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7th Grade PSI
Structure and Function & Information Processing
20151107 www.njctl.org
1 7 th Grade PSI Structure and Function & Information - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 7 th Grade PSI Structure and Function & Information - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
1 7 th Grade PSI Structure and Function & Information Processing 20151107 www.njctl.org 2 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Cells: the Fundamental Units of Life Cell Structure and Function Tissues,
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Table of Contents
- Cells: the Fundamental Units of Life
Click on the topic to go to that section
- Cell Structure and Function
- Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
- Information Processing in Living Systems
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Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life
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Characteristics of Living Things
There are more than 8.7 million different types of living things on Earth. Organisms come in different sizes, shapes, colors, but all living things have some key characteristics in common. Can you think of characteristics which ALL living things have in common? Make a list with your table.
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Grow
Respond to the environment. Plant grows toward light.
Reproduce
Use energy for growth and maintenance.
Characteristics of Living Things
These pictures give hints about what some of those traits are. Use the clues to come up with a list of 4 common characteristics. Move the pictures to see answers.
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An organism is an individual living thing that can function on its
- wn.
Organisms
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Organisms have different levels of organization for structure and
- function. Humans are an example of a complex organism that has
many different levels of organization.
Levels of Organization
Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
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Cells
A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms. They are the building blocks of life. All organisms are made up of cells! Cells are microscopic, they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Click here to watch an animation about cell size.
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A unicellular organism is made up of one cell.
Multicellular organisms are made up of multiple cells.
Cells
Some types of plankton are
- nly made up of one cell.
Starfish are made up of many cells.
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Unicellular organisms are relatively simple and small. They are the oldest forms of life on Earth, and they are everywhere! Examples of unicellular organisms include: bacteria, some types of fungi, and protists.
Unicellular Organisms
Bacteria on our bodies
- utnumber our human cells 10:1.
Electron microscope picture of bacteria in the human gut.
Bad bacteria, sometimes called germs, can make us sick, but most bacteria on our body is helpful.
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Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular organisms are larger and more complex. In a multicellular organisms each cell has a specific job or function.
https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/sciencebehind/geneticsoverview/
Humans are made up of 200 different types of cells and over a trillion cells total!
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Cell Theory
- All living things are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living
things.
- Cells arise only from other cells.
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Look at the following pictures and classify each item as a living thing or a nonliving thing.
Living vs. Nonliving
Use cell theory to justify your answer.
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1 Which sentence below is true about cells? A Plant and animal cells are living. B Plant and animal cells are nonliving. C Only plant cells are living. D Only animal cells are living.
Answer
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2 Which statement is true about cell theory? A Cell theory states that all cells are nonliving. B Cell theory states that cells can come from nonliving things. C Cell theory states that all cells arise from other cells. D Cell theory says animal cells are the only type of living cells.
Answer
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3 How are cells like building blocks? A Cells are tough and cannot be broken. B Cells build on one another to form a structure. C All cells are weak and break apart. D Cells need to be stuck together in order for them to be strong.
Answer
B
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4 Which example below represents something that is living? A a leaf B an oven C a volcano D a bike
Answer
A
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Prokaryotic Cells
Scanning Electron Microscope image of bacteria.
Cell Classification
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus surrounded by a membrane (red structure)
Transmission Electron Micrograph image of an animal cell.
Cells can be classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane;
prokaryotic cells do not have a membranebound nucleus.
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What is a membrane?
A membrane is a thin, flexible substance that encloses something and acts as a
- barrier. Membranes are
similar to bubbles.
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Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are organisms made up of prokaryotic cells. Most prokaryotes are also unicelluar. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells and only have a few internal structures. Model of a prokaryotic cell
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Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes are organisms made up of eukaryotic cells.
All multicellular organisms and some unicellular organisms are
eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells and more
- complex. They contain a membranebound nucleus and many
internal structures called organelles.
