇔ /–/, [–] A F0 A F1 akoest ≪ ≫ -isch

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N fanat isme ⇔ /–/, [–] N F0 N F1 fanat ≪ ≫ -heid

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N fanat isme ⇔ /–/, [–] N F0 N F1 fanat ≪ ≫ -isme

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N fanat icus ⇔ /–/, [–] N F0 N F1 fanat ≪ ≫ -er

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N fanat icus ⇔ /–/, [–] N F0 N F1 fanat ≪ ≫ -icus

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Adjecval -iek

A fanat iek ⇔ /–/, [–] A F0 A F1 fanat ≪ ≫ -ig

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Adjecval -iek

A fanat iek ⇔ /–/, [–] A F0 A F1 fanat ≪ ≫ -iek

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Nominal -iek

N akoest iek ⇔ /–/, [–] N F0 N F2 akoest ≪ ≫ -heid

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Nominal -iek

N akoest iek ⇔ /–/, [–] N F0 N F2 akoest ≪ ≫ -iek

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Syncrec -iek

polit iek ⇔ /–/, [–] F0 N F2 polit ≪ ≫ -heid

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Syncrec -iek

polit iek ⇔ /–/, [–] F0 N F2 polit ≪ ≫ -iek

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Syncrec -iek

polit iek ⇔ /–/, [–] F0 A F1 polit ≪ ≫ -ig

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Syncrec -iek

polit iek ⇔ /–/, [–] F0 A F1 polit ≪ ≫ -iek

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Introducon Polycategorial suffixes Polycategorial suffixes in NS Root-imposed categorial restricons Conclusion

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Conclusion

▶ Conversion can be explained (without recourse to zero elements) by means of nanosyntacc phrasal spellout, and Superset Principle logic ▶ Polycategorial suffixes in English and Dutch show a behaviour that agrees well with the predicons of the model ▶ Selecon restricons and root-imposed categorial restricons can be accounted for by means of pointers

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References

Borer, Hagit. 2014. The category of roots. In Artemis Alexiadou, Hagit Borer & Florian Schäfer (eds.), The syntax of roots and the roots of syntax. 112–148. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Creemers, Ava, Jan Don & Paula Fenger. 2018. Some affixes are roots, others are

• heads. Natural Language & Linguisc Theory 36(1). 45–84.

doi:10.1007/s11049-017-9372-1. De Belder, Marijke. 2011. Roots and affixes: Eliminang lexical categories from

• syntax. Utrecht: Utrecht University dissertaon.

Lowenstamm, Jean. 2014. Derivaonal affixes as roots. In Artemis Alexiadou, Hagit Borer & Florian Schäfer (eds.), The syntax of roots and the roots of syntax. 230–259. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Starke, Michal. 2009. Nanosyntax: A short primer to a new approach to language. Nordlyd 36. 1–6. Starke, Michal. 2014. Cleaning up the lexicon. Linguisc Analysis 39. 245–256.

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