12/20/2018 The End of World War I The Aftermath Defeat Peace ? - - PDF document

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12/20/2018 The End of World War I The Aftermath Defeat Peace ? - - PDF document

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12/20/2018 The End of World War I The Aftermath Defeat Peace ? Occupation The World at Large 1 Allied offensive pushes German forces back toward Germany (October 1918) German leaders begin to seriously look at Wilsons

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The End of World War I

The Aftermath

  • Defeat
  • Peace ?
  • Occupation
  • The World at Large

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Allied offensive pushes German forces back toward Germany (October 1918)

  • German leaders begin to seriously look at Wilson’s 14 points
  • German political leadership moves to make Germany a

Constitutional Monarchy (like England)

Begins with the Navy

Germany navy revolts in Kiel and on 4 November seizes control of ships

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Last Allied soldier to Die in World War I Private Henry Gunther

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Kaiser Wilhelm loses the support of the German military and political leaders.

  • Kaiser is at that time at his headquarters in Spa, Belgium
  • Revolt begins in Berlin
  • 10 November 1918 –

 Kaiser flees to Holland (neutral)  Safe Haven  No War Crimes Trials!  Buys Estate at Doorn, NL  Never Leaves Holland!

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Kaiser Wilhelm II Dies 4 June 1941 With his son and grandson (Crown Prince)

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Diplomats begin and finalize negotiations with Germany for an Armistice Meet in the glade of Compiegne in Marshall Foch’s railway car

Glade of Compiegne

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Glade of Compiegne

German Delegation:

Matthias Erzberger (1) (Assassinated 1921)  Admiral Vanselow (2)  Count von Oberndorff (3)  General von Winterfeldt (4) 2 3 4 1

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 Germans head back to Germany followed by the Allies who take up positions of occupation throughout Germany (Rhineland) on the West bank of the Rhine River.

 Paris Peace Conference: Meet in the Palace of Versailles outside Paris  Russia is not invited as they do not recognize the Bolshevik government  The “Big Four”

  • Lloyd George – Prime Minister of England
  • Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States
  • Georges Clemenceau – President of France (wanted very harsh terms)
  • Vittorio Orlando – President of Italy (withdraws then returns)

The “Big Four” 28 June 1919 Note the Irony of the Date!

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Notice the diversity of the German delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference

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Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points!

Check the textbook

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Paragraph 231 – “War Guilt Clause”

  • Germans balk, but finally sign the treaty

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Germany expects Wilson’s 14 points to be used – it is not completely Germany looses overseas territory and parts of nation  Danzig / Polish Corridor  Majority of German people feel “betrayed” Austria-Hungary broken up United States never signs the Treaty of Versailles!

  • (1926 separate agreements reached)

Hall of Mirrors, Versailles

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League of Nations established (Geneva, Switzerland)  Can only use economic sanctions, not military force  US never joins – Soviet Union (1934-39)  Wilson and Republicans disagree Landscape of the “Old Empires” altered – Ottoman Empire Treaty demands very heavy reparations

  • England realizes Germany can never pay it
  • British Treasury Representative at Versailles (John Maynard

Keynes) End result – No country is satisfied with results of the Treaty of Versailles

  • America retreats across the ocean – Roaring twenties begins
  • The rest of world and Europe is left to pick up the pieces

Headquarters League of Nations Geneva, Switzerland

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A Closer Look at the Japanese will get from Versailles.

  • Mariana Island’s
  • Caroline Island’s
  • Marshall Island’s
  • Bismarck Archipelago

Do the island names sound familiar?

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The Aftermath

  • The Russian Civil War – Councils of Workers =

= Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

  • England, France, United States, Japan occupy parts of

Russia

  • Protect Allied supplies given to the Russian (pre-revolt)

Government

  • End up fighting against the “Reds” and at times even

the “Whites”

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New Germany = Weimar Republic

Left and Right wing groups develop in both Italy and Germany Revolts Spread throughout the Country -- 1918 - 1923

  • Berlin under Communist

control for nearly six months!

  • Munich under

Communist control for

  • nly one week!
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Weimar Republic Government = Parliamentary Representative Democracy

Leader: Friedrich Ebert (Social Democrat – SPD)

 February 1919 – February 1925 (Appendicitis)

Succeeded by Paul Von Hindenburg

 February 1925 – June 1934 ( Natural Death) Ω Faced with numerous problems Ω Hyperinflation Ω Extremist groups

  • Rise of Nazi’s = Hitler

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Freikorps Restore Order

  • Para-military groups under a

specific leader

  • Lack national coordination
  • Supported in part by various city

and state governments

But Then?

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German Inflation of the Early 1920’s

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One loaf of bread 1 March 1920 = 1 Mark One loaf of bread 1 December 1920 = 2 Marks One loaf of bread 7 July 1922 = 500 Marks

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One loaf of bread 15 September 1922 = 1,000 Marks One loaf of bread 2 December 1922 = 5,000 Marks One loaf of bread 20 February 1923 = 20,000 Marks

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One loaf of bread 25 July 1923 = 100,000 Marks One loaf of bread 22 August 1923 = 100,000,000 Marks

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What did the Germans do with the Hyperinflation Currency?

Building Blocks (Early Legos?)

Heat your Home Go Fly a Kite! Wall Paper your House to Keep Warm!

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Mailing a Letter in Germany – Late 1923

RM 5,510,000,100

(Five Billion, Five Hundred and Ten Million, One Hundred Marks)

Front Back

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Coupon Bonds issued by German State and City Governments prior to / immediately after WWI in order to pay the war debts and reparations of the War Last coupon paid was 125 Marks on 30 June 1922

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Last coupon paid was 40 Marks on 1 August 1922

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Last coupon paid was 20 Marks on 1 July 1922

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Last coupon bond payments were made in between June – August 1922 After that rampant inflation took off rendering the value of these bonds (money already paid) worthless due to the loss of value!!!!

Could this happen today?

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“Stabbed in the Back” – Anti-Semitism Begins! German Currency Reform - August 1924 New Reichmark replaced the old German (“Empire”) Marks and the substitute “Rentenmark” Some stability – many Germans were “wiped

  • ut” and left destitute

All of this will eventually lead to ? The Great Depression October 1929!

AND?

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Rise of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP = “NAZI”)

  • Munich – Adolf Hitler – Former Reichswehr NCO
  • November 1923 – Munich Beer Hall Putsch

The Conspirators; November 1923

(to be continued d in course se 271!)