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Nucleus
Other types of
- rganelles
Model of a eukaryotic cell
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5 Choose all the terms which describe this organism. A Eukaryotic B Prokaryotic C Unicellular D Multicellular
Answer
A, D
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6 Choose all the terms which describe this organism. A Eukaryotic B Prokaryotic C Unicellular D Multicellular
Answer
B, C
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7 Choose all the terms which describe this organism. A Eukaryotic B Prokaryotic C Unicellular D Multicellular
Answer
B, C
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8 Choose all the terms which describe this organism. A Eukaryotic B Prokaryotic C Unicellular D Multicellular
Answer
A, D
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9 A sunflower would be an example of a/an: A unicellular organism B multicellular organism C prokaryote D eukaryote E both B and D F both A and C
Answer
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10 How many cells make up a unicellular organism? A zero B more than one C many D one
Answer
D
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11 What is the key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A Eukaryotic cells contain a membranebound nucleus B Prokaryotic cells contain a membranebound nucleus C Prokarytotic cells contain membranes D Eukarytotic are the only cells that grow
Answer
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12 Water that appears clear can actually have many microscopic organisms in it. The image below shows an
- rganism found in pond water under a microscope. How
would you classify the organism? A Unicellular, eukaryote B Unicellular, prokaryote C Multicellular, eukaryote D Multicellular, prokaryote
Answer
A This one is tricky. C and D are definitely not right because it's a unicellular organism. This is a paramecium, a protist that has a nucleus.
Click here to view a protist under a microscope.
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Lab 1 Investigating Cells Part 1 & 2
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Cell Structure and Function
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Cell Structure and Function
Like all living things, cells require energy, grow, reproduce, and respond and adapt to their environment.
Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells
Even though they are the fundamental unit of life, cells are composed of many smaller parts that work together to make them function.
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Organelles
Organelles are specialized cell structures that carry out specific
cell functions. Organelles are built out of molecules.
Click here to see how cells compare in size to organelles and molecules.
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13 Which of the following ranks cells, molecules, organelles, and atoms in order of size and complexity from smallest/ least to largest/greatest? A organelles, molecules, cells, atoms B cells, atoms, molecules, organelles C organelles, cells, atoms, molecules D atoms, molecules, organelles, cells
Answer
D
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Common Cell Features
Most cells prokaryotic and eukaryotic have a few parts in common:
- Plasma membrane : thin membrane that encloses cells and
regulates what materials can enter and exit the cell.
- Cytoplasm or Cytosol
: gellike solution that fills up the cell; all of the organelles are contained within the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes : assemble cellular machines called proteins
- DNA: a molecule that directs cell activities and gives organisms
their specific traits
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Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA
Common Cell Features
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Animal Cell Structures
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Animal Cell Structure: Cell Membrane
Cell membrane encloses cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell. Cell Membrane
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Cell Membranes
A cell membrane is a thin, flexible structure that holds liquids and other contents in place. You can picture it being like a thin plastic bag. Cell membranes are made up of smaller molecules that stick
- together. They keep the cell contents from leaking out, and
control what substances can enter and exit the cell.
Cell membrane model
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Cytoplasm is a jellylike solution filling the inside of a cell that holds
- rganelles in place.
Animal Cell Structure: Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is clear substance
Click here to see a video of cytoplasmic streaming.
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The nucleus controls the cell because it contains the cell's DNA, the chemical instructions for life.
Animal Cell Structure: Nucleus
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The ribosomes assemble proteins, which are the molecular machines of the cell.
Animal Cell Structures: Ribosomes
Protein Molecule
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14 Which of the following statements is correct? A The nucleus surrounds the cell. B The cytoplasm surrounds the outside the cell. C The nuclear envelope monitors what goes in and
- ut of the cell.
D The nucleus controls all functions of a cell.
Answer
D
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15 What structure is like the gatekeeper of the cell, allowing certain substances to enter and exit? A cell membrane B the nuclear envelope C microfilaments D DNA
Answer
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16 What is the primary function of a ribosome? A to clean the cell B to make RNA C to make protein D to make DNA
Answer
C
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The Golgi Apparatus packages and ships proteins out of the cell.
Animal Cell Structure: Golgi Apparatus
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The ER is the transport network for proteins and other materials.
Animal Cell Structure: Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Lysosomes are filled with enzymes that breakdown and recycle materials
Animal Cell Structures: Lysosomes
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Mitochondria are the sites of chemical reactions that power the cell.
Animal Cell Structures: Mitochondria
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17 The cell structure that contains enzymes and breaks apart waste molecules is called the ___________. A lysosome B vacuole C nucleus D endoplasmic reticulum
Answer
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18 What cell structure packages and ships proteins? A B Golgi apparatus C Mitochondria D ER Lysosomes
Answer
B
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19 What organelle is like the powerhouse of the cell? A B Golgi apparatus C Mitochondria D ER Lysosomes
Answer
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Plant Cell Structures
Animal cells have structures plant cells don't have including centrioles, microfilaments, and microtubules. Plant and animal cells have many common features, and a few key differences. Unique Plant Cell Structures
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Plant Cell Structures: Large Vacuoles
Vacuoles store water to help maintain water pressure inside cell. *Small vacuoles are also found in animal cells and protists.
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Plant Cell Structures: Cell Wall
The cell wall protects and supports the cell;
- nly allows water and
small molecules like
- xygen and carbon
dioxide through.
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Plant Cell Structures: Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
- btain energy
directly from sunlight and use it to make energy molecules/food.
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20 What is one key difference between a plant and animal cell? A Plant cells have a cell wall as animal cells do not. B Plant and animal cells both have ribosomes. C Animal cells have ribosomes and plant cells do not. D Plant cells do not have a nucleus.
Answer
A
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21 What type of cell has choroplasts? A small B nonliving C plant D animal
Answer
C
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22 What types of cells have a nucleus? A only nonliving cells B both plant and animal cells C only the smallest cells D human cells
Answer
B
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23 What is the function of a chloroplast? A produce energy for cells B control the functions of a cell C assemble proteins D capture energy from the sun to make food
Answer
D
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24 Which type of cell barrier do all cells have? A cell wall B cell membrane C nuclear membrane D nuclear pore
Answer
B
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Lab 1 Investigating Cells Parts 35
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Project: Build your Cell Field or City!
INQUIRE: How does a cell compare to a baseball stadium or city?
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Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
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Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized, having different shapes, sizes and functions. Skin cells Fat cells Brain cells (neurons) Blood cells
Multicellular Organisms
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Cells have special ways of communicating with each other to help make multicellular organisms function. For example, when you get a cut in your skin, your cells react by sending chemical messengers out to tell your other cells your skin needs repairing.
Cell Communication
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Immune cells are some of the coolest cells in our bodies. They respond to injuries to help repair or get rid of bad bacteria.
Cell Communication
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When you get a cut, why does an adult always make you wash it first thing? Bad bacterial cells can get through the tear in skin and get in your body. Fortunately, your immune cells are on this. When they get a signal that there's been an accident, they quickly arrive on the scene to help clean up bacteria. Blood vessel filled with blood cells
Cell Communication
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25 What is one way cells communicate with each
- ther?
A send emails B cells cannot communicate C send chemical signals D send radio signals
Answer
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Tissues
Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar shape and function. 4 types of human tissue Plant tissue
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Connective tissue serves a "connecting" function. It supports and binds other tissues. Connective tissue serves many other purposes in the body, including storing fats and forming blood cells.
Connective Tissue
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Nervous tissue is the main
component of the nervous system – the brain, spinal cord, and branching peripheral nerves – which regulates and controls bodily functions.
Nervous Tissue
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Epithelial tissue covers external surfaces and internal cavities and
- rgans. Glands are also composed of epithelial tissue. Epithelial
tissue helps to protect organisms from microorganisms, injury, and fluid loss.
Epithelial Tissue
squamous epithelial cells parotid epithelial cells esophageal epithelial cells
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Muscle tissue is used for locomotion, food movement in the gut, and heat production.
Muscle Tissue
Types of Muscle Tissue:
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26 What is the primary function of connective tissue? A to support external structures B to support muscles C to connect neurons in the brain D to support and bind other tissue
Answer
D
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27 Which tissue type has 3 basic forms that give rise to smooth, skeletal, and cardiac? A connective B epithelial C muscle D nervous
Answer
C
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28 Which tissue covers external surfaces? A nervous B connective C epithelial D muscle
Answer
C
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An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose.
Skin Heart Ear
Build an Organ Activity
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Lab 2 Dissecting a Chicken Wing
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A group of organs come together to function as a system.
Organ Systems
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The digestive system breaks down food into usable nutrients and expels the wastes.
Digestive System
Click here for a short video on the digestive system.
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The circulatory system carries oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body. It includes the heart, the veins, the arteries, capillaries and blood.
Circulatory System
Click here for a short video on the circulatory system.
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Skeletal System
The skeletal system is in charge of providing support for the body. Its joints allow for movement. The skeletal system also produces all the red blood cells for the body, and protects all the major organs.
Click here for a short video on the skeletal system.
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Muscular System
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It handles the movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.
Click here for a short video on the muscular system.
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Respiratory System
The respiratory system brings in oxygen to be carried by the red blood cells. It also gets rid of all waste gases from the body.
Click here for a short video on the respiratory system.
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29 Which organ system breaks down food? A digestive B skeletal C respiratory D muscular
Answer
A
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30 Without this system, your body would have no shape: A muscular B respiratory C digestive D skeletal
Answer
D
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31 This system brings in oxygen carried by red blood cells: A skeletal B respiratory C muscular D digestive
Answer
B
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Structure of Life
Cells
combine to create
Tissues
that form
that work together in
Organ systems
that make up
Organisms Organs
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Organ Systems Activity Parts I and II
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Information Processing in Living Systems
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Information Processing
Organisms have multiple levels of structure and organization. In multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. How do all of these systems communicate with one another to function as a whole and respond to their environment? In animals, sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.
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Information Processing
In humans a network of cells called neurons transmit information in the form of electrical signals. Neurons are the cells that make up the nervous system. The brain has billions of neurons that connect with thousands of other cells.
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Information Processing
The nervous system has two major components: Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord and serves as the main processing center for information Peripheral Nervous System connects the CNS to limbs and organs.
Click here for a short video on the nervous system.
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Sensory Stimuli
There are three main forms of sensory stimulation that activate sensory systems in multicellular organisms: mechanical,
chemical, and electromagnetic.
These 3 types of sensory stimulation happen in all of our bodies sometimes at the same time!
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Mechanical Stimuli
Examples of mechanical stimuli include: Vibrations Physical Pressure
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Chemical Stimuli
Examples of chemical stimuli include: Food chemicals Oderants & Pheromones
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Electromagnetic Stimuli
Examples of electromagnetic stimuli include: Light Heat
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32 In animals, which system is responsible for processing information from the environment: A skeletal B nervous C muscular D digestive
Answer
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33 Light sensitive neurons in the eye response to which type of sensory stimuli: A mechanical B electromagnetic C chemical D physical
Answer
B
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34 Hair cells in the ear respond to which type of sensory stimuli: A mechanical B electromagnetic C chemical D physical
Answer
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35 Plants release pheromones that bees are attracted to so that bees will pollinate them. Pheromones are an example of which type of sensory stimuli? A mechanical B electromagnetic C chemical D physical
Answer
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Sensory Modalities, Memory, and Behavior
Human sensory modalities together gather sensory information about stimuli that results in immediate behavior reaction and shortterm sensory memory storage. There are at least five main organs that sense information from the environment. Can you name these five organs? These organs contain different sensory receptors.
Answer
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Sensory Receptors
A sensory receptor is a nerve cell or bundle of nerve cells that interact with stimuli and send signals to the brain for
- processing. They are all found all over the body and protect us
from harm.
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Sensory Receptors
Humans have many sensor receptors that contribute to a multitude of senses. There are five main sensory receptors that allow humans to sense different things. Temperature receptors gives animals the ability to sense heat and cold Pain receptors detect and respond to internal or external pain
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Sensory Receptors
Chemoreceptors associated with the sense of taste and smell. Mechanoreceptors are associated with the ability to sense touch, pressure, sound and balance.
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Sensory Receptors
Photoreceptors are sensitive to light and allow animals to see In addition to these five main sensory receptors, there are many more that contribute to many more senses!
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Sensory Receptors
Other sensory receptors include:
- Hunger Receptorsallows a person to sense when the body
needs food
- Stretch Receptors sense the dilation of blood vessels and
are found in the lungs, bladder and stomach
- Magnetoreceptors sense and respond to magnetic fields
- Electroreceptors sense and respond to electric fields
- Hydroreceptors associated with the ability to sense changes
in humidity
- Position Receptors allow humans to sense where body
parts are in relation to other body parts
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Nervous System Functions
Sensory input: Recieve signals from sensory receptors Integration: Interpret the sensory signals and form appropriate
responses
Motor output: Conduct signals from the integration centers to
effector organs, which can be muscles or glands, to carry out the body's response.
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Nervous System Functions
Discuss the sensory input, motor output below. What type of stimulus might have elicited this response?
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Lab 3 Can You Trust Your Senses?
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Reflexes
A reflex is a response to a stimulus that bypasses the brain. The input signal travels a short distance to the spinal cord and the body automatically responds back. Since the input signal doesn't have to travel all the way to the brain, the reaction is almost instantaneous.
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36 You place your hand over a hot stove for a brief second, which of the following represents a normal nervous system response?
pain receptor input spinal cord motor output remove hand
A
chemoreceptor input spinal cord motor output remove hand
B
touch receptor input integration motor output grip burner
C
pain receptor input integration motor output grip burner
D
Answer
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37 Which of the following is an example of a reaction to a stimulus involving brain processing? Jumping when someone comes up behind you and startles you A B C D Catching a hockey puck flying at your face The pupil of your eye getting smaller in bright light Removing your hand from a hot stove
Answer